新視野讀寫教程4第三版課文

1、TEXT AAchieving sustainable environmentalism實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的環(huán)保主義1 Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how a

2、re we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interest

3、s into a single, sound policy?在上流社會(huì)，對(duì)環(huán)境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對(duì)整容一樣，是一種不可或缺的態(tài)度。然而，既然從泰德特納到喬治W.H.布什，每個(gè)人都聲稱自己熱愛地球母親，那么，在由議員、選民之類的人以環(huán)境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、規(guī)章和法規(guī)中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢？顯而易見，并不是每一項(xiàng)冠以環(huán)境保護(hù)名義的事情都值得去做。我們?cè)鯓硬拍芊蛛x出最佳選擇，并且把我們各自不同的興趣統(tǒng)一在同一個(gè)合理的政策當(dāng)中呢？2 There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxurie

4、s and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the h

5、ealth and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.有一種簡(jiǎn)便的方法。首先要區(qū)分什么是環(huán)境奢侈品，什么是環(huán)境必需品。奢侈品是指那些無(wú)需人類付出代價(jià)就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品則是指那些無(wú)論付出什么代價(jià)，都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區(qū)分原則可以被稱為理性環(huán)保主義的至高原則。它規(guī)定，對(duì)那些直接威脅人類健康與安全的生態(tài)變化采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品，而其他則都屬于奢侈品。3 For example, preserving the atmosphere stopping ozone depl

6、etion and the greenhouse effect is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the oceans ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop

7、 which we humans sit.例如，保護(hù)大氣層阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效應(yīng)是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品。近來(lái)，科學(xué)家報(bào)告說(shuō)臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠(yuǎn)比我們先前認(rèn)為的要嚴(yán)重得多。臭氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關(guān)，而且它還會(huì)破壞海洋生態(tài)。而海洋生態(tài)是食物鏈的起點(diǎn)，人類則位于該食物鏈的頂端。4 The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimate

8、ly, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexicos desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowas moderate climate?溫室效應(yīng)所可能引發(fā)的熱效應(yīng)是非常具有毀滅性的：冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒、氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸，最終食物消失殆盡。美國(guó)中西部地區(qū)的糧食供養(yǎng)著全世

9、界。隨著全球氣候的變化，我們難道準(zhǔn)備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠氣候，而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎？5 Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with

10、the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.臭氧損耗和溫室效應(yīng)是人類的災(zāi)難，而且是需要緊急處理的災(zāi)難，因?yàn)樗鼈冎苯油{到人類，且后果很難扭轉(zhuǎn)。理性環(huán)保主義唯一

11、能夠引起公眾共鳴的環(huán)保主張首先公開聲明，自然是服務(wù)于人類的。理性環(huán)保主義是一種完全以人類為中心的思想。它號(hào)召人類保護(hù)自然，但是是在人類自我生存得到保證的前提之下。6 Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism li

12、kes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in

13、Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.當(dāng)然，這種以人類為中心的主張與當(dāng)下盛行的環(huán)保主義是格格不入的，后者已經(jīng)沉溺于對(duì)地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是一個(gè)活的生物體。這種環(huán)保主義喜歡把自己看作是神圣的，其實(shí)它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的問題上，當(dāng)下的環(huán)保主義采取了高度選擇性的片面的觀點(diǎn)，而這種觀點(diǎn)與自然造成的災(zāi)難這一現(xiàn)實(shí)是不相協(xié)調(diào)的。當(dāng)龍卷風(fēng)肆虐堪薩斯州，當(dāng)瓢潑大雨襲擊孟加拉國(guó)，毀滅了整座整座的村莊，使幾百萬(wàn)人失去家園的時(shí)候，我對(duì)自然的崇拜便停止了。7 A non-sentimen

14、tal environmentalism is one founded on Protagorass idea that Man is the measure of all things. In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wi

15、ldlife Refuge (ANWR). Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or prop

