2014電大英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況考試小抄（最新完整版復(fù)習(xí)小抄）

CHAPTER1LANDANDPEOPLE一、本章知識(shí)點(diǎn)1重點(diǎn)DIFFERENTNAMESFORBRITAINANDITSPARTS2難點(diǎn)、考點(diǎn)BRITAINSOFFICIALNAMEBRITISHCOMMONWEALTH三、課本內(nèi)容（一）DIFFERENTNAMESFORBRITAINANDITSPARTSSTRICTLYSPEAKING,THEBRITISHISLES,GREATBRITAINANDENGLANDAREALLGEOGRAPHICALNAMES1THEBRITISHISLESAREMADEUPOFTWOLARGEISLANDSANDHUNDREDSOFSMALLISLANDS（SEEMAPOFUK）THETWOLARGEISLANDSAREGREATBRITAINANDIRELANDGREATBRITAINISTHELARGEROFTHESETWOISLANDS2THEOFFICIALNAMEOFTHEUNITEDKINGDOMISTHEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELANDBUTITISTOOMUCHOFAMOUTHFULTOSAYSUCHALONGNAMEFORACOUNTRY,SOPEOPLEJUSTSAYBRITAIN,THEUNITEDKINGDOMORSIMPLYUK（UK）CAPITALLONDONTHEREPUBLICOFIRELAND愛(ài)爾蘭共和國(guó)HASBEENANINDEPENDENTREPUBLICSINCE1949ANDITSCAPITALISDUBLIN3THEREARETHREEPOLITICALDIVISIONSONTHEISLANDOFGREATBRITAINENGLAND,SCOTLAND,ANDWALESENGLANDISTHELARGEST,MOSTPOPULOUSANDRICHEST,SOPEOPLETENDTOUSE“ENGLAND”AND“ENGLISH”WHENTHEYMEAN“BRITAIN”AND“BRITISH”4THEBRITISHEMPIRE大英帝國(guó)ONEFOURTHOFTHEWORLDSPEOPLEANDONEFOURTHOFTHEWORLDSLANDAREA5THEBRITISHEMPIREGRADUALLYDISAPPEAREDANDITWASREPLACEDBYTHEBRITISHCOMMONWEALTHORTHECOMMONWEALTHOFNATIONSIN1931THECOMMONWEALTHISAFREEASSOCIATIONOFINDEPENDENTCOUNTRIESTHATWEREONCECOLONIESOFBRITAINMEMBERNATIONSAREJOINEDTOGETHERECONOMICALLYANDHAVECERTAINTRADINGARRANGEMENTSTHECOMMONWEALTHHASNOSPECIALPOWERSTHEDECISIONTOBECOMEAMEMBEROFTHECOMMONWEALTHISLEFTTOEACHNATION如果出簡(jiǎn)答,則只需要第一句話（二）OTHERSGEOGRAPHICALFEATURES1THEUNITEDKINGDOMISSEPARATEDFROMTHERESTOFEUROPEBYTHEENGLISHCHANNELINTHESOUTHANDTHENORTHSEAINTHEEASTTHEENGLISHCHANNELLIESBETWEENBRITAINANDFRANCE（P4）TAIWANSTRAIT臺(tái)灣海峽2“CHUNNEL”CHANNELTUNNEL,OPENEDTOTRAFFICIN1994（P5）SMOGSMOKEFOGMORTELMOTORHOTELKIDULTKIDADULT3THEHIGHESTMOUNTAININBRITAINBENNEVIS,1,343MINSCOTLAND（P6）THELONGESTRIVERTHESEVERNRIVER（338KM）THESECONDLARGESTANDMOSTIMPORTANTRIVERTHETHAMESRIVER（336KM）（P7）490OFTHEPOPULATIONISURBANANDONLY10ISRURAL（P11）5THEENGLISHAREANGLOSAXONS盎格魯撒克遜人,BUTTHESCOTS,WELSHANDIRISHARECELTS凱爾特人（P12）四、總結(jié)BRITAINSOFFICIALNAMEBRITISHCOMMONWEALTHCHAPTER2THEORIGINSOFANATION（5000BCAD1066）一、本章知識(shí)點(diǎn)1重點(diǎn)ARRIVALANDSETTLEMENTOFTHECELTSBASISOFMODERNENGLISHRACETHEANGLOSAXONSTHEVIKINGANDDANISHINVASIONSKINGALFREDANDHISCONTRIBUTIONSTHENORMANCONQUESTANDITSCONSEQUENCES2難點(diǎn)、考點(diǎn)THEANGLOSAXONSHEPTARCHY七王國(guó)FOUNDATIONOFTHEENGLISHSTATEKINGALFREDNORMANCONQUEST三、課本內(nèi)容（一）ARRIVALANDSETTLEMENTOFTHECELTS（P17）1BEGANTOARRIVEABOUT700BC2ORIGINALLYHAVECOMEFROMEASTERNANDCENTRALEUROPE,NOWFRANCE,BELGIUMANDSOUTHERNGERMANY3THREEMAINWAVES1STGAELS蓋爾人,ABOUT600BC2NDBRYTHONS布列吞人,400BC,（BRITAIN）3RDBELGAE比利其人,150BC,（BELGIUM）GAELIC蓋爾語(yǔ)4THECELTICTRIBESAREANCESTORSOFHIGHLANDSCOTS,THEIRISHANDTHEWELSH,ANDTHEIRLANGUAGESARETHEBASISOFBOTHWELSHANDGAELIC5RELIGIONDRUIDISMTHECELTSRELIGIONWASDRUIDISMTHEDRUIDSWORSHIPPEDANDPERFORMEDTHEIRRITESINWOODSBYTHELIGHTOFTHEMOON6ROMANBRITAIN（55BCAD410）P18BRITISHRECORDEDHISTORYBEGINSWITHTHEROMANINVASIONFORNEARLY400YEARSBRITAINWASUNDERTHEROMANOCCUPATIONTHEROMANCAPITALWASLONDON（LONDINIUM）（二）BASISOFMODERNENGLISHRACETHEANGLOSAXONS（P2023）1MID5THCENTURY,THREETEUTONICTRIBESJUTES朱特人（FROMSOUTHERNDENMARK）,SAXONS,ANDANGLES（BOTHFROMNORTHERNGERMANY）ANGLESWERETOGIVETHEIRNAMETOTHEENGLISHPEOPLE2HEPTARCHY七王國(guó)SEVENPRINCIPALKINGDOMSSETUPBYTHEANGLOSAXONSKENT,ESSEX,SUSSEX,WESSEX,EASTANGLIA,MARCIAANDNORTHUMBRIA（英國(guó)版的戰(zhàn)國(guó)七雄）MONARCHY君主制THEANGLOSAXONTRIBES部落WERECONSTANTLYATWARWITHONEANOTHER,EACHTRYINGTOGETTHEUPPERHAND,SOTHATTHEKINGDOMSWEREOFTENBROKENUPANDOFTENPIECEDTOGETHERAGAIN3IN829,EGBERT伯特BECAMEANOVERLORDOFALLTHEENGLISH4TEUTONIC日耳曼人的RELIGIONTIUWAR,WODENHEAVEN,THORSTORMS,FREYAPEACE5STAUGUSTINE奧古斯丁THEFIRSTARCHBISHOPOFCANTERBURY坎特伯雷大教主6ANGLOSAXONSLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONSOFTHEENGLISHSTATEDIVIDETHECOUNTRYINTOSHIRES（郡）,LATERCOUNTIESTHENARROWSTRIP,THREEFIELDFARMINGSYSTEM（三田輪作）MANORIAL莊園SYSTEMWITAN（議會(huì)）（COUNCILORMEETINGOFTHEWISEMEN,賢人會(huì)議）,THEBASISOFTHEPRIVYCOUNCIL樞密院WHICHSTILLEXISTSTODAY（三）THEVIKINGANDDANISHINVASIONS（P2324）1FROMTHEENDOF8THCENTURY,NORWEGIANVIKINGSANDDANESFROMDENMARK挪威海盜和丹麥人2THEDANESGAINEDTHE“DANELAW”（丹麥法區(qū)）,THENORTHANDEASTOFENGLAND3THEWITANCHOSECANUTE,THEDANISHLEADER,ASKINGIN1016CANUTEMADEENGLANDPARTOFASCANDINAVIANEMPIRE（四）KINGALFREDANDHISCONTRIBUTIONS1KINGOFWESSEX（871899）（抗擊北歐海盜入侵的國(guó)家英雄）2HISCONTRIBUTIONS“THEFATHEROFTHEBRITISHNAVY”REORGANIZEDTHEFYRD英國(guó)民兵（THESAXONARMY）TRANSLATEDINTOENGLISHBEDESECCLESIASTICALHISTORYOFTHEENGLISHPEOPLEESTABLISHEDSCHOOLSANDFORMULATEDALEGALSYSTEM3“ALFREDTHEGREAT”（五）THENORMANCONQUESTANDITSCONSEQUENCES（P2425）1KINGEDWARD,KNOWNAS“THECONFESSOR”,WASFARMORENORMANTHANSAXON心向著諾曼第人法國(guó),而不是撒克遜人英國(guó)24MENLAIDCLAIMTOTHEENGLISHTHRONETHEKINGOFNORWAY,THEDUKEOFNORMANDY,TOSTIGANDHAROLD（TWOBROTHERSOFEDWARDSQUEEN）4人對(duì)英國(guó)有繼承權(quán),挪威國(guó)王,諾曼底公爵和愛(ài)德華國(guó)王王后的兩個(gè)兄弟3OCT14,1066,HASTINGS,ANGLOSAXONENGLANDPERISHEDWITHHAROLDSDEATH因?yàn)镠AROLD的死亡,英國(guó)被諾曼人打敗4WILLIAMWASCROWNEDKINGOFENGLANDONCHRISTMASDAY5WILLIAMTHECONQUERORTHEBESTKNOWNEVENTINENGLISHHISTORYTHEFEUDALSYSTEMWASCOMPLETELYESTABLISHED法國(guó)諾曼第人征服后,威廉成為英國(guó)國(guó)王,成為英語(yǔ)歷史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度四、總結(jié)歷史上定居和入侵英國(guó)的不同民族CELTS,（ROMANS）ANGLOSAXONS,VIKING/DALES,ANDNORMANSCHAPTER3THESHAPINGOFTHENATION10661381本章知識(shí)點(diǎn)1重點(diǎn)1ENGLANDSFEUDALISMUNDERTHERULEOFWILLIAMTHECONQUEROR2CONTENTSANDTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHEGREATCHARTER3ORIGINSOFTHEENGLISHPARLIAMENT4THEHUNDREDYEARSWARWITHFRANCEANDITSCONSEQUENCES5CONSEQUENCESOFTHEBLACKDEATH2難點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)ENGLISHFEUDALISMDOMESDAYBOOKGREATCHARTERENGLISHPARLIAMENT3課本內(nèi)容IENGLANDSFEUDALISMUNDERTHERULEOFWILLIAMTHECONQUEROR1UNDERWILLIAM,THEFEUDALSYSTEMINENGLANDWASCOMPLETELYESTABLISHEDACCORDINGTOTHISSYSTEM,THEKINGOWNEDTHELANDPERSONALLYWILLIAMGAVEHISBARONS男爵LARGEESTATESINENGLANDINRETURNFORAPROMISEOFMILITARYSERVICEANDAPROPORTIONOFTHELANDSPRODUCETHEBARONSPARCELEDOUT分配LANDTOTHELESSERNOBLES,KNIGHTSANDFREEMEN,ALSOINRETURNFORGOODSANDSERVICESATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEFEUDALSCALEWERETHEVILLAINSOFSERFS,UNFREEPEASANTSWHOWERELITTLEBETTERTHANSLAVESCLASSSTRUCTURE等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)THEKINGBARONSTENANTSINCHIEFLESSERNOBLES,KNIGHTS,ANDFREEMENVILLAINSSERFS補(bǔ)充BARONSOATHOFALLEGIANCE誓詞FORTHEKING“WEWHOAREASGOODASYOUSWEARTOYOU,WHOARENOBETTERTHANWE,TOACCEPTYOUASOURKINGANDSOVEREIGNLORDPROVIDEDYOUOBSERVEALLOURSTATUTESANDLAWSIFNOT,NO”國(guó)王與貴族在封建法規(guī)所規(guī)定的權(quán)力和義務(wù)范圍內(nèi)平起平坐2REPLACETHEWITANWITHTHEGRANDCOUNCIL大會(huì)議WILLIAMREPLACEDTHEWITAN,THECOUNCILOFTHEANGLOSAXONKINGS,WITHTHEGRANDCOUNCILOFHISNEWTENANTSINCHIEF,ONWHICHTHEYWEREREQUIREDTOSERVEWHENSUMMONED3DOMESDAYBOOKRECORDOFLANDS,TENANTS,ANDTHEIRPOSSESSIONS,FORTAXESNOTUNLIKETHEBOOKOFDOOM末日審判書(shū)INORDERTOHAVEARELIABLERECORDOFALLHISLANDS,HISTENANTSANDTHEIRPOSSESSIONSANDTODISCOVERHOWMUCHTHEYCOULDBECALLEDUPONTOPAYBYWAYOFTAXES,WILLIAMSENTHISCLERKSTOCOMPILEAPROPERTYRECORDKNOWNASDOMESDAYBOOKBECAUSEITSEEMEDTOTHEENGLISHNOTUNLIKETHEBOOKOFDOOMTOBEUSEDBYTHEGREATESTFEUDALLORDOFALLONJUDGMENTDAY注WILLIAMTOOKADEEPINTERESTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECHURCHINENGLANDHISPOLICYTOWARDSTHECHURCHWASTOKEEPITCOMPLETELYUNDERHISCONTROL,BUTATTHESAMETIMETOUPHOLDITSPOWERBUTHETOOKCARETOMAINTAINHISOWNINDEPENDENCE4HENRY,FOUNDEROFTHEPLANTAGENETDYNASTY金雀花王朝,RULEDFOR35YEARSHENRY,FOUNDEROFTHEANGEVINDYNASTY,USUALLYKNOWNASTHEPLANTAGENETDYNASTY,BECAMEKINGANDWENTONTORULEFOR35YEARSINHENRYSREIGNACOMMONLAW,WHICHOVERRODELOCALLAWANDPRIVATELAW,WASGRADUALLYESTABLISHEDINPLACEOFTHECUSTOMSOFTHEMANORWHICHHADPREVIOUSLYVARIEDNOTONLYFROMSHIRETOSHIREBUTEVENFROMONECOMMUNITYTOANOTHERTHECOMMONLAWISTHEUNWRITTENLAWCOMMONTOTHEWHOLEPEOPLEASDISTINCTFROMLAWGOVERNINGONLYSECTIONSOFIT,ANDIS“CASEMADE”,IE,BASEDONPRECEDENTJUDGMENTS,ANDDERIVEDFROMACKNOWLEDGEDCUSTOMINHENRYSDAYTHEJURYSYSTEMWHOSEORIGINSCANBETRACEDTOPRIMITIVETRIALSINWHICHWITNESSESWERECALLEDFORWARDTOSWEARTOTHEINNOCENCEOFTHEACCUSEDWASATLASTREPLACINGOLDENGLISHORDEALSBYFIREANDWATERANDOLDNORMANTRIALSBYBATTLEIICONTENTSANDTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHEGREATCHARTER1CRUSADES十字軍東征THERESULTWASCONFRONTATIONBETWEENKINGJOHNANDHISBARONSIN12152MAGNACARTA,1215THEBARONSCHARTER,ORMAGNACARTAASITCAMETOBEKNOWN,WASPRESENTEDBYADELEGATIONOFTHEIRCLASSTOTHEKINGANDHISADVISERSINTHESUMMEROF1215ATACONFERENCEATRUNNYMEDE,ANISLANDINTHETHAMESFOURMILESDOWNSTREAMFROMWINDSOR3CONTENTS63CLAUSESNOTAXSHOULDBEMADEWITHOUTTHEAPPROVALOFTHEGRANDCOUNCILNOFREEMANSHOULDBEARRESTED,IMPRISONED,ORDEPRIVEDOFHISPROPERTYEXCEPTBYTHELAWOFTHELANDTHECHURCHSHOULDPOSSESSALLITSRIGHTS,TOGETHERWITHFREEDOMOFELECTIONSLONDONANDOTHERTOWNSSHOULDRETAINTHEIRANCIENTRIGHTSANDPRIVILEGES,ANDTHERESHOULDBETHESAMEWEIGHTSANDMEASURESTHROUGHOUTTHECOUNTRYALTHOUGHMAGNACARTAHASLONGBEENPOPULARLYREGARDEDASTHEFOUNDATIONOFENGLISHLIBERTIES,ITWASASTATEMENTOFTHEFEUDALANDLEGALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECROWNANDTHEBARONS,AGUARANTEEOFTHEFREEDOMOFTHECHURCHANDALIMITATIONOFTHEPOWERSOFTHEKING4SIGNIFICANCEREGARDEDASTHEFOUNDATIONOFENGLISHLIBERTIESTHESPIRITTHELIMITATIONOFTHEPOWERSOFTHEKINGIIIORIGINSOFTHEENGLISHPARLIAMENT1KINGJOHNANDHISSONHENRYIIIDEFIEDMAGNACARTATHEBARONS,UNDERSIMONDEMONTFORT,REBELLEDKINGJOHNDEFIEDMAGNACARTATHEBARONS,UNDERSIMONDEMONTFORT,HENRYIIISBROTHERINLAW,REBELLED2PROVISIONSOFOXFORDGRANDCOUNCILOF24MEMBERS,HALFTOBENOMINATEDBYTHEBARONSTHEMSELVESAPERMANENTBODYOFADVISORS,WITHOUTWHOSEAUTHORITYTHEKINGCOULDNOTACTACIVILWARBROKEOUTBETWEENTHEKINGSSUPPORTERS,MOSTLYFOREIGNMERCENARIES,ANDTHEBARONIALARMYLEDBYSIMONDEMONTFORT1264THEKINGWASDEFEATEDBYDEMONTFORTANDTAKENPRISONER3THEEARLIESTPARLIAMENTIN1265,2KNIGHTSFROMEACHCOUNTY,2BURGESSESCITIZENSFROMEACHTOWNTHEGREATCOUNCILDEVELOPEDLATERINTOTHELORDSANDTHECOMMONSKNOWNASPARLIAMENT3METONLYBYROYALINVITATIONITSROLEWASTOOFFERADVICEATTHISPOINTPARLIAMENTONLYMETBYROYALINVITATIONITSROLEWASTOOFFERADVICE,NOTTOMAKEDECISIONS4UNDEREDWARDI,WALESWASCONQUEREDTHESTATUTEOFWALESIN1284PRINCEOFWALES,ATITLEHELDBYTHEHEIRTOTHETHRONEUNDEREDWARDI,HENRYIIISSON,WALESWASCONQUERED12771284ANDCAMEUNDERTHEENGLISHCROWNTHESTATUTEOFWALESIN1284PLACEDTHECOUNTRYUNDERENGLISHLAWENDEDWARDIPRESENTEDHISNEWBORNSONTOTHEWELSHPEOPLEASPRINCEOFWALES,ATITLEHELDBYTHEHEIRTOTHETHRONEEVERSINCEIVTHEHUNDREDYEARSWARWITHFRANCEANDITSCONSEQUENCES1THEINTERMITTENTWAR,13371453THENAMEISGIVENTOTHEINTERMITTENTWARBETWEENFRANCEANDENGLANDTHATLASTEDFORM1337TO14532THECAUSESPARTLYTERRITORIALANDPARTLYECONOMIC3EDWARDIIIDECLAREDWARWHENEDWARDIII13271377CLAIMEDTHEFRENCHCROWNBYRIGHTOFHISMOTHERISABELLA,DAUGHTEROFPHILIPIVIN1337EDWARDDECLAREDAWARTHATWASTOLASTFORAHUNDREDYEARSTHEREWERETHREEOUTSTANDINGSTAGESOFTHEWAR4ENGLANDWASSUCCESSFULATFIRST,BUTWASDEFEATEDATLASTJOANOFARC圣女貞德AFTERHISDEATHIN1422,THEFRENCH,ENCOURAGEDBYJOANOFARC,THEIRNATIONALHEROINE,DROVETHEENGLISHOUTOFFRANCE5BY1453,ONLYCALAISBY1453CALAISWASTHEONLYPARTOFFRANCETHATWASSTILLINTHEHANDSOFTHEENGLISH6ABLESSINGFORBOTHCOUNTRIESGOODFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSEPARATEENGLISHANDFRENCHNATIONALIDENTITYTHEEXPULSIONOFTHEENGLISHFROMFRANCEISREGARDEDASABLESSINGFORBOTHCOUNTRIESHADTHEYREMAINED,THESUPERIORSIZEANDWEALTHOFFRANCEWOULDCERTAINLYHAVEHINDEREDