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1、英文詩歌賞析appreciation of english poetry,英語詩歌,詩歌是一種重要的文學(xué)體裁。它運(yùn)用精練的、 富有節(jié)奏和韻律的語言,以強(qiáng)烈的感情和豐富的想 象,高度集中地反映社會(huì)生活。它通過生動(dòng)具體的 藝術(shù)形象,來教育和感染人們,啟迪人們的社會(huì)認(rèn) 識(shí),陶冶人們的思想感情,培養(yǎng)人們的生活理想與情 操,給人們以美的教育和藝術(shù)享受。 詩歌的韻律是用詞語、音響、重音,在聲音、意義 上經(jīng)過選擇與組合而建立起來的,是詩歌的創(chuàng)作方 式。我們?cè)谠娭?很容易產(chǎn)生感情互動(dòng),那是因?yàn)樵?行中有音響的規(guī)律,有用相同數(shù)目的音節(jié)建立起來 反復(fù)吟唱的方式,又以相同的方法使重音有規(guī)律的 出現(xiàn),2. 音步( f
2、oot )及常見的音步類型,某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相當(dāng)與樂譜中的“小節(jié)”。 常見的音步類型: 1.抑揚(yáng)格 (iamb, iambic)輕讀是“抑”,重讀是“揚(yáng)”,一輕一重,故稱抑揚(yáng)格 。 eg. adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return,2. 揚(yáng)抑格(trochee, trochaic): 如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié),前者為重,后者為輕,則這種音步叫揚(yáng)抑格音步. 重讀是“揚(yáng)”,輕讀是“抑”,一重一輕,故稱揚(yáng)抑格. eg. happy, many, holy, y
3、onder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing present mirth has present laughter shakespeare shake your chains to earth like dew (by shelley),4. 揚(yáng)抑抑格(dactyl, dactylic): 重輕輕是揚(yáng)抑抑格. eg: happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily, properly, accident, quantity. eg: dragging the corn by her gold
4、en hair. davies: the villain.,詩行 (line),1. end-stopped line (結(jié)句行) 一行詩正好是一句. 2. run-on line(跨行句):有時(shí)兩行甚至許多行才構(gòu)成一個(gè)意思完整的句子。前者叫),后者叫). i shot an arrow into the air, it fell to earth, i knew not where; for, so swiftly it flew, the sight could not follow it in its flight.,eg. an empty house alexander pope y
5、ou beatyour pate, and fancy wit will come: knock asyou please, theres nobodyat home. 抑揚(yáng)格五音步” (iambic pentameter ),壓韻(rhyme),1.全韻與半韻(full/ perfect rhyme and half rhyme) 1) 全韻與半韻(full rhyme and half rhyme)。 全韻是嚴(yán)格的押韻,其要求是: (1) 韻要押在重讀音節(jié)上,其元音應(yīng)相同; (2) 元音前的輔音應(yīng)不同; (3) 如果元音之后有輔音,應(yīng)相同。 (4) 重讀音節(jié)之后如有輕讀音節(jié),也應(yīng)相同。 下
6、面幾對(duì)詞都符合全韻的標(biāo)準(zhǔn): why-sigh; hate-late; fight-delight; powers-flowers; today-away; ending-bending. eg. blood-hood; there-here; gone-alone; daughter-laughter. 這種情形被稱為“眼韻”(eye rhyme),雖然詩人有時(shí)用之,但不是真正的押韻,半韻也/近似韻:是聲音,而不是嚴(yán)格的拼音序列相同的,叫半韻,半韻也叫近似韻. 它的韻律詞語的輔音發(fā)聲相同,但是重音的母音發(fā)聲與領(lǐng)前的輔音發(fā)聲不同. thou still unravishd bride of qu
7、ietness , thou foster - child of silence and slow time. sylvan historian , who cant thus express a flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme : 你依然是未被強(qiáng)奪的、安貞的新娘, 你這由沉靜與悠久時(shí)光撫養(yǎng)的孩子, 田園的歷史家,能如此宣揚(yáng) 花也似的故事,更甜過我們寫的詩。,heard melodies are sweet , but those unheard are sweeter ; therefore , ye soft pipes , play on
8、 : not to the sensual ear , but , more endeard , pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone ; 聽到的樂音甜蜜,聽不見的 更甜蜜,吹吧,柔和的風(fēng)笛, 不是傳于耳,更使人去相思, 吹那無調(diào)曲,在心間點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴。,剛(陽) /男韻和柔(陰)/ 女 韻(masculine and feminincrhyme),剛/ 男韻出現(xiàn)在作韻之詞的完全音節(jié)是重音,在不同的字首輔音之后,詞的音響是相同的: distort與purport (扭曲與大意) 。 柔/ 女韻,作韻的重音節(jié)跟著相同的非重音節(jié):treasure 與pleasure
