專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)英語翻譯復(fù)試

專業(yè)英語復(fù)試題-1Mesocrystals（介晶） are a new class of nanostructured solid materials, which are most often made of crystallographically（晶向）oriented nanoparticles. Structural features, properties, and possible applications of mesocrystals are summarized in this paper. Due to their unique structural features and the resulting physical and physicochemical properties, mesocrystals are expected to play a significant role in improving the performance of materials in many applications. These are as diverse as heterogeneous photocatalysts, electrodes, optoelectronics, biomedical materials, hard templates, and lightweight structural materials.In the past 6 years, more and more attention has been paid to mesocrystalline materials. An increasing number of papers have been published in the literature. Most of these focused on the characterization of structures and the investigation of formation mechanisms. The results indicate that the structure and formation mechanism of a mesocrystal are related to the shape of the nanoparticle, colloidal stabilization, and vectorial long-range interaction potentials. Surface interaction between the nanoparticles plays a critical role during the formation process of a mesocrystal and may be responsible for the formation of external faces. The reason for the remarkably (almost perfectly in some cases) ordered alignment of nanoparticles is still poorly understood. Special emphasis has been placed on the different possible forces that may drive orientation and assembly between nanoparticles.專業(yè)英語復(fù)試題-2This work describes the real-time and quantitative analysis of calcium phosphate mineralization using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor and synthetic DNA templates. In typical mineralization studies, static end-point analysis and surface characterization is common, while real-time quantitation focusing on time of nucleation, nucleation rates, time of crystal growth, and growth rates has not been widely explored. A better understanding of these parameters in coordination with structural analysis could aid in the assessment of template molecules and could provide insight into biological and biomimetic mineralization. QCM is a dynamic, real-time analytical technique that can be generalized to a variety of minerals and can be integrated with widely used surface characterization techniques. As a template for mineralization, DNA has only recently been studied, although it has potential as an anionic polynucleotide with unique programmability and structural diversity in folding.專業(yè)英語復(fù)試題-3Living organisms are well known to exploit the material properties of amorphous and crystalline minerals when building a wide range of organicinorganic hybrid materials for a variety of purposes, such as navigation, mechanical support, photonics, and protection of the soft parts of the body. The high level of control over the composition, structure, size, and morphology of biominerals results in materials of amazing complexity and fascinating properties that strongly contrast with those of geological minerals and often surpass those of synthetic analogues.1 It is no surprise, then, that biominerals have intrigued scientists for many decades and served as a source of inspiration in the development of materials with highly controllable and specialized properties. In this Review we aim to provide an overview of the different nature-drawn strategies that have been applied to produce materials for biomedical, industrial, and technological applications. We will first illustrate the diversity of biogenic minerals and their overall properties, and describe the most general approaches used by organisms to produce such materials. We will then discuss several approaches inspired by the mechanisms of biomineralization in nature, and how they can be applied to the synthesis of functional and advanced materials such as bone implants, nanowires, semiconductors, and nanostructured silica. In the final section, we will discuss methods that are necessary to study and visualize the formation of synthetic materials in situ so as to better understand, control, and optimize their synthesis and properties. 專業(yè)英語復(fù)試題-4Nanoparticles with dipole or magnetic moments will create local dipole/magnetic fields and can mutually attract each other in crystallographic register. The same is true for anisotropic particle polarization, where particle surfaces with equal polarizability attract each other by directed van der Waals forces. This concept requires the nucleation of a large number of nanoparticles of about the same size with the requirement of anisotropy along at least one crystallographic axis. This anisotropy can also be inherent to the crystal system as was observed for the case of amino acid crystals or might be induced by selective polyelectrolyte adsorption to expose highly charged faces simultaneously with their oppositely charged counterface. Amino acids are an ideal system for the study of mesocrystal formation since simple pH variation can vary the crys