定語(yǔ)從句2009版.doc

定語(yǔ)從句2009版雙擊自動(dòng)滾屏 文章作者：唐健 發(fā)布時(shí)間：2009-7-8 閱讀：100次（專題講座） 定語(yǔ)從句一. 基本概念The man who lives next to us sells vegetables. 住在我們隔壁的人賣(mài)蔬菜. You must do everything that I do. 你必須做我做的一切. 定語(yǔ)從句：（在復(fù)合句中）作定語(yǔ)的從句。（提示：把從句看成一個(gè)整體）（復(fù)習(xí)：?jiǎn)卧~，詞組和句子都可以作定語(yǔ)。如：I bought his book.I bought his new book. I borrowed the book which he bought yesterday. )（思考：什么叫主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句？）先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。 （思考：如何理解“先行”？）引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞，又叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞( that，which，who，whom，whose） 和關(guān)系副詞（when, where, why）注意: 1. 定語(yǔ)從句要放在先行詞之后, 而在漢語(yǔ)中，無(wú)論定語(yǔ)有多長(zhǎng)，都要放在名詞之前。例如：He still remembers the house where he was born. 他還記得他出生的房子。2. 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)= 連接詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。例如：I dont know what he said. (凡是從句都要使用陳述語(yǔ)序，即主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后)小結(jié)：能夠劃出主句和定語(yǔ)從句；先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞是基本功。試練如下幾題：1. I shall never forget the day when I went to college.2. The boy who is playing on the grass is her brother.3. The letter which I received yesterday was from my best friend.4. The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.5. Do you know the park which was built last year?二. 引導(dǎo)詞的三大功能 (I) 連接主句和從句。 (2) 代替先行詞（以免重復(fù)）。 (3) 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。如：I lost the book which I bought yesterday. (which在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)）定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的選用及其省略是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，但是，始終圍繞引導(dǎo)詞的“三大功能”思考，是掌握定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。技巧：定語(yǔ)從句都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)陳述句。(which I bought yesterday=I bought the book yesterday.）。試練如下幾題：1. The boy who is playing on the grass is my brother.2. I dont know the reason why (=for which) he didnt help me.3. Can you tell me the way in which you learn English?4. This is the school where I studied 10 years ago.5. My brother, who is an engineer, is thirty-two. 我的哥哥三十二歲，他是一個(gè)工程師。三先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞的關(guān)系1. 關(guān)系代詞是先行詞的復(fù)指A plane is a machine that can fly. (that = the machine) The boy who broke the window is called Tom. (who = the boy )2. 關(guān)系代詞whose是先行詞的所有格The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whose = the boys)3. 關(guān)系副詞是介詞先行詞The school where (=in which) I study is far from my home. (where = in the school) 試練如下幾題：1. Do you know the boy whose mother is a doctor?2. This is the house where(=in which) we lived ten years ago.3. The girl who is standing there is Called Mary.4. I lost the pen which he lent to me.四. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1. when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 I still remember the day when (=on which) I first came to Beijing. 我還記得我第一次來(lái)到北京那天的情景。2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。That is the house where (= in which) he lived ten years ago. 那是他10年前住過(guò)的房子。3. why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。I know the reason why (=for which) she was so angry.我知道她為什么那么生氣。注：why作關(guān)系副詞只用在reason后面。 “關(guān)系副詞介詞十which”五. 區(qū)別限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句看形式：限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句不可用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 This is the book which I bought yesterday.His dog, which was very old, became ill and died. 看從句能否省略：限制性定語(yǔ)從句省去后，主句的意思就會(huì)不清楚。非限制性定語(yǔ)省去后主句的意思仍然清楚，因?yàn)樗黄鹧a(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。 This is the hospital where he was operated on a few months ago. 這就是他幾個(gè)月前動(dòng)手術(shù)的醫(yī)院。 （限制性定語(yǔ)從句） The sun, which is very hot, gives a lot of energy 太陽(yáng)很熱，它給人類很多熱量。 （非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）看翻譯：限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成定語(yǔ)（“的”），而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句單獨(dú)譯成一個(gè)句子。試比較： She has a sister who is a musician.（限制性定語(yǔ)從句） 她有一個(gè)當(dāng)音樂(lè)家的姐姐。 （她有幾個(gè)姐姐，其中一個(gè)是音樂(lè)家） She has a sister, who is a musician.（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）她有一個(gè)姐姐，是音樂(lè)家。 （她只有一個(gè)姐姐，她是音樂(lè)家）六. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句的英譯漢 方法：先譯定語(yǔ)從句（譯為“的”），再譯先行詞。 The station is the place where we met together. 車(chē)站是我們見(jiàn)面的地方 方法：先譯主句，再譯從句，最后把它們相加。The station is the place where we met together.車(chē)站就是那個(gè)地方 + 我們?cè)谀抢镆?jiàn)面。練習(xí)：翻譯下面的句子提示:無(wú)論是英譯漢還是漢譯英，都先找出先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句。The teacher who taught us English was elected the headmaster of the school. Everything that she said seemed quite reasonable.我還記得我小時(shí)候借過(guò)書(shū)的那個(gè)圖書(shū)館。湯姆考試失敗的原因是他的粗心。這就是我學(xué)英語(yǔ)的方式。星期一是我最忙的一天。屋頂被毀的房子己經(jīng)修補(bǔ)了。這就是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^過(guò)的學(xué)校。七. 選用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞？不能一見(jiàn)先行詞是時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，就不加分析地一律使用when或where. 因?yàn)闀r(shí)間和地點(diǎn)一般作狀語(yǔ), 有時(shí)也能作賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。作狀語(yǔ)用where提問(wèn)，作賓語(yǔ)當(dāng)然不能用where. 當(dāng)先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因時(shí)，關(guān)鍵在于判斷引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)還是賓語(yǔ)。換句話說(shuō)，要求分析從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和先行詞之間構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系還是動(dòng)狀關(guān)系。例如： I）I still remember the days which we spent together. 2）I still remember the days when (= in which) we worked together.技巧：看（在漢語(yǔ)中）先行詞能否放到從句謂動(dòng)后面作賓語(yǔ)。This is the factory _ we visited last year.This is the factory _ we worked together last year.I dont know the reason _ he didnt do his homework.I dont know the reason _ he told you.八“介詞關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用引導(dǎo)詞與定語(yǔ)從句中某成分的搭配需要介詞時(shí)，介詞的選擇要看從句語(yǔ)義（尤其要注意先行詞和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配）。 解題技巧：還原法（定語(yǔ)從句都可以還原為一個(gè)陳述句） Thats the reason for which he didnt go to school this morning.（for. reason系固定搭配） （定語(yǔ)從句=he didnt go to school for the reason this morning.） Thats the famous building, at the top of which theres a tower（塔子） （定語(yǔ)從句=theres a tower at the top of the famous building). My glasses, _ which I was like a blind man，fell to the ground and broken.He is a person with great experience, _ whom we can learn much.I found a knife _ which I cut the cake.九. 其它考點(diǎn).“名詞代詞+of which /whom”一般引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指部分和全體的關(guān)系， She has three sons, two of whom are teachers. =She has three sons and two of them are teachers. 說(shuō)明：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句都可以改為一個(gè)并列句。2. What she said is true.= All that she said is true.她說(shuō)的是真的?？梢?jiàn) what=“先行詞十關(guān)系代詞”This is the way (in which / that) I learn English. 這就是我學(xué)英語(yǔ)的方法。當(dāng)先行詞是the way (方式方法)，引導(dǎo)詞用in which或that, 也可省略牢記：what和how不可以作定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。what引導(dǎo)從句多表示“所的人（事物）”。改錯(cuò)：All what she did was right.譯：我不喜歡你和你媽媽說(shuō)話的方式。十. 引導(dǎo)詞一覽表關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞主 語(yǔ)賓 語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)指人whothatwhomwhothatwhose指物whichThatwhichthatwhose (=of which)指人和物thatthatwhose when= on (in, during) which 在那時(shí)；當(dāng)時(shí)關(guān)系副詞 where= on（in，in front of）which 在那里；往那里 why= for which 為什么as作關(guān)系（代副）詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 (1)“這一點(diǎn)”As is well known，the earth is round. 眾所周知，地球是圓的。 (2)“象樣的人（物）；凡是樣的人（物） 用于such/the same/as. as結(jié)構(gòu)。如：This is the same book as I bought yesterday.這是一本和我昨天買(mǎi)的一樣的書(shū)。如何填定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞 引導(dǎo)詞代替先行詞并在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，所以引導(dǎo)詞是由先行詞的種類和引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從中所作的成分決定的。 