中高級(jí)口譯口試環(huán)境保護(hù)篇

1、一、實(shí)施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的選擇中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)是在人口基數(shù)大，人均資源少，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)水平都比較落后的條件下進(jìn)行的。70年代以來，隨著中國人口的增長、經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民消費(fèi)水平的不斷提高，使本來就已經(jīng)短缺的資源和脆弱的環(huán)境面臨著越來越大的壓力。選擇一條什么樣的發(fā)展道路，歷史地成為與當(dāng)代中國人民及其子孫后代生存息息相關(guān)的重大問題。 Chinas modernization drive has been launched in the following conditions: The country has a large population base, its per-capita aver

2、age of natural resources is low, and its economic development as well as scientific and technological level remain quite backward. Along with the growth of Chinas population, the development of the economy and the continuous improvement of the peoples consumption level since the 1970s, the pressure

3、on resources, which were already in rather short supply, and on the fragile environment has become greater and greater. Which road of development to choose has turned out, historically, to be an issue of paramount importance to the survival of the Chinese people as well as their posterity.中國政府十分重視因人

4、口增長和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境問題，把保護(hù)環(huán)境作為提高人民生活水平和生活質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要方面。為了促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，中國在80年代制定并實(shí)施了一系列保護(hù)環(huán)境的方針、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the countrys population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspec

5、t of the improvement of the peoples living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the 1980s.確立環(huán)境

6、保護(hù)為中國的一項(xiàng)基本國策。防治環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞以及合理開發(fā)利用自然資源關(guān)系到國家的全局利益和長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展，中國政府堅(jiān)定不移地貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)這項(xiàng)基本國策。- Making environmental protection one of Chinas basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are

7、 of vital importance to the countrys overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection.制定經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)和環(huán)境建設(shè)同步規(guī)劃、同步實(shí)施、同步發(fā)展，實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益、環(huán)境效益相統(tǒng)一的指導(dǎo)方針，實(shí)行“預(yù)防為主，防治結(jié)合”、“誰污染，誰治理”和“強(qiáng)化環(huán)境管理”三大政策。- Formulating the g

8、uiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three m

9、ajor policies of prevention first and combining prevention with control, making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it and intensifying environmental management.頒布實(shí)施環(huán)境保護(hù)的法律法規(guī)，把環(huán)境保護(hù)建立在法制的基礎(chǔ)上，不斷完善環(huán)境法律體系，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法程序，加大執(zhí)法力度，保證環(huán)境法律法規(guī)的有效實(shí)施。- Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulation

10、s regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of

11、the environmental laws and regulations.堅(jiān)持環(huán)境保護(hù)納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃，實(shí)施國家指導(dǎo)下的宏觀調(diào)控與管理，逐步增加對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的投入，使環(huán)境保護(hù)與各項(xiàng)建設(shè)事業(yè)統(tǒng)籌兼顧，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, an

12、d gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development.建立健全各級(jí)政府的環(huán)境保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)，形成比較完善的環(huán)境管理體制，充分發(fā)揮環(huán)境監(jiān)督管理的作用。- Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations u

13、nder governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments role in environmental supervision and administration.加速環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)理論研究，組織科技攻關(guān)，開發(fā)和推廣防治環(huán)境污染的實(shí)用技術(shù)，扶植環(huán)境保護(hù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，初步形成了環(huán)境保護(hù)科研體系。- Accelerating progress in environmental sci

14、ence and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing pracitical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, an

15、d giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system.開展環(huán)境宣傳教育，提高全民族的環(huán)境意識(shí)。廣泛進(jìn)行環(huán)境宣傳，逐步普及中小學(xué)環(huán)境教育，發(fā)展環(huán)境保護(hù)在職教育和專業(yè)教育，培養(yǎng)環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)和管理方面的專門人才。- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nations awareness of the environment. Widely conducting environmental

16、 publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environimen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well as environmental administration

17、.推進(jìn)環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的國際合作。積極發(fā)展同世界各國和國際組織在環(huán)境與發(fā)展方面的交流與合作，認(rèn)真履行國際環(huán)境公約，努力發(fā)揮中國在國際環(huán)境事務(wù)中的作用。- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and international organizations, earne

18、stly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for Chinas role in global environmental affairs.進(jìn)入90年代，國際社會(huì)與世界各國在探索解決環(huán)境與發(fā)展問題的道路上邁出了重要一步。1992年6月，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會(huì)把可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為未來共同的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，得到了與會(huì)各國政府的普遍贊同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international community and various countries h