9、 (珍貴與愉快),eg1. but once , years after , in the country lanes , two scholars , whom at college erst he knew , met him , and of his way of life inquired . whereat he answered , that the gipsy crew , his mates , had arts to rule as they desired the workings of mens brains ; 年后,有一次,相逢在鄉(xiāng)間小路, 兩個(gè)學(xué)者,在學(xué)院結(jié)識(shí)于昔往
10、 今又遇于;問他作何人生探討, 他答:追隨才智非凡的吉卜賽同行, 他的同伴,掌握藝術(shù)規(guī)律和祈禱 能隨意左右人們的思路。 krew 與crew , inquired 與desired 都是剛韻。,eg2. and leaning backwards in a pensive dream , and fortering in thy lap a heap of flowers plucked in shy fields and distant wychwood bowers , and thine eyes resting on the moonlit stream: 斜躺在(船舷) ,沉浸在夢(mèng)幻
11、后面, 你的膝上簇?fù)碇欢讯氧r花, 采自寂靜的田野和遙遠(yuǎn)的威慈伍德林蔭下 你的目光凝視在月色籠罩的溪邊; dream 與stream ,flowers 與bowers 都是柔韻。,尾韻:最常見,最重要的押韻方式,1) 聯(lián)韻:aabb型。 i shot an arrow into the air, it fell to earth, i knew not where; for, so swiftly it flew, the sight could not follow it in its flight. henry wadsworth longfellow: the arrow and the
12、 song 2) 交叉韻:abab型。 sunset and evening star, and one clear call for me! and may there be no moaning of the bar, when i put out to sea, alfred tennyson(1809-1892): crossing the bar,3) 同韻:有的詩押韻,一韻到底,大多是在同一節(jié)詩中共用一個(gè)韻腳。 如下例就共用i:p為韻腳。 the woods are lovely, dark and deep, but i have promises to keep, and mi
13、les to go before i sleep, and miles to go before i sleep. robert frost (1874-1963): stopping by woods on a snowy evening,行內(nèi)韻(行間韻) (internal rhyme),在同一行中,有幾個(gè)相同音響的詞前后出現(xiàn),這就是行間韻 eg. the splendour falls on castle walls and snowy summits old in story : the long light shakes across the lakes and the wild c
14、ataract leaps in glory . 華光降落在城墻, 故事中有極古老的雪光, 長長的閃輝搖曳著穿過湖面, 那莽闖的瀑布跳躍在天堂。,頭韻(alliteration),一行中有幾個(gè)詞用同樣的輔音開頭,就叫字首韻,通常稱之為頭韻。 eg. for winters rains and ruins are over , and all the season of snows and sins ; the day dividing lover and lover , the light that loses , the night that wins . 冬天的雨和遺余已離開, 所有下雪和
15、有罪的理由; 日子區(qū)分得可愛更可愛, 光明已消失,黑夜已臨頭。,母諧音與子諧音/ 諧元韻與諧輔韻(assonance and consonance),諧元韻/母諧音:是以相同的母音出現(xiàn)在另一個(gè)不同子音 的詞中,使之在聲母方面十分接近另一個(gè)詞。例如: “bird (鳥) ”與“thirst (渴) ”這兩個(gè)詞中都有“i”這一相同的母音發(fā)聲,而其子音(輔音、韻母) 則是完全不同的。如果是“bird”與“third”(第三) 的其部分子音發(fā)音相同,子諧音可在母諧音中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。lake, fate; time, mind 諧輔韻/子諧音:是以相同的子音在另一個(gè)不同母音的詞中出現(xiàn)。例如:“wood(木)
16、 ”與“weed(草) ”這兩個(gè)詞有相同的子音,但其母音不同。它們就是子諧音。black, block; creak, croak; reader, rider; despise, dispose,詩的體式,1 十四行詩 (sonnet),源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩,十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(petrarch)為代表人物,每行十一個(gè)音節(jié),全詩一節(jié)八行,加一節(jié)六行,韻腳用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提問,后六行回答。 后來,懷亞特(thomas wyatt,1503-1542)將十四行詩引人英國,五音步抑揚(yáng)格,全詩三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問,后二