16、osition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe w

17、ays to drill for oil in the ANWR.非感情用事的環(huán)保主義是建立在普羅泰哥拉的格言“人是萬(wàn)物的尺度”的基礎(chǔ)上的。在建立人類權(quán)威的過程中，這條原則會(huì)幫助我們梳理各種錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)的爭(zhēng)議。就以當(dāng)前關(guān)于是否在北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)的某一角落開采石油的激烈爭(zhēng)論為例吧。環(huán)保主義者聯(lián)盟動(dòng)員人們反對(duì)目前正在試圖通過美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)審議、使這一開采行為變得合法化的一項(xiàng)立法行動(dòng)。他們散布說(shuō)美國(guó)應(yīng)該保護(hù)并且節(jié)約能源而不是開采能源。這其實(shí)是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的非此即彼的主張。美國(guó)確實(shí)需要征收高額的能源稅以減少能源消耗，但同時(shí)也需要生產(chǎn)更多的能源。政府的估測(cè)表明，在北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)的地下蘊(yùn)藏著

18、美國(guó)五大油田之一的可能性幾乎到達(dá)50。我們沒有尋找安全的方法開采北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)地下的石油，這看上去是不符合情理的。8 The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the bi

19、rthing grounds of Arctic caribou.美國(guó)剛剛經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，其部分原因就是為了獲取石油。對(duì)能源的依賴使美國(guó)不但付出了金錢的代價(jià)，而且也付出了生命的代價(jià)。就因?yàn)榭赡芷茐谋泵礼Z鹿的繁衍地而放棄能夠以和平手段獲得的石油，這是一種十分怪異的感情用事。9 I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you cant have your cake and eat it too. An

20、d in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.我像別人一樣喜歡馴鹿。如果他們的交配模式受到干擾，我會(huì)感到非常遺憾。但是，魚和熊掌不能兼得。是要保護(hù)馴鹿，還是要為了避免人們?cè)趹?zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生而減少對(duì)石油的依賴，面對(duì)這一僵局，我每次都會(huì)選擇人類而不是馴鹿。10 I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon

21、. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to

22、more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.我對(duì)俄勒岡州的斑點(diǎn)貓頭鷹的態(tài)度也是一樣。我絕不是仇視貓頭鷹。如果花很少的代價(jià)就可以保護(hù)貓頭鷹，我會(huì)贊同它應(yīng)受保護(hù)畢竟，生物多樣性對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是非常必要的。但是，我們必須記住，保持生物多樣性并不意味著要留住每一種物種。有

23、時(shí)候，為了更加根本的利益，我們不得不犧牲一部分生活中美的東西。如果為了保護(hù)斑點(diǎn)貓頭鷹而讓三萬(wàn)伐木工家庭失去生計(jì)，我會(huì)選擇伐木工家庭（包括他們的鋸子和砍伐的木材），而不是貓頭鷹。11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not. Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have t

24、o choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.重要的是，我們要區(qū)分哪些東西對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)是根本性的，哪些是非根本性的。自然受我們的監(jiān)護(hù)，而不是我們的主人。我們應(yīng)該尊重自然，也可以開發(fā)利用自然。但是，如果人類必須在自身的福利和自然的福利之間作出選擇，自然則必須作出讓步。12 Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The mo

25、st urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanitys habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic

26、 against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment because it is humanitys environment.只有當(dāng)人類的命運(yùn)與自然的命運(yùn)密不可分時(shí),人類才應(yīng)該作出讓步。當(dāng)人類棲息地的完整性（比如大氣層或維持地球核心的基本地質(zhì)狀況）受到威脅時(shí)，人類就必須立即調(diào)整自己的行為。而當(dāng)人類受到的威脅不大，不太需要對(duì)自己的行為進(jìn)行調(diào)整時(shí)，恰當(dāng)?shù)淖龇ㄊ瞧胶饪紤]經(jīng)濟(jì)方面和與之相對(duì)的健康方面的因素，以便作出適度的調(diào)整。但是，無(wú)論是哪種

27、情況，其遵循的原則是一致的：保護(hù)環(huán)境，因?yàn)檫@是我們?nèi)祟惖沫h(huán)境。13 The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for natures sake but for our own.感情用事的環(huán)保主義者會(huì)說(shuō)這種拯救自然的思路是完全錯(cuò)誤的。的確是這樣。理性、明確的環(huán)保主義保護(hù)環(huán)境是為了人類自身，而不是為了自然。TEXT BWh

28、at nature is telling you?傾聽自然訴說(shuō)1 Lets sit down here, all of us, on the open prairie, where we cant see a highway or a fence, free from the debris of the city. Lets have no blankets to sit on, but let our bodies converge with the earth, the surrounding trees and shrubs. Lets have the vegetation for a

29、 mattress, experiencing its texture, its sharpness and its softness. Let us become like stones, plants, and trees. Let us be animals, think and feel like animals.讓我們?cè)谶@兒坐下來(lái)吧，我們所有的人，就在這片廣闊的草原上。在這里，我們看不見高速公路，看不見圍欄，遠(yuǎn)離城市垃圾。我們不要鋪毯子，就讓我們的身體和大地、周圍的樹木及灌木來(lái)個(gè)親密接觸吧。讓我們把草當(dāng)墊子，感受它或許堅(jiān)硬或許柔軟的質(zhì)地。讓我們想象自己變成了石頭、植物和樹木，想象自己

30、變成了動(dòng)物，并像動(dòng)物那樣思考和感覺。2 This is my plea: Listen to the air. You can hear it, feel it, smell it, taste it. We feel it between us, as a presence presiding over the day. It is a good way to start thinking about nature and talking about it. To go further, we must rather talk to it, talk to the rivers, to th

31、e lakes, to the winds as to our relatives.這就是我的請(qǐng)求：傾聽空氣。你們可以聽見它，感覺它，聞到它，品嘗它。我們可以感到它就在我們中間，作為一種實(shí)實(shí)在在的存在，主宰著每一天。這是一個(gè)好方式，我們可以就這樣開始思考自然，談?wù)撟匀?。如果再想好點(diǎn)的話，我們就不如和自然說(shuō)話，也就是和江河說(shuō)話，和湖泊說(shuō)話，和風(fēng)說(shuō)話，就像我們和親人說(shuō)話一樣。3 You have impaired our ability to experience nature in the good way, as part of it. Even here we are conscious t

32、hat somewhere beyond the marsh and its cranes, somewhere out in those hills there are radar towers and highway overpasses. This land is so beautiful and strange that now some of you want to make it into a national park. You have not only contaminated the earth, the rocks, the minerals, all of which

33、you call dead but which are very much alive; you have even changed the animals, which are part of us, changed them into vulgar zoological mutations, so no one can recognize them.你們已經(jīng)損壞了我們?nèi)祟愖鳛榇笞匀坏囊徊糠忠砸环N美好的方式體驗(yàn)大自然的能力。即使在這里，我們也知道，在沼澤地和棲息于此的鶴之外的某個(gè)地方，在遠(yuǎn)處山里的某個(gè)地方，就建有雷達(dá)塔和高速公路立交橋。這片土地如此美麗與奇特，以至于你們中的某些人想把它變成一

34、座國(guó)家公園。你們已經(jīng)污染了土地、巖石、礦物這些都是被你們稱為已經(jīng)“死去”但其實(shí)是非常有生命活力的東西。不僅如此，就連屬于我們一部分的動(dòng)物，也被你們改造了。你們把它們變成了低級(jí)的基因變異動(dòng)物，以至于沒有人能再認(rèn)識(shí)它們。4 There is power in an antelope, so you let it graze within your fences. But what power do you see in a goat or sheep, prey animals with no defenses, creatures that hold still while you slaugh

35、ter them? There was great power in a wolf, even in a fox. You have inverted nature and turned these noble animals into miniature lap dogs. Nature is bound by your ropes and whips and is obedient to your commands. You cant do much with a cat, so you fix it, alter it, declaw it, and even cut its vocal

36、 cords so that you can experiment on it in a laboratory without being disturbed by its cries.羚羊是一種有力量的動(dòng)物，因而你們把它圈養(yǎng)在柵欄里。但是，山羊或綿羊，這些沒有自衛(wèi)能力的獵物、這些悄無(wú)聲息任憑你們?cè)讱⒌膭?dòng)物，你們?cè)谒鼈兩砩峡吹搅耸裁戳α?？狼身上有巨大的力量，狐貍身上也同樣有巨大的力量。你們違背自然，把這些高貴的動(dòng)物變成了小型的可以放在腿上把玩的哈巴狗。自然被你們的繩索和鞭子所束縛，屈服于你們的命令。對(duì)貓，你們無(wú)能為力，所以你們就設(shè)法修理它們、改造它們，剪掉它們鋒利的爪子，甚至切斷它們的聲帶，這

37、樣你們就可以用貓?jiān)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室做實(shí)驗(yàn)，而不會(huì)再受它們叫聲的干擾。5 You have also made all types of wild birds into chickens creatures with wings so impaired that they cannot fly. There are farms where you breed chickens for breast meat. Those birds are kept in low, repressive cages, forced to be hunched over all the time, which makes

