閱讀理解解題技巧

1、高三英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí),英語(yǔ)閱讀理解技巧,分析題干能力訓(xùn)練,體裁分析能力訓(xùn)練,猜詞能力訓(xùn)練,猜答案能力訓(xùn)練,教學(xué)內(nèi)容,1“指讀” 2“聲讀” 3“譯讀” 4“回讀” 5“析讀” 6“參照讀” 7“視幅過(guò)窄” 8“毛病”（bad habits）: 教學(xué)過(guò)程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)常做些不利于閱讀的壞動(dòng)作。有的同學(xué)晃頭、顛腿、轉(zhuǎn)筆、聽(tīng)音樂(lè)、咬指頭、趴在桌子上、揪頭發(fā)等等。,摒棄不良的閱讀習(xí)慣。,高考英語(yǔ)考試中閱讀理解的文章一般有這樣幾種文體，即記敘文、描寫(xiě)文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文和論述文。不同的文體有不同的段落組織方式和脈絡(luò)層次。 記敘文往往按時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)段落，文章有明顯表示時(shí)間先后的詞語(yǔ)。閱讀時(shí)抓住時(shí)間這條主線(xiàn)

2、，弄清who、what、where、why與how。 描寫(xiě)文通過(guò)細(xì)節(jié)的描寫(xiě)以畫(huà)面的方式來(lái)反應(yīng)事物的特征、性質(zhì)。對(duì)這種文章要迅速弄清其主題，主題詞往往出現(xiàn)在各個(gè)句子里，貫穿文章的始末；緊圍繞這個(gè)主題進(jìn)行閱讀，找到文章與之有關(guān)的信息，并確定信息與主題的關(guān)系。,說(shuō)明文多見(jiàn)于科普文章，用以解釋或揭示事物的狀態(tài)、特征、演變、結(jié)果及其相互之間的關(guān)系，這類(lèi)文體的文章，首句往往是主題句，開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，說(shuō)明文章的關(guān)注對(duì)象：弄清作者的思路和段落組織的方式；把握次要信息及其與主題的關(guān)系。,體裁分析能力,論述文的閱讀難在這種文章處處都滲透作者的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度。閱讀論述文應(yīng)該從文體的寫(xiě)作和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)入手. 文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往容易

3、把握，用主題句開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山。作者往往通過(guò)信號(hào)詞(signal words或transitional words)和關(guān)聯(lián)詞(referents來(lái)組織段落、文章.對(duì)信號(hào)詞的迅速反應(yīng)和對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)詞的準(zhǔn)確判斷是至關(guān)重要的；要特別注意區(qū)分作者的觀點(diǎn)與文章里所提到的人物的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)注意作者所使用的表示贊同、反對(duì)等感情色彩的詞匯。,體裁分析能力,細(xì)節(jié)類(lèi)問(wèn)題的命題方式有以下幾種： 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) The author mentions all of the foll

4、owing except . . . 3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _. 5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 6) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? 7) The reason for . . .is . .

5、. 8) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . 9)From the passage we know that _. 10)In the passage, the author states that _.,分析題干能力,細(xì)節(jié)理解題： 細(xì)節(jié)理解題就是我們常見(jiàn)的wh-題，它們大多是根據(jù) 文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過(guò)程、論述等進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的。有些問(wèn)題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則要我們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。做此類(lèi)題的方法一般是先用尋讀法找出與問(wèn)題相

6、關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)的部分進(jìn)行細(xì)讀，找出正確答案。,1、是非題出題形式：a.三正一誤： Which of the following is true except? Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三誤一正： Which of the following is true? 這種做題方法主要與三正一誤的下列問(wèn)法相聯(lián)系： Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned? 這種問(wèn)題的正確選項(xiàng)所包含的信息通常連續(xù)出現(xiàn)在同一段，而且往

7、往無(wú)列舉標(biāo)志詞，如first，second，third等。做題時(shí)只需閱讀有關(guān)段落，根據(jù)一個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞在其前后找其他兩個(gè)正確先項(xiàng)，剩下一個(gè)原文中未提到的，為正確答案。,分析題干能力,2、例證題 例子為高考閱讀理解的常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)之一，這類(lèi)題的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為: The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to 意思是問(wèn)文中舉出某現(xiàn)象或例子的目的。 文章中舉出一些例子無(wú)非是為了說(shuō)明一定的道理。關(guān)鍵在于這個(gè)例子在原文出現(xiàn)的位置，但不管如何，這個(gè)例子之前或之后不遠(yuǎn)處通常都有一句總結(jié)說(shuō)明性的話(huà)，這句話(huà)就是答案，即舉例的目的。如果例子與全文

