大學英語文章開頭和結尾的寫法PPT課件

.,1,Expositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.,.,2,Anargumentativeessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,toapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.,.,3,專業(yè)4級寫作,第1步了解專四寫作基本要求：專四概要作文時間：35分鐘字數(shù)：200詞便條時間：10分鐘字數(shù)：5060詞第2步研究專四寫作歷年真題：熟悉真題命題思路，才能適應考試，才能寫出符合要求的文章，并作出合理的預測。第3步根據(jù)寫作中所遇問題，進行自我評估：問題評估提筆無話可說不只是英語水平有限有話說不出需要加強語言基本功的訓練表意不清多多背誦高分詞匯、精彩句式內容空洞加強思維拓展訓練個別地方意思表達不準確需要仔細檢查改正,.,4,作文的主要類型,一般來說，各類考試中涉及到的作文，按照命題形式可劃分為提綱式作文、圖表式作文、規(guī)定情景式作文等類型。,.,5,1.提綱式作文,1)對比選擇型2)給定觀點型3)自由發(fā)揮型2圖表式作文3規(guī)定情景式作文,.,6,2009WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?對比選擇型（社會生活類）2008TheBenefitsforVolunteering給定觀點型（社會生活類）2007IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline?對比選擇型（社會生活類）2006SavingMoneyorUsingTomorrowsMoney對比選擇型（社會生活）2005MyIdeaofaUniversityArtFestival自由發(fā)揮型（校園）,.,7,2004WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?對比選擇型（社會生活）2003TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood給定觀點型（社會生活）2002TheBestWaytoStayHealthy自由發(fā)揮型（社會生活）2001TravelBroadenstheMind給定觀點型2000TheImportanceofExtracurricularActivities給定觀點型（校園）1999AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision對比選擇型（社會生活）,.,8,1998OneWaytoSolvetheProblem自由發(fā)揮型（社會生活）1997MorePressurefromAcademicStudiesDoes(orDoesnot)GoodtoUs對比選擇型（校園）1996TheMainDifferenceBetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife對比選擇型（校園）1995TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPart-timeJobs對比選擇型（校園）1994TV:aGoodThingoraBadThing?對比選擇型（社會生活）,.,9,1作文開頭部分的寫作,1)開門見山，點明主題文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題和論點是什么。這種寫法適用于“自由發(fā)揮型”和“給定觀點型”兩種提綱式作文。2002年的專四作文考題“TheBestWaytoStayHealthy”,.,10,2002年的專四作文考題“TheBestWaytoStayHealthyThebestwaytostayhealthyistodevelopagoodqualityofpsychology(保健的最好方法就是保持良好的心態(tài)。),.,11,WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor,Thesedaysweoftenhearaboutthewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoor(最近我們經(jīng)常聽到貧富差距拉大。),.,12,2)正反表態(tài)法,在開頭一段中把正反觀點都表達出來，最后一句寫自己的觀點。用一、兩句介紹主題，再用一、兩句介紹正反兩種觀點或看法，接下來再表達自己的看法。這種寫法比較適合“對比選擇型”題目。,.,13,1999年“AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision”,NowadaysmoreandmoreadvertisementsareseenonTVeverydaySomepeoplethinkthatadvertisingonTVcanbringusalotofbenefits,butothersholdthedifferentopinionsInmyopinionIaminfavoroftheformer,.,14,WhereWouldYouGoafterGraduation,Aftergraduation,somestudentschoosetogotosupercitiesforcareerdevelopmentMeanwhile，somestudentsprefertoreturntotheirhometownsAsforme，Iwouldliketogobacktomyhomecity,.,15,3)讓步法,也稱為先抑后揚法，先把反方觀點引出來，做一個肯定的評價，然后筆鋒一轉，回到自己的觀點上來。比較適用于“對比選擇型”題目。,.,16,2004年“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”,Nowadays，youngpeoplechoosetophoneeachotherratherthanwritelettersSomeareworriedthatletterwritingwillbeuselessinthefutureEvenso,Istillmaintainthatletterwritingwillneverbekilledbyphones，despitethatwehavealreadysteppedintotheinformationage,.,17,“DegreeandUniversityStudy”(學位與大學學習)的范文的開頭一段采用了先抑后揚的手法，首先肯定學位的重要性，然后提出了“學位并不是大學學習的一切”這樣的觀點,.,18,Inoursociety，themostcommonlyrecognizedstandardofastudentsacademicachievementisthedegreeConsequentlysomepeopleregardthedegreeastheonlythingvaluablewhilestudyingincollegeAdmittedly，thedegreeisimportantforstudentswhowantaprosperousfuture，butitisbynomeanstheonlypurposeatuniversity,.,19,4)背景法,對一個現(xiàn)象進行分析時，先把這個現(xiàn)象事件的原因、結果、發(fā)展等背景信息介紹一下，然后再給出自己的看法。