19、ave made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future, and this won wide acclaim from th

20、e governments of all countries represented at the conference.1992年8月，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會(huì)之后，中國政府提出了中國環(huán)境與發(fā)展應(yīng)采取的十大對(duì)策，明確指出走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路是當(dāng)代中國以及未來的必然選擇。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its environment and development, clea

21、rly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the future.1994年3月，中國政府批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布了中國21世紀(jì)議程 中國21世紀(jì)人口、環(huán)境與發(fā)展白皮書，從人口、環(huán)境與發(fā)展的具體國情出發(fā)，提出了中國可持續(xù)發(fā)展的總體戰(zhàn)略、對(duì)策以及行動(dòng)方案。有關(guān)部門和地方也分別制定了實(shí)施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated Chinas Agenda

22、 21 - White Paper on Chinas Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. This document, proceeding from the countrys specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward Chinas overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable development. The various dep

23、artments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable development.1996年3月，第八屆全國人民代表大會(huì)第四次會(huì)議審議通過的中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展“九五”計(jì)劃和2010年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要，把實(shí)施可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的一項(xiàng)重大戰(zhàn)略，使可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和社會(huì)發(fā)展過程中得以實(shí)施。At its Fourth Session in March 1996 Chinas Eighth National

24、 Peoples Congress examined and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Peoples Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2010. Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization,

25、thus making it possible for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of Chinas economic construction and social development.二、逐步完善的法律體系與管理體制 中國重視環(huán)境法制建設(shè)，目前已經(jīng)形成了以中華人民共和國憲法為基礎(chǔ)，以中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護(hù)法為主體的環(huán)境法律體系。 中華人民共和國憲法規(guī)定：“國家保護(hù)和改善生活環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境，防治污染和其他公害?！薄皣冶Ｕ献匀毁Y源的合理利用，保護(hù)珍貴的動(dòng)物和植物。

26、禁止任何組織或者個(gè)人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源?！敝腥A人民共和國環(huán)境保護(hù)法是中國環(huán)境保護(hù)的基本法。該法確立了經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、社會(huì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的基本方針，規(guī)定了各級(jí)政府、一切單位和個(gè)人保護(hù)環(huán)境的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。中國針對(duì)特定的環(huán)境保護(hù)對(duì)象制定頒布了多項(xiàng)環(huán)境保護(hù)專門法以及與環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)的資源法，包括：水污染防治法、大氣污染防治法、固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)法、森林法、草原法、漁業(yè)法、礦產(chǎn)資源法、土地管理法、水法、野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法、水土保持法、農(nóng)業(yè)法等。中國政府還制定了噪聲污染防治條例、自然保護(hù)區(qū)條例、放射性同位素與射線裝置放射防護(hù)條例、化學(xué)危險(xiǎn)品安全管理?xiàng)l例、淮河流域水污染防治暫行條例、

27、海洋石油勘探開發(fā)環(huán)境保護(hù)管理?xiàng)l例、海洋傾廢管理?xiàng)l例、陸生野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)實(shí)施條例、風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)管理暫行條例、基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)條例、城市綠化條例等30多件環(huán)境保護(hù)行政法規(guī)。此外，各有關(guān)部門還發(fā)布了大量的環(huán)境保護(hù)行政規(guī)章。中國地方人民代表大會(huì)和地方人民政府為實(shí)施國家環(huán)境保護(hù)法律，結(jié)合本地區(qū)的具體情況，制定和頒布了600多項(xiàng)環(huán)境保護(hù)地方性法規(guī)。環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是中國環(huán)境法律體系的一個(gè)重要組成部分，包括環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、樣品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。到1995年底，中國頒布了364項(xiàng)各類國家環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國法律規(guī)定，環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屬于強(qiáng)制性