17、句結(jié)論。 斯賓塞(edmund spenser,1552-1599)用韻腳 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞(william shakespeare,1564-1616)用韻腳abab, cdcd, dfdf, gg,稱英國式或莎士比亞式。,sonnet 60 like as the waves make towards the pibbled shore, so do our minutes hasten to their end; each changing place with that which goes before, in sequent toil all forw
18、ards do contend, nativity, once in the main of light, crawls to maturity, wherewith being crowned, crooked eclipses against his glory fight, and time that gave doth now his gift confound. time doth transfix the flourish set on youth and delves the parallels in beautys brow, feeds on the rarities but
19、 for his scythe to move. and nothing stands but for his scythe to move. and yet to times in hope my verse shall stand, praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.,2 打油詩(limericks):通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅,一般沒有標(biāo)題也無作者姓名,含有幽默諷刺性,常運(yùn)用雙關(guān),內(nèi)韻等手法。每首詩五個(gè)詩行,押韻為aabba,格律以抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格為主。 1) there was a young lady of nigger who smi
20、led as she rode on a tiger; they returned from the ride with the lady inside, and the smile on the face of the tiger. 2) a tutor who taught on the flute tried to teach two tooters to toot, “is it harder to toot, or said the two to the tutor, to tutor two tooters to toot?”,3 無韻體(blank verse):五音步抑揚(yáng)格,不
21、押韻詩體。 across the watery bale , and shout again, responsive to his call, - with quivering peals, and long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud. redoubled and redoubled: concourse wild of jocund din! william wordsworth: there was a boy,4 自由詩(free verse):現(xiàn)代詩中常見的體式,長短不同的詩行存在于同一首詩中,不講究押韻與格律,只注重詩歌所表達(dá)的意象和
22、傳遞的情感。美國詩人walt whitman的(leaves of grass)中,就采用此格式 .,英詩用詞(poetic vocabulary),名詞 array(clothes,衣服、盛裝);babe(baby,嬰兒),bane(poison,mischief,毒物、禍根),billow(wave,波濤),bliss(happiness,幸福),bower(dwelling,臥室、閨房),brine(ocean,海洋、淚水),brow(forehead,額頭);chanticleer(cock,雄雞),charger(horse,馬);dale(valley,谷、溪谷);foe,foem
23、an(enemy,仇敵);fere(friend,朋友);glebe(earth,field,土地、田野),goblet(cup,酒杯),gore(blood,流出的血),grot(cave,洞穴),guile(deceit,狡詐);ire(anger,怒火);ken(perception,看見);maid(girl,少女),main(sea or ocean,海洋,滄海),marge(margin,邊緣),mart(market,市場),mead(meadow,草地),meed(reward,應(yīng)得的報(bào)答),might(strength,力量、權(quán)勢(shì)),morn(morning,黎明);,num
24、ber(verse or metre,詩文、韻律),nuptials(marriage,婚禮);poesy(poetry,詩歌、詩才);quest(search,探求);realm(kingdom,王國);scribe(writer,作家),sire(father,父),spouse(wife,配偶、夫或妻),steed(horse,駿馬),swain(peasant,農(nóng)民),sward(grass,草地),swine(pig,豬);thrall(bondage,奴役),tilth(agriculture,耕種),troth(veracity or faithfulness,忠誠);vale(
25、valley,溪谷),victor(conqueror,戰(zhàn)勝者);weal(welfare,幸福),woe(sorrow or misery,悲哀);yeoman(peasant,farmer,村農(nóng)),形容詞 aweary(weary,厭倦的);baleful(pernicious,有害的、不吉的);beauteous(beautiful,美麗的),bootless(unprofitable,無益的),bosky(wooded,有樹叢的);clamant(noisy,喧嚷的);darksome(dark,陰暗的),dauntless(brave,無所畏懼的),dire(dreadful,可怕的