這種寫法適合“給定觀點型”和“自由發(fā)揮型”。1998年的專四作文考題“OneWaytoSolvetheProblem”(解決問題的一個方法)的首段可以先介紹機動車是城市污染的主要來源，接下來亮出自己的觀點發(fā)展公共交通：VehiclesareamajorsourceofairpollutionincitiesInmyopinion，thesolutiontothispollutionproblemisdevelopingthemodernpublictransportation,.,20,2003年“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”,Themodernsocietyischaracterizedbyrapidpace，andpeopleinsuchasocietyhavetocopewithalotofpressuresfromeitherouterworldorinnerwillThemostdifficult，butnecessarythingforthemistokeepagoodmoodunderwhatevercircumstances,.,21,“HowtoDealwiththeProblemofUnemployment”,Inrecentyears，ChinahasexperiencedanalarmingincreaseinunemploymentrateUnemploymentismorethananeconomicproblemIfitwerenothandledproperly，itwouldresultinserioussocialproblemsEffectivemeasuresmustbetakentosolvetheunemploymentproblem,.,22,5)提問式,要討論什么就先把話題以問句形式提出，然后通過回答問題表達自己的觀點?；蛘撸瑢ψ约旱挠^點做個理由概述先寫出反方觀點，對其進行反駁，順勢提出自己的觀點。比較適用于“對比選擇型”題目。,.,23,FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults,Ofthevariousfactorsthatcanhaveinfluenceonyoungadults，thefamilyandfriendsstandoutmostWhichofthetwoismoreimportant?Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,24,ChoosingaJobProfitableoraJobILove,Howcanonefindadesirablejob?ThisquestionpuzzlesnearlyeveryoneInpractice，mostpeoplelookforwell-paidjobswhileafewsearchforjobstheylove,.,25,2作文結尾部分的寫作,結尾是對全篇的總結、概括，也叫結束語。文章或段落的結尾和開頭對整個文章來說是非常重要的。這是作者最后一次和讀者交流的機會，這里可以進一步地進行解釋、加強或者總結你在文中所闡述的觀點和看法。一個好的結尾可以給評閱老師留下好的印象,.,26,1)總結式,對全文做簡短的歸納、概括，得出結論。AMajorAdvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision最后一段總結了中間段落的兩個分論點，就電視廣告所傳達的信息、而言，制造商和消費者都能受益：Fromtheabove，wecaneasilyseethatTVadvertisingisbeneficialbothtomanufacturersandconsumersonaccountoftheabundantinformationitprovided,.,27,在“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”的最后一段，同樣也總結了中間兩段的分論點，保持良好心情既有助于建立友誼，也有助于保持健康：Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors，wemaydrawtheconclusionthatkeepingagoodmoodbringsyounotonlyfriendship，buthealthaswell,.,28,2)重申式,重申主題，即再次強調和肯定文章引言段中闡述的中心思想。例如，在“SchoolandMajor?”的范文中的最后一段再次強調作者觀點(Ipreferaprestigiousuniversity)：Asforme，choosingagooduniversityiswiser，asfarasthefuturejob-huntingisconcerned,.,29,在“FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults”的范文中的第一段就已表述了作者觀點：Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults最后一段再次強調作者觀點：But，generallyspeaking，inmostcases，friendsarethemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,30,3)引申式,提出建議，提供解決辦法。這種方法特別適用于討論問題的文章，例如對某事的原因或結果的分析，提出建議和解決辦法，也可展望未來。住文章結尾處表示對未來的展望或號召讀者采取行動。例如，在“WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor的最后一段中提出建議，為了解決貧富差距問題，必須加大教育投資，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會：.Thegovernmentshouldmakemoreinvestmenttoensureequalchancesofeducation.Weshouldcreatemorejobopportunities.,.,31,在“HavingaCompanybeforeGraduation”中，在說明了大學生在開公司前要慎重考慮后，在最后一句話提出，大學生應該記得自己的身份，大學學習才是他們畢業(yè)后走向社會的必要準備，主題有所深化：Fromtheabovediscussion,IholdtheviewthatcollegestudentsshouldbecarefulwhentheydecidewhethertheyshouldhaveacompanyornotTheyshouldremembertheyarestudents，andtheirstudyinuniversityistheessentialpreparationfortheirsuccessinsocietyaftergraduation,.,32,第二段落論證手法(1)舉例或例證法(ExampleandIllustration),舉例和例證使抽象的概念具體化，而所舉的事例也應該具有充分的說服力，同時邏輯嚴密。