具體地講，要注意下幾個(gè)方面： 一. 首先找準(zhǔn)先行詞。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，先行詞一看即知，但有時(shí)侯比較復(fù)雜，這時(shí)找準(zhǔn)先行詞便成為解題的關(guān)鍵。 1) Is this factory _ we visited last week? 2) Is this the factory _ we visited last week? A. which B. where C. what D. the one 分析：如果把原句還原成陳述句，第一句為：This factory is _ we visited last week. 缺少先行詞，只有項(xiàng)才能保持主句結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性，the one代替the factory。第二句為T(mén)his is the factory _ we visited last week. 先行詞為the factory, 引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作visited的賓語(yǔ)。故選A 3) I read a funny story when I was at school, _ I still remember clearly A. which B. when C. that D. where 分析：本句的先行詞為a funny story, 先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句被時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when I was at school隔開(kāi)（這就是所謂的“分隔式定語(yǔ)從句”），答案為A. 如誤判先行詞為school, 就易誤選D。 二. 再確定先行詞的種類和引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?1. 先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞whothat，如： The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000. The boy (whom/who/that) we saw yesterday was Johns brother. 2. 先行詞是物，引導(dǎo)詞用whichthat，如： It sounded like a train whichthat was going under my house. The car (which / that) my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake. 3. 先行詞是時(shí)間（如：day, month, year), 引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用when(表示“當(dāng)時(shí)”），不作狀語(yǔ)（比如賓語(yǔ)）時(shí)用which / that。如： I still remember the days when we studied together. I still remember the days (which/that) we spent together. 4. 先行詞是地點(diǎn)（如：place, house), 引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用where(表示“在那里；往那里”），不作狀語(yǔ)（比如賓語(yǔ)）時(shí)用which / that。如： This is the place where we worked last year. This is the place (which/that) we visited last year. 5. 先行詞是人或物，引導(dǎo)詞如果在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)（表示“人物的”），用whose.如：We found the boy whose father is a doctor. The tree whose leaves are yellow is dying soon. 6. 先行詞是the reason, 引導(dǎo)詞如果在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用why（表示“為什么”），不作狀語(yǔ)（比如賓語(yǔ)）時(shí)用which / that。如： The reason why he didnt come is not known. The reason (which/that) he told us is reasonable. 7. 先行詞是the way（方法），引導(dǎo)詞如果在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用(in which/that)，千萬(wàn)不要用how，不作狀語(yǔ)（比如賓語(yǔ)）時(shí)用which / that。如： I want to know the way (in which/that) you learn English. 8. 先行詞是整個(gè)主句時(shí)，用whichas引導(dǎo)非限制性從句。如： He married her, whichas was natural. 注：which和as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)有區(qū)別。（位置上）as從句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，而which從句不能放在句首。如：As we had seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.（詞義上) as有“正如，好象”之義，習(xí)慣上常與表示感知的動(dòng)詞或形容詞連用，多構(gòu)成固定表達(dá)，常見(jiàn)的有As is well known，As we know, As was expected等。而which（這時(shí)表示“這”或“這一點(diǎn)”）引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句無(wú)此慣例。如： As is known to us, the moon goes round the earth. Jack came late for school，which made his teacher angry. 三. 特殊情況 1. 只能用that的情況： 先行詞是不定代詞（如：all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, few等）或先行詞被all, only, every, no, some, any, little, few, very（恰好，正是）等修飾時(shí)。 復(fù)習(xí)：不定代詞意思是所指對(duì)象不確定，如：Some are lazy. All that he said is true. Everything that can be done is done. Ask any questions that you dont understand. He was the only one of the students that was praised. （與He was one of the students who /that were praised.不同） He is the very man that they are looking for. 先行詞既有人義有物時(shí)。 He talked about the peoples and the countries that he had seen. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞，形容詞的最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞，形容詞的最高級(jí)（包括first, last)修飾時(shí)。 