26、),dread(dreadful,令人畏懼的),drear(dreary,沉悶的);fair(beautiful,美麗的),fond(foolish,不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的),forlorn(distressed,悲慘的);hallowed(holy,神圣的),hapless(unhappy,不幸的);ingrate(ungrateful,忘恩的),intrepid(brave,無畏的);jocund(merry,歡樂的),joyless(unhappy,悲哀的);lone(lonesome,lonely,寂寞的、孤獨(dú)的),lovesome(lovely,可愛的),lowly(low or humbl
27、e,低下的、謙卑的);murky(grim,陰沉的),mute(silent,緘默的);quenchless(inextinguishable,不可熄滅的);rapt(delighted,著迷的),recreant(unfaithful,變節(jié)的);sequestered(retired,lonely,退隱的、寂寞的),stilly(still,寂靜的),sylvan(woody,森林的);uncouth(unusual,笨拙的);wrathful(angry,怒氣沖沖的),副詞 amain(violently,suddenly,猛然、突然),anon(soon,立刻); erst(former
28、ly,往昔);full(very,完美的);haply(perhaps,或許),hard by(close or very near,在近旁);natheless(nevertheless,然而),nigh(almost,幾乎);right(very,precisely,準(zhǔn)確的); scantly(scantily,貧乏的),scarce(scarcely,剛剛),sore(sorely,痛苦的);whilom(formerly,從前),動(dòng)詞 behold(see,看),brook(bear,容忍、忍受);cleave(cling,依戀),cumber(distress,trouble,煩累)
29、;deem(think,認(rèn)為); fare(walk,行走);hearken(hear,attend,傾聽、給予注意),hie(hasten,趕緊);ken(know,知道);list(listen,聽見); methink(seem to me,據(jù)我看來);quaff(drink,痛飲),quoth(said,說);obscure(darken,使黑暗);slay(kill,殺害),smite(strike,重?fù)簦?,sojorn(lodge or dwell,旅居),speed(hasten,促進(jìn));tarry(remain,逗留),trow(believe,相信);vanquish(con
30、quer,征服);wax(grow,漸增),代詞 aught(anything,任何事物);naught(nothing,沒有什么);thou,(you,你【主格】),thee(you,你【賓格】),thy(your,你的),thine(your,你的【在元音或h之前】);yonder,yon(that,在那兒的物或人),ye(you,你們),連接詞: albeit(although,盡管、雖然); ere(before,在以前) 前置詞: anent(concerning,關(guān)于),amidst(among,在當(dāng)中),athwart(across,橫跨); betwixt(between,在中
31、間),英詩詞法、句法要點(diǎn)(poetic grammar),詞法 : 1)動(dòng)詞 (1). 動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)的形式是在動(dòng)詞尾加-th,像liveth,knoweth,hath等等。 如: from her kennel beneath the rock she maketh answer to the clock. (coleridge) 在她巖石下面的洞穴中, 她按照時(shí)鐘行事。 and in silence prayeth she. (coleridge) 她默默地祈禱。,(2).現(xiàn)在時(shí)及過去時(shí)第二人稱單數(shù)動(dòng)詞詞尾加-st的形式,像livest,knowest,sayst,dost,l
32、ivedst,knewest,saidst,didst,hadst等,此外還有動(dòng)詞shall,will, be的形式為shalt,wilt,art(現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)第二人稱thou art等于you are),wert(或wast,第二人稱,單數(shù)過去時(shí)thou wert或thou wast等于you were)。上述各種形式均與第二人稱單數(shù)人稱代詞thou連用。 nor care what land thou bearst me to.(byron) 我不介意你帶我前往何方。 with double joy wert thou with me. (byron) 你與我共享雙重歡樂。 thou lie
33、st, thou liest, thou little foot-page, loud dost thou lie to me! (scott) 你撒謊,你撒謊,你這個(gè)小隨從, 你竟敢明目張膽地對(duì)我撒謊!,(3). 過去時(shí)和過去分詞的較古老形式。 如:wrought (worked), bade (bid), begat (begot), clove (cleft), crew (crowed), drave (drove), spake (spoke), throve (thrived), clomb (climbed), clad (clothed), bare (bore, “bear”
34、的過去時(shí)),broke (broken), lockt (locked), sate (sat)等。 and hark, again, the crowing cock, how drowsily it crew. (coleridge) 聽,雞又啼鳴, 那么使人昏然入眠。 aloft in awful state the godlike hero sate. (dryden) 高高在上,令人生畏, 儼如上帝,英雄就位。 and the loud laugh that spake the vacant mind. (goldsmith) 高亢的笑聲說出了心靈的空虛。,2) 形容詞: (1).
