芝加哥論文格式ppt課件

.,ChicagoManualStyle,芝加哥論文格式,.,總體介紹,論文格式的三大流行范式，關(guān)于英文學(xué)界論文的格式，目前被國際學(xué)術(shù)界廣泛接受的主要有三種：芝加哥論文格式（ChicagoManualStyle，CMS）美國心理學(xué)會(huì)論文格式（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation，APA）現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)會(huì)論文格式（ModernLanguageAssociation，MLA）,.,歷史淵源,CMS論文格式源于芝加哥大學(xué)出版社在1906年出版的ManualStyle，經(jīng)過100多年的增補(bǔ)、修訂、CMS確立了學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作格式的權(quán)威地位。TheChicagoManualofStyle目前已出至第十五版，書中的“格式指南”部分詳細(xì)說明撰寫論文時(shí)需要注意的細(xì)節(jié)，包括標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、人名和數(shù)字的寫法、縮寫、以及注釋和書目的編制方法等，是撰寫論文時(shí)，編寫注釋和參考書目之必要參考。,.,Thissectionprovidesnoteformsforawiderangeofsources,frombooksandarticlestoelectronicmedia,basedonTheChicagoManualofStyle,15thedition,2003.,Becausetypesofsourcesareproliferatingrapidly,youmayuseonethatisnotmentionedhere.Inthiscase,youshouldlookattheclosestalternativeandconstructyourownentryaccordingtothebasicprinciplesofChicagoManualformat.,.,FootnotesandEndnotes腳注和尾注,Thecitationofasourceinthenote-bibliographysystemisindicatedinthetextwithasuperscript(raised)number,whichreferstoanoteprovidinginformationaboutthesource.,Thenotes,Whentheyappearatthebottomofthepage,footnotes,Whentheyarecollectedinasectionattheendofeachchapterorattheendoftheentirepaper,endnotes,.,DesignationofNotesintheText,Anoteisindicatedinthetextbyaraisedarabicnumeral.Thesuperscriptnumbershouldberaiseone-halfspace(notafullspace)abovethelineandshouldbeplaceddirectlyafterthematerial(withoutaspace)towhichthenoterefers.Thebestplacementofthenumberisattheendofasentence.Thenumberfollowsallpunctuationexceptthedash,anditshouldnotbeitalicized,circled,orfollowedbyaperiod.,Thefollowingexamplesdemonstratecorrectandincorrectplacementofsuperscriptnumbers.,.,RobertHeilbronerexplainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.1”,RobertHeilbronerexplainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.”1,.,RobertHeilbroner1explainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.”,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman,”accordingtoRobertHeilbroner.1,.,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman.”-1ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman”1-ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.,.,“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldasmodernman”:1ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.,Bothfootnotesandendnotesareusuallynumberedconsecutivelywithinachapter,startingwithnumberoneineachnewchapter.Someinstitutions,however,recommendnumberingnotesthroughouttheentirethesis.,.,example,.,.,FirstReferenceandSubsequentReference首次引用和后續(xù)引用,Thefirsttimeyouciteasourceinthenotes,giveacompleteentryinthecorrectformatforthebibliographicalstyleyouareusingthroughoutthepaper.,Forabook,Acompleteentryincludesthefollowinginformation(ifapplicable):,completenameoftheauthor,titleofthebook,nameoftheeditor,compiler,ortranslator,edition(otherthanfirst),numberofvolumesortheindividualvolumenumber,seriesandnumber,cityandstateofpublication;publisher,dateofpublication,pagenumber(s),.,LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:Houghton,1982),45.,completenameoftheauthor,titleofthebook,cityandstateofpublication,dateofpublication,pagenumber(s),.,BenjaminWoolley,VirtualWorlds:AJourneyinHypeandHyperreality,(Cambridge:Blackwell,1992),100.,A:,B:,C：,D:,.,FirstReferenceandSubsequentReference首次引用和后續(xù)引用,Thefirsttimeyouciteasourceinthenotes,giveacompleteentryinthecorrectformatforthebibliographicalstyleyouareusingthroughoutthepaper.,Foraarticleinaperiodical,Acompleteentryincludesthefollowinginformation(ifapplicable):,completenameoftheauthor(ifprovided),titleofthearticle,nameoftheperiodical,volumeandnumberoftheissue,date,pagenumber(s),.,C.E.Nwezeh,“TheComparativeApproachtoModernAfricanLiterature,”YearbookofGeneralandComparativeLiterature,no.28(1979):22.,completenameoftheauthor(ifprovided),titleofthearticle,nameoftheperiodical,numberoftheissue,date,pagenumber(s),.,Afterthefirstcompletereferencenote,useashortenedformatforsubsequentreferencestothesamework.,Inmostcases,thelastnameoftheauthorandthepagenumberservetoidentifythework.,Subsequentreferencenotesshouldprovideenoughinformationtoallowthereadertolocatetheoriginalnoteorthebibliographyentry,buttheyshouldbenolongerthannecessary.,SubsequentReference后續(xù)引用,.,LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:Houghton,1982),45.,Shatzkin,45.,.,Whenmorethanoneworkbyanauthoriscited,eachsubsequentreferencemustincludenotonlythenameoftheauthor,butalsothetitleofthearticleorbook(shortenedwhenthetitleislong).,后續(xù)引用中的一人多著作,首次引用文獻(xiàn),VaclavHavel,KeepingtheFaith:SummerMeditations(NewYork:Knopf,1990),15.VaclavHavel,LivinginTruth(NewYork:Knopf,1987),43.,后續(xù)引用,Havel,KeepingtheFaith,43.,Havel,LivinginTruth,72.,.,Foraworkwithmultipleauthors,givethelastnamesofuptothreeauthors.Whenaworkhasfourormoreauthors,givethenameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.,后續(xù)引用中的多人合著,首次引用文獻(xiàn),CleanthBrooksandRobertPennWarren,ModernRhetoric,4thed.(NewYork:Harcourt,1979),56.,后續(xù)引用,BrooksandWarren,89.,Laueretal.,80.,JaniceM.Laueretal.,FourWorldsofWriting(NewYork:Harper,1981),77.,.,Whenyouhavemorethanoneauthorwiththesamelastname,includefirstnamesorinitialsinsubsequentreferences.,同姓作者,首次引用文獻(xiàn),HelenC.White,TheMysticismofWilliamBlake(NewYork:Russell,1964),75.,后續(xù)引用,HelenC.White,77.,E.B.White.95.,E.B.White,CharlottesWeb(NewYork:Harper,1952),67.,.,Someworkshavethenameofaneditor,compiler,ortranslatorinplaceofthenameofanauthor.Insubsequentreferences,youshouldlistthenameornamesoftheeditor,compiler,ortranslatorwithouttheaccompanyingabbreviation(ed.,comp.,ortrans.),whichshouldappearinthebibliography.,僅署編者或譯者名的著作,首次引用文獻(xiàn),后續(xù)引用,Brandon，17.,HenryBrandon,ed.,InSearchofaNewWorldOrder:ThefutureofU.S.-EuropeanRelations(Washington,DC:Brookings,1992),231.,.,Ifamultivolumeworkhasonegeneraltitle,eachsubsequentcitationmustincludethevolumenumber.,多卷本著作,首次引用文獻(xiàn),后續(xù)引用,Rad,1:76.,GerhardvonRad,OldTestamentTheology,trans.D.M.G.Stalker,2vols.(NewYork:Harper,1962-65),(Thiscitationreferstomaterialinvolume1,onpage76).,.,Magazines,月刊文章基本形式（附署名）,DanielKleppner,“AboutBenjaminThompson,”PhysicsToday,September1992,9.,周刊文章基本形式,“TheBardofBetrayal,”O(jiān)bserverMagazine,September27,1992,44-46.,p178,.,Newspapers,基本形式,PamelaMercer,“U.SVentureBetsonColombianCoal,”NewYorkTimes,July27,1995,D7.,社論,“PotomacYardDecision,”editoria