The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan. He was the second (person) that told me the secret. He is one of the richest that live in this area. This is the best book that I have read this year. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。 Our village is no longer the place that it used to be. 主句是以who / that開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句或先行詞是疑問(wèn)代詞who時(shí)（以免重復(fù)）。 Which is the room that Mr. Wang lives in? Who that has seen his works doesnt admire him？ 被same修飾的先行詞后可用that而不用who或which.Yesterday I met the same scientist that you met last year.I found the same book that he lent to me yesterday. 2.不能用that的情況 引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)且置于該介詞之后時(shí)，先行詞如果是人用whom，先行詞如果是物則用which，（并且都不可以省略）。 The person at whom the boys are laughing is my brother. The room in which we live is very clean. 說(shuō)明1: 將介詞移至定語(yǔ)從句中或句尾時(shí)，whom可換用who或that也可省去；which可換用that也可省去。 The man (whom/who/that) I spoke to just now is our manager.The day (which/that) she arrived on was Wednesday. 2: 在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，一旦分割開(kāi)，意思就發(fā)生了改變。如： This is the pen which Im looking for. （）不能變成This is the pen for which Im looking. （） 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中. The sun, which is very hot, gives a lot of energy to man. 先行詞是時(shí)that（以免重復(fù)）。 Whats that which is moving on the table? 3. 只能用as的情況 先行詞是the same, such或被the same, such, as修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只能用as.（構(gòu)成thesameas，such as和as as等結(jié)構(gòu)）。 Students such as you have mentioned should be criticized. I have the same trouble in pronunciation as you (have). Pollution is such a big problem as concerns the whole mankind. We have repaired the machine (in) the same way as they (have). He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 注：先行詞被the same修飾，可以跟as，也可以跟that作關(guān)系代詞，但是意義有區(qū)別。比較：Thats the same watch as I lost yesterday. 那塊手表和我的昨天丟的相似。（不是同一塊） Thats the same watch that I lost yesterday. 那就是我昨天丟的手表。（同一塊） 四. 引導(dǎo)詞的省略 1.引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，或者作介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞放在句尾時(shí)，可以省略。 The boy (whom/who/that) we saw yesterday was John. Is this the computer room (which/that) you work in？ 2.引導(dǎo)詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。 The city is not the one (that) it was ten years ago. 五. 引導(dǎo)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換 1.當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞（如：time, morning, day, the place, house, the reason等），而且引導(dǎo)詞又在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般使用whenwherewhy，也可以換成相應(yīng)的“介詞關(guān)系代詞”。具體如下： when = atinon during. which（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） where = atin. which（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） why = for which（原因狀語(yǔ)） I sill remember the year when (=in which) I worked with Mr. Smith. He has a small garden where (=in which) trees may be planted. We didnt know the reason why (=for which) he was late again. 2.關(guān)系代詞whose指具體事物或抽象概念時(shí)，可與of+which結(jié)構(gòu)互換，但詞序不同，即whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which（或者=of which+the+名詞）。例如： whose cover That is the book the cover of which is blue. of which the cover 復(fù)習(xí)：Its cover is blue.=The cover of the book is blue. 注：用of短語(yǔ)修飾的名詞前應(yīng)帶“the”，而whose修飾的名詞前則不用冠詞。 of短語(yǔ)放在被修飾的名詞的前后均可，而whose只能放在名詞前。 定語(yǔ)從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)一. 用引導(dǎo)詞填空1. This is the lab _ was built last year.2. You must watch carefully everything _ the teacher does in class.3. This is the very book _ I am looking for.4. Which is the book _ you want?5. They talked about the people and the things _ they can remember.6. _ you know, he is a good comrade.7. He is a good comrade, _ makes us happy.8. I have the same clothes _ you have. 9. I have never seen such an interesting film _ this one is.10. This is the doctor _ we usually hear.11.I have never seen so interesting a film _ this one is.12. The college _ his sister studies is in the east of the city.13. This is the best composition _ I have written.14. I dont know the reason _ he failed.15. Is there anyone here _ speaks German?16. The copybook, _ is on the shelf, is very useful. 