8、主題有關(guān)，則例證主題，答案為主題句。如果例子與段落主題有關(guān)，就例證段落主題，則答案為段落主題句；此外，答案為例子前后總結(jié)說(shuō)明性的話(huà)。,分析題干能力,3、年代與數(shù)字: 這個(gè)考點(diǎn)有幾種出題方式，但不管以何種形式出現(xiàn)，只要題干問(wèn)年代與數(shù)字，答案就對(duì)應(yīng)于文章中的年代與數(shù)字。 4、比較: 比較考點(diǎn)的表現(xiàn)形式主要有： a.比較級(jí)與含有比較意義的詞匯手段和句型結(jié)構(gòu)； b.表示絕對(duì)意義的字眼： first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等； c.表示惟一性的詞匯：only, unique等；閱讀最好能圈出表示最高級(jí)、惟一性和絕對(duì)意義的詞匯，便于做題時(shí)回原文定位。,分析題干能力,5、原因： 這種題的

9、答案在原文通常有一些表示因果關(guān)系的詞匯手段提示： result, reason; result in(結(jié)果)，result from(由于， baseon(以為基礎(chǔ))，be due to (由于)； because, for, why; as a result, consequently等。 閱讀時(shí)對(duì)這些提示詞應(yīng)該予以注意。原文相關(guān)句出現(xiàn)的格式都是先說(shuō)原因，后說(shuō)結(jié)果，而在題干中通常給出結(jié)果，就其原因提問(wèn)。,分析題干能力,Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss L

10、uo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition,

11、 she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any

12、 more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q： Which of the following is NOT true? A. Luo Lin is a native of

13、 Shanghai. B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,解析： A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案，而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判斷不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此選B。,return,主旨大意題的提問(wèn)方式有以下幾種： 1）The general/main i

14、dea of the passage is about _ 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4）The passage is mostly about _ 5）The passage is mainly concerned about _ 6）What is the main topic of the passage？ 7）What is the best title for the passage？

15、 8）The subject discussed in this text is _ 9）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to . 11）The purpose of this article is to ,分析題干能力,在解主題大意時(shí)，以下方法可供參考。 1.認(rèn)真閱讀文章的第一段或每段的第一個(gè)句子。 2.文章的主題作者往往有意識(shí)地反復(fù)論述。抓住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。（04年全國(guó)卷1（河南等）E篇中major出現(xiàn)過(guò)八次，盡管其詞性、詞義有所不同，但它就

16、是關(guān)鍵詞）。 3.文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后。 例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer 掌握了找主題句的方法，就可以依據(jù)主題句歸納主題。但歸納主題容易出現(xiàn)以下三種錯(cuò)誤，需要同學(xué)們注意。 1以偏概全。即只抓住了主題的一個(gè)側(cè)面就誤以為是主題。 2過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)。即歸

17、納的主題太泛，與細(xì)節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒(méi)有對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)加以充分論證。 3把觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加給作者。讀者往往根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見(jiàn)解。,分析題干能力,如何尋找主題句,Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vege

18、tables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,（1）主題句在段首 一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開(kāi)頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說(shuō)文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。,Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict t

19、eacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（2）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)

20、論。,Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand .

21、 A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,（3）在短文中間當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí), 通常前面只提出問(wèn)題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.,return,有關(guān)推理的試題常常包括以下類(lèi)型： 1) It can be inferred from the text that _. 2) From the text we know that _. 3) The story implies that _. 4) The paragraph fo

22、llowing the passage will most probably be _. 5) The writers attitude toward.is _. 6)The author implied（suggested）that 7)It may be concluded from the passage that 8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 9)With which of the following does the author agree？,分析題干能力,考作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的提問(wèn)方式有： 1

23、)The author seems to think that _. 2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 3)The author wants to appeal to _ . 4)The authors style is _ . 5)The authors tone would be best described as _ .6)What is the authors opinion of _? 7)The writer believe that_? 8) What is the authors main purpo

24、se in the passage? 9）In the authors opinion_?,分析題干能力,推斷題,1.解推斷題應(yīng)注意： (1)不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)； (2)推理的根據(jù)來(lái)自于上下文。,2.解推斷題的方法： 解推斷題最主要的方法是根據(jù)詞義關(guān)系推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。,確定作者態(tài)度，可以有兩種思路： 1、問(wèn)全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體事物的相關(guān)句中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞確定作者的態(tài)度； 2、如果問(wèn)的是對(duì)某一具體事物的態(tài)度，則可以定位到具體相關(guān)句，然后確定答案。,分析題干能力,Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet s

25、hop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in ex

26、actly the same condition as I found it.” Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _. A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects,解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房東要求房屋必須是他租進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)的原樣，所以他須買(mǎi)些老鼠和蟑螂等昆蟲(chóng)對(duì)房屋進(jìn)行“恢復(fù)”，因此推出答案為D。,Example 2 Some pe

27、ople are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr

28、. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask quest

29、ions；he answers questions. He never says，“I dont know.” Q： Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff? A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful. C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. D. He does not like Mr. Neff.,解析：從作者的語(yǔ)氣中我們可以體會(huì)他的態(tài)度，特別是Even if he

30、 does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 誤了車(chē)或飛機(jī)本該是人的失誤怎能歸咎于車(chē)或飛機(jī)呢？明顯是譏諷，也是暗示他對(duì)Mr. Neff的討厭之情。答案為D。,return,如何根據(jù)上下文判斷詞語(yǔ)的涵義這種題型常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式有： 1）The underlined word（phrase）in the passage means _ 2）The word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _ 3）The underlined sentence in the

31、last paragraph means _ 4）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？,分析題干能力,（一）根據(jù)常識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜生詞 例如： The old man put on his spectacles and began to read The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel,猜詞能力,（二）根據(jù)上下文解釋做出判斷：其方法主要有： 1根據(jù)文中的定義、解釋猜生詞 。例如： Ski

32、mming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water 2利用事例或解釋猜生詞 。例如： The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye 3利用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞 。例如： Mr. Smith always arrives home punc

33、tually，neither early nor late,猜詞能力,4根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷： 閱讀中出現(xiàn)一些難詞，有時(shí)后面就是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)@種解釋有時(shí)也用連詞“or”連接。 a）（NMET2001，D篇），and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），a Germanic language b）（NMET2002，A篇）The Chunnel，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France，is n

34、ow complete,猜詞能力,（三）利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries AD,猜詞能力,（四）根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇 文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it

35、和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。 例如（NMET2002，A篇）原題第57題： What does the underlined word it（paragraph 2）refer to？ ADiscovering the moons inner space BUsing the earths inner space CMeeting the moon people“ again DTraveling to outer space 原文：However，the question that moon p

36、eople asked is still an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it,猜詞能力,由此可以看出it指上句中的the question，而the question又指第一段中月球人所提的問(wèn)題。所以根據(jù)第一段中的問(wèn)題Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space？就可以判斷出答案為B。,（五）根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷 根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如：but，howeve

37、r，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。分號(hào)（；）還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。 He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated,猜詞能力,(六) 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷 根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。 （NMET2001，A篇）Biggest power failure in the citys history All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted,猜詞能力,后一

38、句承接前一句，前一句的原因?qū)е潞笠痪涞慕Y(jié)果。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系，停電很可能導(dǎo)致冰淇淋和冷凍食品溶化，所以melted的詞義應(yīng)為溶化。,（七）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化）進(jìn)行判斷 英語(yǔ)中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來(lái)，這個(gè)詞可能是生詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，就不難猜出它的詞義。 例如（NMET2002，B篇）Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete,猜詞能力,我們知道，prefer的意思是寧愿；愿意，根據(jù)上下文可以判斷prefer的名詞形式preference的含義應(yīng)是偏愛(ài)；愛(ài)好。,根據(jù)近年來(lái)高考閱讀理解對(duì)同學(xué)們提出新的要求，建議同學(xué)們?cè)谝韵聨讉€(gè)方面加強(qiáng)自我訓(xùn)練！ 1猜測(cè)