英語寫作中語篇“連貫性”的巧妙運用

1、英語寫作中語篇“連貫性”的巧妙運用 近年來，高考英語作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有了重大調(diào)整，更強調(diào)文章語言的“連貫性”和“復(fù)雜性”。且看高考英語作文最高一檔的給分范圍和要求：“覆蓋所有的內(nèi)容要點；應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯誤，但為盡力使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級詞匯所致；具備較強的語言運用能力；能有效地使用語句問的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊”。顯然，考生要得高分，除了文章要點全、語法正、表達(dá)準(zhǔn)、結(jié)構(gòu)整、邏輯順、卷面潔外，考生還得掌握句型與詞語的運用及行文(過渡承啟)技巧，以增強語言的表達(dá)力和文章的邏輯性，提高文章檔次。 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的“連貫性”在語言表達(dá)中起著非常重要的作用。“連貫性”主要是

2、就句子之間的銜接和文章段落的過渡而言的。它要求段落中句與句之間、全文段落與段落之間的組織與安排以一種明晰的、合乎邏輯的順序進(jìn)行，做到條理清楚、層次分明。這樣的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)才能讓評卷老師迅速而準(zhǔn)確地捕捉文章信息。反之，敘述順序混亂、前言不搭后語的文章會因“缺乏可讀性”而被判為較低的得分檔次。因此，下面我們將重點探討一下英語寫作中語篇“連貫性”的巧妙運用。 一、整體謀篇。確定主題句 文章語篇的連貫是以內(nèi)容的合理布局為前提的。因此，要想寫出一篇高分作文，審題是關(guān)鍵的一步，一般堅持以下幾個步驟： 1. 審讀情景材料 即對試題所提供的“情景” (包括目的、對象、時間、地點、內(nèi)容等)及其“形式” (一般為圖畫

3、、圖表、提綱等)予以全面的了解，同時不可忽視最后提供的“注意”。 2. 提取主題思想 在審題的同時，要注意從所給材料中提煉出一個主題，即作文的中心。它是全文成敗的關(guān)鍵所在，因為“評分說明”明確指出： “對緊扣主題的適當(dāng)發(fā)揮不予扣分”。一般來講，文章的中心不超出高中生學(xué)習(xí)和日常生活中的所見所聞。 3. 進(jìn)行信息取舍 確定主題之后，就要依據(jù)所需文體(多為應(yīng)用文、記敘文或說明文)，圍繞中心對所獲取的信息進(jìn)行篩選，以突出重點。 4. 列舉表述要點 這是評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的最主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即是否“覆蓋了所有內(nèi)容要點”。動筆寫作之前，最好在草稿紙上列出要點，以免因時間緊等原因而遺漏。 5. 確定主題句 段落通常由一

4、個表示段落中心思想的主題句和一些用來說明、描寫、論證該主題的發(fā)展句構(gòu)成。段落的主題句非常重要，對段落的各句起到提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用。一般情況下，主題旬的位置都在段落的開頭，清楚明了地告訴讀者該段落將要陳述的內(nèi)容。為了便于展開下文，主題句一般要具備以下兩個特點： 內(nèi)容要明確具體，具有特定性和單一性，切忌籠統(tǒng)。 比較： a. Learning English is important. a Learning English is important for middle school students. b. Tom is a good student b. Tom is a hard-working

5、student. 上述例句中的第二句要比第一句具體、明確得多。 語言要簡潔，開門見山。 如“How I Spent My Vacation(我怎樣度假)”的開頭是：I spent my last vacation happily. 下面是題為“Honesty(談?wù)\實)”一文中的開頭： Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “l(fā)iar”, and is looked