17. Is this the book _ you want?18. Is this book _ you want?19. This is the factory _ he worked three years ago. 20. This factory is the one _ he worked three years ago.21. The sun, _ rises in the east, is red.22. Do you still remember the days _ we spent together.23. Do you still remember the days _ we worked together.24. Who is the person _ told you the truth？25. The reason _ he didnt come here is not known.26. The reason _ he told us is reasonable.27. Will you please show me the girl _ name is Linda?28. Thats the hotel _ we stayed last year.29. He met my mother, from _ he got the news of my marriage.30. She had three sons, all of _ became doctors.31. This is the most difficult book _ I have read.32. We do the same work _ they do.33. Dont talk about such thongs _ you dont understand.34. Do you know who lives in the building in front of _ there is a well. 35. The pencil _ I wrote is gone.36. This is Mr. Smith, _ I think has sth. interesting to tell us.37. She came at once, _ surprised me very much.38. The girl to _ I lent my bike is in hospital.二. 選擇填空1.The Second World War _ millions of people were killed was over in 1949A. when B. in which C. which D.2. They paid 20 pounds to the boys for cleaning the rooms, most of _ hadnt been cleaned. A. what B. which C. that D. where3. Do you talk about such things _ you do not understand? A. what B. which C. as D. where4. He studied hard at school when he was young, _ led to his success in his later life. A. what B. which C. That D. so that5. I can still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the morning. A. what B. which C. that D. where6. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and was broken. A. which B. with which C. without which D. without that7. Who is the person _ you shook hands with just now? A. which B. who C. whom D. that8. The tree _ leaves are yellow is dying soon A. which B. whose C. that D. as9. All the books_ are on the shelf are in German A. which B. that C. where D. when10. Mr. Smith is one of the foreign professors who _ in China. A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working.11. I11 tell you _ last year A. all she told it to me B. all that she told it to me. C .all she told me D. all which she told me12. It is the forth time _ youve come late for school this month. A. when B. that C. which D. in which13. Please pass me the book the cover _ is very old. A. whose B. which C. of which D. in which14. Is this lab _ they visited five years ago? A. the one B. which C. that D. where15. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. which is16. _ the compass（指南針）was first invented in China. A. It well known to all B. It is known that C. we all knowing D. As is known to all17. This is the very dictionary _ I want to buy. A. which B. that C. what D. for which18. He is a person with great experience, _ we can learn much A .who B. whom C. from who D. from whom19. October 1, 1949 is the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. A. when B. which C. that D. in which20. There are many islands in China, _ Tai wan is the largest one. A. of which B. through which C. on which D. for which21. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A. that againsts B. that is against C. who is against D. who are against22. A football fan is _ has a strong interest in football A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what23. Didnt you see the man _? A.I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C.I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now.24. Have you seen the girl _？ A. that I told B. I told you of C. whom I told you D. I told you25 The radio set _ has gone wrong. A.I bought it last week B. which I bought it last week C .I bought last week D. what I bought last week26. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it