38、the breast muscles very big. One loud noise and the chickens go mad, killing themselves by flying against the walls of their cages. Having to spend all their lives stooped over makes an unnatural, crazy, no-good bird. It also makes unnatural, detached, no-good human beings.所有的野生鳥類都被你們改造成了雞禽一種翅膀退化、根本

39、不會(huì)飛的生物。你們有許多農(nóng)場(chǎng)，專門用來(lái)飼養(yǎng)雞以提供雞胸脯肉。這些雞被關(guān)在狹窄壓抑的籠子里，不得不一直弓著身體，這使它們的胸脯肌肉變得很大。如果突發(fā)一聲巨響，雞群會(huì)嚇得發(fā)瘋般亂跑，撞死在籠子壁上。一輩子都必須佝僂著背使得這些雞變成了既不天然又不正常、毫無(wú)用處的禽類。同時(shí)，人類也變得很不自然、冷漠無(wú)情、殘酷刻薄。6 Thats where youve fooled yourselves. You have not only altered, declawed, and deformed your winged and four-legged cousins; you have done it co

40、ncurrently to yourselves. You inject Botox, or use plastic surgery, synthetic make-up and countless drugs. You have filtered and remolded humans into executives sitting in boardrooms, into office workers, into time-clock punchers. Your homes are filled with families disconnected from one another but

41、 tied to one great entity, television.在這點(diǎn)上，你們愚弄了自己。你們對(duì)自己帶翅膀的和長(zhǎng)四條腿的近親兄弟姐妹進(jìn)行了改造，剪掉了它們的爪子，甚至讓它們變得畸形。同時(shí)，你們也在對(duì)自己做這些事情。你們注射肉毒桿菌毒素，接受整容手術(shù)，使用人造化妝品和數(shù)不清的藥物。你們把人類進(jìn)行篩選和改造：有的人是坐董事會(huì)議室的高級(jí)管理人員，有的人是坐辦公室的白領(lǐng)，有的人是每日要按考勤鐘打卡的工人。在家里，每個(gè)家庭成員之間也沒有聯(lián)系，卻都沉溺于一個(gè)大實(shí)體，那就是電視。7 Watch the ashes, dont smoke, youll stain the curtains. Wa

42、tch the goldfish bowl. Dont lean your head against the wallpaper; your hair may be greasy. Dont spill liquor on that table: Youll peel off its delicate finish. You should have wiped your boots; the floor was just cleaned. Dont, dont, dont That is absurd! We werent made to endure this type of repress

43、ion. You live in prisons which you have built for yourselves, calling them homes, offices, factories.“小心煙灰，不要抽煙，否則你會(huì)熏臟窗簾。小心金魚缸。不要把頭靠在墻紙上，你的頭發(fā)也許很油。不要把飲料灑在桌子上，你會(huì)把它精美的涂層弄掉。你應(yīng)該先擦擦靴子，地板剛剛才打掃過。不要做這個(gè)，不要做那個(gè)，不要”這太荒謬了！人類生下來(lái)不是忍受這種壓抑的。你們住在自己親手打造的監(jiān)獄里，只不過你們把它們稱之為“家”、辦公室或工廠而已。8 Sometimes I think that even our piti

44、ful small houses are better than your luxury mansions. Strolling a hundred feet to the outhouse on a clear wintry night, through mud or snow, thats one small link with nature. Or in the summer, in the back country, taking your time, listening to the humming of the insects or the flapping of birds wi

45、ngs, the sun warming your bones through the nodding branches of trees; you dont even have that pleasure of coexistence with nature anymore.有時(shí)，我認(rèn)為我們的寒酸小屋也比你們的奢華大廈要好。在一個(gè)晴朗的冬夜，踏著泥土或積雪，漫步一百英尺去上廁所，這是我們與自然之間的一個(gè)小小的接觸。抑或是在夏天，在一個(gè)偏僻的鄉(xiāng)村，悠閑地聽著昆蟲的嗡鳴或鳥兒拍打翅膀的聲音，感受太陽(yáng)透過隨風(fēng)搖擺的樹枝暖暖地照在身上的感覺?？墒悄銈儏s連體會(huì)那種與自然共處的快樂的機(jī)會(huì)都不再有。9 You subscribe to the belief that everything must be germ free. No smells! Not even the good, natural man and woman odors. Eradicate the smell from under your armpits, from your skin. Rub it out, an