6、 down upon by honest people. 二、拓展主題句，注意語篇連貫性 主題句僅僅是提出基本觀點，而要使評卷老師理解你的觀點，就必須展開主題，就要考慮如何組織安排語句，也就是說，文章詞與詞、句與句之間必須銜接密切，具有連貫性。因此，文章語句和段落就要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)排序，并要根據(jù)所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容選擇適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接方式，常用的方法有以下幾種： 1. 巧用過渡詞語，理順句子邏輯關(guān)系 為了使文章在整體上結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密，渾然一體，增強文章的說服力和感染力，保證段落或文章的連貫，考生應(yīng)該在句子與句子之間，甚至段落與段落之間，恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┻^渡性詞語，使文意表達(dá)清晰、流暢。過渡連接詞按語義劃分為以下最常見

7、的幾種類型：(見下表)邏輯關(guān)系常見過渡詞語表示添加信息and, also, too, besides, moreover, as well as, eitheror, neithernor, furthermore, in addition, what is more, not onlybut also, worse still表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but, yet, however, although, on the other hand, otherwise, while, rather, still, nevertheless，in spite of, on the contrary, where

8、as, in contrast 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系besides, again, moreover, worse still, above all, certainly, furthermore, whats more, in addition, important of all, to make matter worse表示因果關(guān)系so, for, therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, therefore, since, thus, hence, on account of, consequently, as a

9、 consequence, it follows that表示條件關(guān)系as(so)long as, if, unless, on condition that表示解釋、說明關(guān)系actually, in fact, such as, for exampleinstance, and so on, according to, after all, even, indeed, it is time, of course, specifically, truly, namely, that is, that is to say, in other words, to tell you the trut

10、h, an illustration of, to be specific, to illustrate表示強調(diào)Indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, truly, especially, no doubt, without any doubt, obviously, above all, It isthat表示時間順序關(guān)系now, after, after that, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, soon, suddenly, before, when, wh

11、ile, as, during, firstsecond, then, in the end, afterwards, after a while, immediately, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, notuntil, eventually 表示空間順序關(guān)系on the rightleft, in the middlecenter ofbackfront of, here, there, next to, on one side ofon the oth

12、er side of, on the foottopend表示結(jié)論as you know, as far as I know, on the whole, in ones opinion, in short, in brief, in a word, in general 【典例解析】 (NMET2006陜西) In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents wit

13、h the housework. (通過舉例和例證使抽象的概念具體化，使作者的表達(dá)更具說服力，同時使得文章邏輯嚴(yán)密。) (NMET2006天津) First, the film was delayed as there were so many advertisements at the beginning. Second, the sound of the film was so loud that I could hardly bear it. (通過使用時間順序連接詞，使文章內(nèi)容顯得層次清晰，主次分明。)The room was disgusting. By the far window

14、 was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed with rotting fruits. The path between the bed and the doorway, where 1 was standing, was full of dirty clothes and old newspapers. (通過選擇參照物，然后巧妙運用表示空間順序的連接詞，給讀者一個清楚的空間觀念。用準(zhǔn)確的方位詞說明空間的具體位置，就仿佛給了閱卷老師一幅空間布置圖

15、或?qū)в螆D。) 2. 使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)，增強語感節(jié)奏和順暢度 平行結(jié)構(gòu)的使用是一種修辭手法，其中既有詞匯的重復(fù)，又有純粹的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的重復(fù)。重復(fù)使用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅能使句子或段落節(jié)奏勻稱，還可以起到強調(diào)或承上啟下的作用，從而引起評卷老師的注意。 詞的重復(fù)是常用的連接手法，它可強調(diào)你所要表達(dá)的意思，也必然讓人把眼前的句子與前面的句子聯(lián)系起來，如同用一根線將整個段落貫穿成一個整體，從而增強句子的語感節(jié)奏，使句與句之間的銜接更加緊密、順暢。例如： (1) I love life; I love nature; and I love peace. (2) I am a boy of 17 and I am s

16、tudying at high school now. I am good at English and I can talk with foreign tourists in English freely. 上述例子使用的是詞匯的重復(fù)，下面的段落則通過使用相同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)保證了文章的連貫與流暢。 (1) If I have the honor to be chosen as a volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and d

17、iscipline, but never break them. I will take the opportunity to make fiends with the athletes and visitors, and help them make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success. (2) My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont l