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFASEPARATEENGLISHNATIONALIDENTITY,WHILEFRENCHNATIONALIDENTITYWASHINDEREDSOLONGASAFOREIGNPOWEROCCUPIEDSOMUCHFRENCHTERRITORYVCONSEQUENCESOFTHEBLACKDEATH1DEADLYBUBONICPLAGUE淋巴腺鼠疫,ANEPIDEMICDISEASESPREADBYRATFLEASBLACKDEATHWASTHEMODERNNAMEGIVENTOTHEDEADLYBUBONICPLAGUE,ANEPIDEMICDISEASESPREADBYRATFLEASITSPREADTHROUGHEUROPEINTHE14THCENTURY,PARTICULARLYIN134713502ITKILLEDBETWEENONEHALFANDONETHIRDOFTHEPOPULATION,REDUCEDENGLANDSPOPULATIONFROM4MILLIONTO2MILLIONBYTHEENDOF14THCENTURY3CONSEQUENCESMUCHLANDWASLEFTUNTENDED,ANDTHEREWASATERRIBLESHORTAGEOFLABORTHEGOVERNMENTTRIEDTOKEEPDOWNWAGESTHEECONOMICOFTHEBLACKDEATHWEREFARREACHINGASARESULTOFTHEPLAGUE,MUCHLANDWASLEFTUNTENDEDANDTHEREWASATERRIBLESHORTAGEOFLABORITINTERVENEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMETOESTABLISHRULESTOKEEPDOWNWAGESIV總結(jié)WILLIAMTHECONQUERORANDFEUDALISMTHELIMITATIONOFTHEKINGSPOWERGREATCHARTERANDPARLIAMENTTHEHUNDREDYEARSWARBLACKDEATHCHAPTER4TRANSITIONTOTHEMODERNAGE14551688I本章知識(shí)點(diǎn)1重點(diǎn)THENATUREANDCONSEQUENCESOFTHEWARSOFTHEROSESHENRYVIIIANDTHEENGLISHREFORMATIONELIZABETHIANDPARLIAMENTELIZABETHSRELIGIOUSREFORMANDHERFOREIGNPOLICEDISTINCTIVEFEATURESOFTHEENGLISHRENAISSANCETHECIVILWARSANDTHEIRCONSEQUENCESTHECOMMONWEALTHUNDEROLIVERCROMWELLTHERESTORATIONANDTHEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION2難點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)THEENGLISHREFORMATIONELIZABETHIENGLISHRENAISSANCETHERESTORATIONTHEGLORIOUSREVOLUTIONIII課本內(nèi)容一THENATUREANDCONSEQUENCESOFTHEWARSOFTHEROSES1THENATUREAREVIVALOFBARONIALACTIVITYTHEWARSOFTHEROSESWASFOUGHTBETWEENTOWBRANCHESOFTHEPLANTAGENETFAMILY,THEHOUSEOFLANCASTERSYMBOLIZEDBYTHEREDROSEANDTHEHOUSEOFYORKTHEWHITEROSEBETWEEN1455AND1485THISTIMETHEINSTABILITYWASCAUSEDBYTHETWOBRANCHESOFTHEPLANTAGENETFAMILY,THEHOUSEOFLANCASTERANDTHEHOUSEOFYORKBETWEEN1455AND14852THENAMEWASCOINEDBY19THCENTURYNOVELISTSIRWALTERSCOTTTHENAMEWARSOFTHEROSESWAS,INFACT,COINEDBYTHEGREAT19THCENTURYNOVELISTSIRWALTERSCOTT,BUTITHASBECOMETHEACCEPTEDWAYOFREFERRINGTOTHESEBATTLESBETWEENTHEGREATHOUSEOFLANCASTER,SYMBOLIZEDBYTHEREDROSE,ANDTHATOFYORK,SYMBOLIZEDBYTHEWHITE3THEINTERESTSOFTHEMAJORITYOFTHECOMMONPEOPLEWERENOTDEEPLYENGAGED4THELASTBATTLEWASFOUGHTBETWEENRICHARDIIIANDHENRYTUDORIN1485HENRYTUDOR,AFTERHISVICTORY,MARRIEDELIZABETHOFYORK,THUSUNITINGTHEHOUSESOFLANCASTERANDYORKANDPUTTINGTHECOUNTRYUNDERTHERULEOFTHETUDORSONAUGUST22,1485ATBOSWORTHFIELDINLEICESTERSHIRETHELASTBATTLEOFTHEWARSOFTHEROSESWASFOUGHTBETWEENRICHARDIIIANDANOTHERCLAIMANTTOTHETHRONE,HENRYTUDOR,PARTWELSHGRANDSONOFOWENTUDORANDDESCENDANTOFJOHNOFGAUNT,DUKEOFLANCASTERSOONAFTERHISVICTORY,HENRYTUDORMARRIEDELIZABETHOFYORK,THUSUNITINGTHEHOUSESOFLANCASTERANDYORKANDPUTTINGTHECOUNTRYUNDERTHERULEOFTHETUDORS5CONSEQUENCESFEUDALISMRECEIVEDITSDEATHBLOWTHENOBILITYWASMUCHWEAKENEDANDDISCREDITEDTHEKINGSPOWERNOWBECAMESUPREMEALTHOUGHTHEWARSOFTHEROSESWEREWAGEDINTERMITTENTLYFORTHIRTYYEARS,ORDINARYPEOPLEWERELITTLEAFFECTEDANDWENTABOUTTHEIRBUSINESSASUSUALFROMTHESEWARSFEUDALISMRECEIVEDITSDEATHBLOWTHEGREATMEDIEVALNOBILITYWASMUCHWEAKENEDANDDISCREDITEDTHEKINGSPOWERNOWBECAMESUPREME6PARLIAMENTINENGLANDWASALREADYAFAIRLYIMPORTANTBODYWHICHHADTOBECONSULTEDPARLIAMENTINENGLANDWASALREADYAFAIRLYIMPORTANTBODYWHICHHADTOBECONSULTED,IFONLYTOGETGRANTSOFPOUNDSAGREEDUPON二HENRYVIIIANDTHEENGLISHREFORMATION16WIVES,DIVORCED2ANDEXECUTED2HENRYVIII,SONOFHENRYVII,ISUSUALLYREMEMBEREDASTHEENGLISHKINGWHOHADSIXWIVESONEAFTERANTHERHEDIVORCEDTWICEANDEXECUTEDTWOOFHISWIVESFORSUPPOSEDADULTERYYETINSPITEOFTHISRATHERFRIVOLOUSIMAGEHEISREGARDEDASAGREATKINGHENRYVIIIWASABOVEALLRESPONSIBLEFORTHERELIGIOUSREFORMOFTHECHURCH2THREECAUSESFORTHERELIGIOUSREFORMADESIREFORCHANGEMARTINLUTHERPRIVILEGEANDWEALTHOFTHECLERGYWERERESENTEDHENRYNEEDEDMONEY3PURPOSETOGETRIDOFTHEENGLISHCHURCHSCONNECTIONWITHTHEPOPE,ANDTOMAKEANINDEPENDENTCHURCHOFENGLAND4TWOLAWSTHEACTOFSUCCESSIONOF1534ANDTHEACTOFSUPREMACYOF1535THEPOWEROFTHEMONARCHANDCERTAINLYSTRENGTHENEDHENRYSPOSITIONPARLIAMENTHADNEVERDONESUCHALONGANDIMPORTANTPIECEOFWORDBEFOREEXPECTSOMEMOVEMENTAWAYFROMCATHOLICISMTOWARDSPROTESTANTIDEOLOGY5REALRELIGIOUSCHANGECAMEINHISSONEDWARDSTIMEPEOPLECALLTHIS“THEREFORMATION”THESWITCHTOPROTESTANTTHEOLOGY6MARYTUDOR,“BLOODYMARY”TORECONVERTENGLANDTOROMANCATHOLICISMANDMANYPEOPLEWEREPERSECUTEDFORTHEIRPROTESTANTRELIGIOUSVIEWSSHEALSOLOSTTHEFRENCHPORTOFCALAIS7ELIZABETHI,APROTESTANTQUEENTHEREIGNOFELIZABETHI,APROTESTANTQUEEN,WASGREETEDWITHRELIEFANDAHIGHTIDEOFNAT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