外文翻譯--機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造業(yè).doc

MachineDesignandmanufacturingMachinedesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneedsItisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermofitssize,shapeandconstrictiondetails，butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture，marketinganduseoftheproduct.Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmachinedesignaretypicallycalleddesigners，ordesignengineers.MachinedesignisbasicallyacreativeactivityHowever，inadditiontobeinginnovative，adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing，kinematics,dynamics，materialsengineering，strengthofmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses.Asstatedpreviously，thepurposeofmachinedesignistoproduceaproductwhichwillserveaneedformanInventions，discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselvesdonotnecessarilybenefitpeople；onlyiftheyareincorporatedintoadesignedproductwillabenefitbederivedItshouldberecognized，therefore，thatahumanneedmustbeidentifiedbeforeaparticularproductisdesignedMachinedesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentstoenvisionadesignofaproduct，toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentsonhowtheproductistobemanufacturedItisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalsofengineeringratherthanmemorizemerefactsandequationsTherearenofactsorequationswhichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceagooddesignOntheotherhand，anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecision.Forexample，ifadecimalpointismisplaced，anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynotfunctionGooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountofrisk，knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstatedThusadesignermusthavepatience，sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffortexpendedCreatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethnistasideThisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarideas，techniquesandattitudesAdesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimproveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold，provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporatedNewdesignsgenerallyhave“bugs”orunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedoutbeforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthenewdesignscanbeenjoyedThusthereisachanceforasuperiorproduct，butonlyathigherriskItshouldbeemphasizedthat，ifadesigndoesnotwarrantradicalnewmethods，suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesakeofchangeDuringthebeginningstagesofdesign，creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithoutagreatnumberofconstraintsEventhoughmanyimpracticalideasmayarise，itisusuallyeasytoeliminatethemintheearlystagesofdesignbeforefirmdetailsrequiredbymanufacturingInthisway，innovativeideasarenotinhibitedQuiteoften，morethanonedesignisdeveloped，uptothepointwheretheycanbecomparedagainsteachotherItisentirelypossiblethatthedesignwhichisultimatelyacceptedwilluseideasadstinginoneoftherejecteddesignsthatdidnotshowasmuchoverallpromise.PsychologistsfrequentlytalkabouttryingtofitpeopletothemachinesoperateIt,isessentiallytheresponsibilitythedesignengineertostrivetofitmachinestopeopleThisisnotaneasytask，sincethereisreallynoaveragepersonforwhichcertainoperatingdimensionsandproceduresareoptimumAnotherimportantpointwhichshouldberecognizedisthatadesignengineermustbeabletocommunicateideastootherpeopleifthey，tobeincorporatedInitially，thedesignermustcommunicateapreliminarydesigntogetmanagementapprovalThisisusuallydonebyverbaldiscussionsinconjunctionwithdrawinglayoutsandwrittenmaterialTocommunicateeffectively，thefollowingquestionsmustbeanswered：（1）Doesthedesignreallyserveahumanneed?（2）Willitbecompetitivewithexistingproductsofrivalcompanies?（3）Isiteconomicaltoproduce?（4）Canitbereadilymaintained?（5）Willitsellandmakeaprofit?Onlytimewillprovidethetrueanswerstotheprecedingquestions，buttheproductshouldbedesigned，manufacturedandmarketedonlywithinitialaffirmativeanswersThedesignengineeralsomustcommunicatethefinalizeddesigntomanufacturingthroughtheuseofdetailandassemblydrawingsQuiteoften，aproblemwilloccurduringthemanufacturingcycleItmaybethatachangeisrequiredinthedimensioningortolerancingofapartsothatitcanbemorereadilyproducedThisfallsinthecategoryofengineeringchangeswhichmustbeapprovedbythedesignengineersothattheproductfunctionwillnotbeadverselyaffectedInothercases，adeficiencyinthedesignmayappearduringassemblyortestingjustpriortoshippingTheserealitiessimplybearoutthefactthatdesignisalivingprocessThereisalwaysabetterwaytodoitandthedesignershouldconstantlystrivetowardsfundingthatbetterwayInthedevelopmentofmanufacturingplans,computer-aidedprocessplanningcanbethepreparationofthousandsofprocessesandprocessingProcesstoselectthebestprocessingprogramIntheworkshop,thedistributedintelligenceofthisformtothemicroprocessortocontrolmachinetools,automaticcontrolforloadingandunloadingmaterialsPreparationandworkshoponthecurrentstateofthecollectionofinformations.However,theseseparatereformsarestillfarfromenough.WhatweneedisacommonsoftwareEndedbeforetheterminalfromalltheautomationcontrolsystem.Ingeneral,thecomputercanprovideawiderangeofintegrated,timelyandaccurateinformationcanbeministriestoimproveDoorsbetweentheexchangeandcommunication,theintroductionofmorestringentcontrol,andoftentoenhancetheoverallqualityofthewholesystemAndefficiency.Forexample,toimproveexchangeandcommunicationwillmeanthatthedesignofbettermanufacturability.NCprogrammersandprocessequipmentdesignershavetheopportunitytoputforwardtheviewsofproductdesigners,andviceversa.Thuscanreducethetechnicalaspectsofthechange,andthenecessarychangesforthosewhocanmoreeffectivelytodealwith.Thecomputercannotonlychangemorequicklyonthedetailsofthemake,butalsocanchangethenthedatatotellusers.Theuseofup-to-datedataontheproductioncontrolprocesscanbeapointofordertodevelopbetterandmoreefficientproductionProgress.Thus,expensiveequipmentcanbebetterutilizedtoimprovethepartsintheproductionprocessofthedeliveryofEfficiencyandreducethecostoftheproductsProductqualitycanbeimproved.Forexample,notonlycanimprovethedesignaccuracy,butalsoenablesqualityassurancePermittheuseofdesigndatadepartments,toavoiderrorsduetoamisunderstanding.Canmakepeoplebetteraccomplishtheirwork.Byavoidingthelengthycalculationandwritethework-Thisinformationisnottofindthetime-thecomputernotonlymakespeopleworkmoreeffectively,butalsoLiberatethemtodoonlytheworkofmancando:tothinkcreatively.ComputerIntegratedManufacturingwillalsoattractnewtalentintothemanufacturingsector.Wastoattracttalentedpeoplefromthereasonforthisisthattheyhopethatamodern,technologicallyadvancedenvironment.Inmanufacturingengineering,CAD/CAMequipmenttoreducetheprocessdesign,NCprogrammingandthepreparationoftheProcessRequired.Moreover,speeduptheresponsespeed,whichwilleventuallybeoutsidethecurrentprocessingoftheworkcommissionedfrominternalstafftocomplete.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門(mén)通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它是一個(gè)廣闊的工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，不僅要研究產(chǎn)品在尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的基本構(gòu)思，還要考慮產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的有關(guān)問(wèn)題。進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)