18、ove them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Dont argue. 在使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)的過程中，如果意思上并列的成分用不

19、同等的語法形式來表達(dá)，就會破壞平行結(jié)構(gòu)，因此要注意以下幾點： 1)不要使用And whoand which結(jié)構(gòu)，如James Joyces Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)必須連接兩個并列的成分，否則就不能形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，這句應(yīng)改為：James Joyces Ulysses, which is a long and complicated novel and which is on our read

20、ing list, has been banned by the school board. 2) 一些成對連詞如eitheror; neitheror; not onlybut also; bothand; as well as等要連接一致的語法成分。例如： (原句)The musicians of whom the band was formed played jokes on each other as well as music. (修改句)The musicians of whom the band was formed played jokes on each other as w

21、ell as played music 3)要注意than和as引導(dǎo)的比較句。比較的東西或思想在邏輯上和語法上要一致。例如：The students inour school are more intelligent than your school. 句子在邏輯上把the students和your school進(jìn)行了比較，應(yīng)該添上than the students in your school或是than those in your school. 3. 靈活運用代詞，避免成分冗余 除了過渡性詞語外，省略、替代和所指等技巧同樣可以連句成段，避免羅嗦和重復(fù)，以保持段落的連貫性。名詞或代詞是很

22、重要的關(guān)系指引詞，它們不僅能指明句子內(nèi)部某些詞之問的關(guān)系，而且能溝通和建立句子和句子之間意義上的聯(lián)系，從而使段落中前后句子的意義邏輯地、有條理地聯(lián)系起來，起到承上啟下的作用。例如： (1) However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who pre-reading articles about learning methods. (句中使用代詞that代替the number, those代替students, 既避免了重復(fù)和單調(diào)，又顯得簡潔明了

23、，過渡自然。) (2)While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice from which I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. (句中關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語使得主從句意義連貫。)試比較：While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice. From the notice I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. 4. 巧用同義反義詞，文章

24、連貫中見文采 同義詞與反義詞用得好，可以避免出現(xiàn)單詞重復(fù)，避免文章內(nèi)容單調(diào)。文章在連貫的同時還能適當(dāng)增加文采，給人耳目一新的感覺。例如： (NMET 2006北京) I like music, especially classical music. I am also interested in photography because it allows me to record the beautiful moments in my life. In fact, I like meeting people and enjoy talking with them. Believing we a

25、ll need help from each other, I appreciate friends help and I am willing to help anyone in need. 5. 巧用分詞短語或獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。簡化句子結(jié)構(gòu)，增強表達(dá)效果 巧妙利用分詞短語或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)能使句子化繁為簡，把復(fù)合句變?yōu)楹唵尉?；恰?dāng)使用獨立成分可以使句子的表達(dá)形式豐富多樣，從而起到增強語言表達(dá)效果的作用。它們各有特點：分詞要堅持邏輯主語一致原則，而獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)要堅持主語不一致原則；獨立成分為約定成俗的固定形式，不受邏輯主語限制。如：Judging from, Frankly speaking (To b

26、e frank)等。試看下列句子： (1)Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. (分詞短語) (2)Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. =If weather permits we are going to visit you tomorrow. (獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)) 試比較以下兩個例句： (原句)The driver escaped; he left the old man lying on

27、the road. (修正句)The driver escaped, leaving the old man lying on the road. (分詞短語) 6. 使用同位語。避免重復(fù)，明晰句意 同位語的應(yīng)用不僅能避免重復(fù)，還可以使文章表述自然、流暢，起到很好的連接作用。例如： (1)Also we can both write and talk to each 0theT on the Skype, a program that can carry sounds as well as words. (2) I am Wangshan, a girl of sixteen, present

28、ly attending Beijing Yangguang Middle school. 7. 使用過渡句，自然銜接句子和段落 過渡句在句子與句子、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，故極為重要。例如：(1) The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the holidaySome are in favor of staying at homeHowever, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase their knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world. (2) Some of us think that it is better to see the film than to read the book