28、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，違反強(qiáng)制性環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，必須承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。在建立健全環(huán)境法律體系的過程中，中國把環(huán)境執(zhí)法放在與環(huán)境立法同等重要的位置，連續(xù)4年開展了全國環(huán)境執(zhí)法檢查，對(duì)污染和破壞環(huán)境的行為進(jìn)行嚴(yán)肅查處，對(duì)環(huán)境違法犯罪行為進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲打擊。中國十分重視人民群眾和新聞輿論對(duì)環(huán)境違法行為的監(jiān)督，開辟了人民群眾反映環(huán)境問題的渠道，加強(qiáng)了新聞媒介對(duì)環(huán)境違法行為的揭露和曝光。應(yīng)該指出的是，中國的環(huán)境法制建設(shè)還需要進(jìn)一步完善，如某些方面存在著立法空白、有些法律的內(nèi)容需要補(bǔ)充和修改、有法不依、執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)的現(xiàn)象等。因此，繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)環(huán)境法制建設(shè)仍是一項(xiàng)重要的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。中國同樣重視環(huán)境管理體制建設(shè)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)建立起由全國人民代表大會(huì)

29、立法監(jiān)督，各級(jí)政府負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)施，環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理，各有關(guān)部門依照法律規(guī)定實(shí)施監(jiān)督管理的體制。全國人民代表大會(huì)設(shè)有環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)委員會(huì)，負(fù)責(zé)組織起草和審議環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)方面的法律草案并提出報(bào)告，監(jiān)督環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)方面法律的執(zhí)行，提出同環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)問題有關(guān)的議案，開展與各國議會(huì)之間在環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大會(huì)也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)。國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)委員會(huì)由國務(wù)院有關(guān)部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成員組成，是國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)工作的議事和協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)。其主要任務(wù)是：研究和審議國家環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的方針、政策和措施，指導(dǎo)并協(xié)調(diào)解決有關(guān)的重大環(huán)境問題，監(jiān)督檢查各地區(qū)、各部門貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)

30、境保護(hù)法律法規(guī)的情況，推動(dòng)和促進(jìn)全國環(huán)境保護(hù)事業(yè)的發(fā)展。省、市、縣人民政府也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護(hù)委員會(huì)。國家環(huán)境保護(hù)局是國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門，對(duì)全國環(huán)境保護(hù)工作實(shí)施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理。省、市、縣人民政府也相繼設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門，對(duì)本轄區(qū)的環(huán)境保護(hù)工作實(shí)施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理。目前，中國縣級(jí)以上環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門有2500多個(gè)，從事環(huán)境行政管理、監(jiān)測、監(jiān)理、統(tǒng)計(jì)、科學(xué)研究、宣傳教育等的總?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)8.8萬人。中國各級(jí)政府的綜合部門、資源管理部門和工業(yè)部門也設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)相應(yīng)的環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)工作。中國多數(shù)大中型企業(yè)也設(shè)有環(huán)境保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)本企業(yè)的污染防治以及推行清潔生產(chǎn)。目前，各部門和企業(yè)的

31、各類環(huán)境保護(hù)人員已達(dá)20多萬人。China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China as the main b

32、ody.The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China stipulates, The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards, and The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals

33、 and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibiited.The Environmental Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in China. The law has established the basic principle fo

34、r coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental protection.China has enacted and promulgated many special laws on environmental pr

35、otection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental protection. They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environme

36、nt Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture Law.The Chinese government has also enacted more than 30 administrative decre

37、es regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Device, Regulations on the Safe Administration of

38、Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes

39、Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Proivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban Afforestation. In addition, departments concerned have also issued a numb

40、er of administrative rules and decrees on environmental protection.To implement the states environmental protection laws and regulations, peoples congresses and peoples governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 loc

41、al laws on environmental protection.Environmental standards are an important component of Chinas environmental statutory framework. They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria, criteria for samples, and criteria for methodolog

42、y. The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local standards. By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 items. As stipulated in Chinese law, the environmental quality standards and pollu

43、tant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal responsibility.In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, China attaches equal importance to environmental law

44、enforcement and environmental legislation. For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish environmental law violations. China pays great attention

45、 to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment - it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental law-breaking activities.But it should be pointed o

46、ut that Chinas environmental legislative work needs to be further improved. For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing laws. Therefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen

47、environmental legislative work remains an important strategic task.China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative system. It has established a system in which the National Peoples Congress enacts the laws, governments at different levels take responsibility f

48、or their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations of the law.The National Peoples Congress has establis

49、hed an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the enforcement of laws governing environmental and resou

50、rces protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources protection. The peoples congresses of some provinces and cities have also established correspondi

51、ng environmental and resources protection organizations.The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State Council. It is the State Councils consultancy and coordination agency for environmental protection work. Its majo

52、r tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the countrys economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protecti