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.,maxPlanck,TheQuantizationofEnergy,.,MaxKarlErnstLudwigPlanck,BornatSteinHallinGermany,hewasrecognizedasafamousphysicist.Animportantfounderofquantummechanics.(量子力學)WontheNobelprizeinPhysicsin1918.,.,Childhood,PlanckspenthisfirstseveralyearsofchildhoodatKiel.Whenhewas9yearsold,in1867,hisfamilymovedtoMunichwherehewasinspiredbyamathematiciannamedOskarvonMiller.WiththehelpofMiller,hedevelopedhisinterestinmathematicsandphysics.Whatsmore,Plancklearnedhisfirstphysicalprinciple:energyconservation(能量守恒).Anditwashisfirsttimethathehadmadeacquaintancewithphysics.,Planckin1874,In1858,Planckwasborninaconventionalfamilywhichhadbeenwelleducated.Hehadsixbrothersandsisters,fourofwhomwasgivenbirthtobyhismother.Andanothertwowereleftbyhisfathersformerwife.,.,University,In1874,PlanckwasadmittedinUniversityofMunich.Hehadagiftformusicandacommandofpiano,pipeorgan(管風琴)andvioloncello(大提琴).Heevencomposed(作曲)forseveralsongsandalightopera.Buthedidntchoosethemusicmajor.Instead,hedecidedtomajorinphysics.,AphysicsprofessornamedPhilippvonJollyoncetriedtopersuadePlancknottolearnphysics.Hesaid:“Everythingaboutthissciencehadbeenstudied,andonlysomelessimportantblanksneedtobefilled.”However,Planckwasdetermined.Hesaid:“Imnotsupposedtofindanewcontinentofphysics.TheonlythingIwanttodoistocomprehendthefundamentalknowledgeormaybeIcanmakeitfurther.”,Planckin1878,.,PlanckstartedhisphysicsstudyatUniversityofMunichin1874.Duringhiswholescientificcareer,heonlyconductedseveralexperimentswithJolly.Beforelong,hedivertedhisattentionfromexperimentstotheoreticalphysics.In1877,hetransferredtoanotherschoolinBerlin.TherehestudiedunderHermannvonHelmholtz,GustavRobertKirchhoffandKarlWeierstrass.WhenitcametoHermann,Planckoncesaid:“Hepreparesnothingbeforeclassandalwaysmakessomemistakeswhilecalculatingsothatstudentsfinditboringtoattendhisclass.”AstoGustav,hesaid:“Heteachescarefully,buthisclassisverytedious(冗長的).”Evenso,PlanckstilldevelopedasincerefriendshipwithHermann.UndertheinfluenceofHermann,whowasthefounderofthermodynamics(熱力學),Planckregardedthermodynamicsashisworkingfield.,Hermann,Gustav,Karl,.,Aftergraduation,In1878,hepassedtheexamforteachercertification.In1880,heearnedhisqualificationofteachingbyathesis.Evenso,hewasnotattachedimportancetobythephysicsdomain.ButPlanckcontinuedhisworkinthermodynamics.In1885,hewasemployedasaphysicsprofessortoUniversityofKiel.WhenhewasatKiel,Planckhadstartedthefurtherresearchaboutatom.In1890,hestartedtoanalyzedanexperimentcalled,blackbodyradiation,.,Blackbodyradiation,Normalobjectswillabsorb,reflectandradiate(輻射)electromagneticwave(電磁波).Asablackbody,itcanabsorbandradiatethewave,butitreflectsnothing.Whenscientistsinthattimeresearchedonthethermalradiation,theypaidspecialattentiontotheprincipleofblackbodyradiation.Itwasveryeasyforscientiststodrawadiagramtoshowthattheintensity(強度)ofradiationhadacertainrelationshipwithtemperatureandwavelength.,.,Physicistsarealwaysstrivingtousetheexistingknowledgetoexplainphenomenaandprincipleswhicharenewlyfound.SoaGermanphysicistnamedWien(維恩)andaBritishphysicistnamedRayleigh(瑞利)successively(相繼地)putforwardthetheoreticalformulawhichcouldcalculatetheintensityofradiationaccordingtothewavelength.Buttheybothgotarebuff(碰釘子).,.,TheQuantizationofEnergy,Inordertogetaconclusionwhichwasconsistentwiththeexperiment,Planckmadealotofattemptsandhadafierceideologicalstruggle(思想斗爭).Finallyhehadtocompromisewithhimselfandadmittedthat:somelawsofmicrocosm(微觀世界)mightlookverystrangeintheshoesofmacrocosm(宏觀世界).In1900,hemadeacrazyassumption:theenergyofmicroscopicparticle(微觀粒子)canonlybeintegertimes(整數(shù)倍)ofaminimumquantity.Hecalledthisquantityasenergyquantum(能量子)whichcouldntbedividedanymore.Dependingontheassumptionofenergyquantum,Planckderived(推導出)theformula.Soconsistentwasitwiththeresultsthatnobodycouldagreemore.,.,Asaphysicist,nothingcouldbemoreinspiringthanthefactthathisowntheorywasconfirmedbytheexperiment.However,Planckwasinadilemma.Inalongperiodoftimeinhistory,notonlythephysicsdomainbutalsothescienceandphilosophydomainallheldtheviewthatallnaturalprogresseswerecontinuous.,GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whowasamathematicianandphilosopher,oncesaid:“Thenatureworldwouldnotchangeabruptly.Discontinuousnesswasoutofstepwithscience.”WhatLeibnizsaidconfusedPlanck.SoPlancktoldhissonthatwhathehaddiscoveredwouldeitherbeastandingjokeormaybeoneofthegreatestdiscoveriesinphysicssinceNewton.Eighteenyearslater,PlanckwasawardedNobelprizeinphysicsbecauseofhisputtingforwardenergyquantum.,AwardedNobelprize,.,After1920,Since1920,PlanckhadbecomeacentralfigureinGermansciencedomain.Hisjustice,integrity(正直)andknowledgemadehimwidespreadrespectedinGermany,whichlethimbecomeadecisive(決定性的)authorityfigure.ThoughGermanwasatthemercyoftheNaziparty,hepubliclyopposedthegenocidalpolicy(種族滅絕政策).HewasdeterminedtostayinGermanyprotectingscientistsfromtheworldsothatPlancksufferedalotfromfamilytragedyandmisery:,In1914,hiseldestsondiedinWorldWar.Thesameyear,hissecondsonwastakencaptivebyFrench.In1917,hisfirstdaughterdiedinchildbirth.In1919,hisseconddaughterpassedawaythesamewayashereldersister.In1945,hissecondsonwaskilledbyNazi.,.,MaxPlanck,Withthesupportofhistoughpossessiveness(自制力),histimecamewhenhew
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