35、形容詞用作名詞: below the chestnuts, when their buds were glistening to the breezy blue (-sky). (tennyson) 栗樹蔭中,嫩果向著漠然的藍(lán)天閃爍。 the dreaded vast (-expanse) of night. (milton) 令人生畏茫茫無際的黑夜。 where i used to play on the green (-grass). (blake) 昔日我常在那綠茵之上嬉戲。,(2). 使用復(fù)合形容詞取得簡潔效果: or in the violet-embroidered vale. (
36、milton) 在開滿了紫羅蘭的山谷里。 before the crimson-circled star. (tennyson) 在緋紅色光環(huán)圍繞的星星之前。,3). 副詞 (1). 副詞詞尾不加-ly: they praised him soft and low. (tennyson) 他們?nèi)崧暤驼Z地贊揚(yáng)他。 the green trees whispered low and mild. (longfellow) 綠樹輕柔地沙沙私語。 oh night, and storm, and darkness, ye are wondrous strong. (byron) 啊,夜晚,暴風(fēng)雨和黑暗,
37、你們多么驚人地倔強(qiáng)。 (2). -ly結(jié)尾的副詞以-lier的形式表示比較級(jí): you have taken it wiselier than i meant you should. (shakespeare) 你已經(jīng)泰然處之,勝過我所期望于你。 strange friend, present, and to be: loved deeplier, darklier understood. (tennyson) 現(xiàn)在和將來的陌生朋友: 愛得更深,體諒得更知己。,句法,1. 詞序:為了保持韻律,英詩中的詞序與正常詞序有所不同 (1). 形容詞放在所形容的名詞之后,而不是在前: daisies p
38、ied and violets blue. (shakespeare) 色彩斑駁的雛菊和藍(lán)色的紫羅蘭。 so by the caverns of the forest green. (shelley) 在青青叢林中的山洞旁。 with notes angelical to many a harp. (milton) 一個(gè)又一個(gè)豎琴,奏出天使的曲調(diào)。,(2). 主語位于謂語之后: and in silence prayeth she. (coleridge) 她默默地祈禱。 and a wealthy wife was she. (old ballad) 她是富家婦。 then came sti
39、ll evening on. (milton) 隨即黃昏照常來臨。 (3). 直接賓語位于動(dòng)詞之前: and she me caught in her arms long and small. (wyatt) 她用細(xì)長瘦削的胳臂抱住了我。 where wine the wit may not oppress. (howard) 美酒灌不昏頭腦。 (4). 前置詞在啟賓語(名詞)之后: where echo walks steep hills among. 回聲在陡峭的群山之中回蕩。,省略或刪節(jié)句法中通常需要的字詞 1、 省略冠詞: creeping like (a) snail unwillingly to school 像條蝸牛在爬行,滿心不愿意去上學(xué) 2、 省略名詞或代詞: (he) who steals my purse steals trash.
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