2001年的專四作文考題“TravelBroadenstheMind”(旅游開闊視野)的主體段可以通過“自己到西安旅游”的例子進行論證,.,33,ConsidermyownexperienceasanexampleTwoyearsago，IvisitedXian，anancientcityXianisacityofrichculturalinheritanceTherearesomanyplacesofintereststhere，suchastheoldcitywalls，thetomboftheEmperorQinandsoonItseemsthateverythingtheretellthestoriesandhistoryoftheancientChinaInthisway,Ihavegainedknowledgeofhistoryandculture，whichismorevividandimpressivethanwhatislearnedinclass,.,34,在“OpportunityandSuccess”(機遇與成功)的范文的論證過程中，以牛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)萬有引力定律為例，說明了獲得機遇只是獲得了成功的可能性，只有加上不懈的努力，可能性才會變成現(xiàn)實,.,35,Whenanopportunitycomes，itbringspromiseforsuccess，butthatpromisenevercomestruebyitsownThepopularstoryofhowNewtonwashitbyafallingappleandthusfindingtheUniversalLawofGravitationalsoprovesthisIsupposemanypeoplebeforeNewtonsawapplesfall，butnonefoundanythingaboutgravityHowever，Newtontooktheopportunitytothinkaboutthephenomenonfurther，proposeanddemonstrateatheorytoexplainitThisindicatesyoumustmakeeffortsbefore，duringandafteryougetanopportunityThus，whenitiscoming，youcanrecognizeit；whenitisthere，youcangraspit；whenitisinyourhand，youcanturnitintosuccess,.,36,(2)因果法(CauseandEffect),因果關系可分為前因后果，前果后因，一因一果和多果多因等多種形式,.,37,2004年的專四作文考題“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”(電話是否會使書信消失?)的一個參考寫法，作者持否定態(tài)度，他給出了三個理由,First，peoplecannotonlygreeteachotherbutalsoexchangetheirthoughtsinlettersBecausewhenapersonwrites，hemustorganizehismindandexpresshisideasandfeelingsmorelogically，whiletelephoneoftenmakespeoplelazySecond，letterscanbekeptasarecordofmemory，whilephonecannotYoucanimagine，whenyoureadsomeoldletters，alotofbeautifulandindeliblememorieswillbebroughtbacktoyouLast，sendingaletterismuchcheaperthanhavingatelephonecall，especiallywhenwhomyouwanttocommunicatewithisinanothercity,.,38,在“HowtoGetAlongwithYourRoommates?”(如何與你的室友相處?)的范文，采用了因果法的方式論證了室友關系的重要性：,RoommatesconstitutethemostintimatepartnersinourcollegelifeTheyenableustohaveaccesstodifferentregionalsubculturesofChina，differentpersonalitiesanduniqueness，andsomeofthemwillbecomeourlifefriendsTheyalsocompriseourwarmdormitoryforfouryearsTheseadvantages.,.,39,(3)比較與對比法(ComparisonandContrast),對兩個或多個事物的異同之處逐點進行比較對照，排列順序為：A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；。對兩個或多個事物的異同之處分別進行比較對照，排列順序為：A1，A2，A3；B1，B2，B3；。比較和對比法常用的過渡詞有：like，likewise，unlike，similarly，inthesameway，ontheotherhand，comparewith，bycomparison，incontrastto，onthecontrary，but，yet，insteadwhile，whereas，however，nevertheless,.,40,1996年的專四作文考題“TheMainDifferenceBetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife”(我的大學生活和中學生活的主要不同)的范文，對比了大學?；詈椭袑W生活在課外活動方面的不同，如下：.thesociallifeincollegeiscolorfulVariousclubsandcommunitieswelcomeanystudents，whereasinmiddleschool，chancesforextracurricularactivitieswerelittle,.,41,“InternetorLibrary?”(上網(wǎng)還是去圖書館?),Foronething，IamofopinionthatlibraryismoreofareliablesourceofinformationAsisknown，publicationswillhavetogothroughstrictcensorshipbeforetheycomeout