2015年12月英語六級真題及答案解析(卷一)

1、.Part Reading ComprehensionSection AAs it is, sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge of honor. Plus, we live in a culture that_(37)to the late-nighter, from 24-hour grocery stores to online shopping sites that never close. Its no surprise, then, that more than half

2、 of American adults dont get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as_(38)by sleep experts.Whether or not we can catch up on sleep-on the weekend, say-is a hotly_(39)topic among sleep researches. The latest evidence suggests that while it isnt_(40), it might help. When Liu, the UCLA sleep researc

3、her and professor of medicine, brought_(41)sleep-restricted people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they logged about 10 hours per night, they showed_(42)in the ability of insulin(胰島素)to process blood sugar. That suggests that catchup sleep may undo some but not all of the damage tha

4、t sleep_(43)causes, which is encouraging given how many adults dont get the hours they need each night. Still, Liu isnt_(44)to endorse the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later.Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not_(45)an effective remedy either. “A sleeping pill will_(46)one a

5、rea of the brain, but theres never going to be a perfect sleeping pill, because you couldnt really replicates(復制)the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts of the brain to go through the different stages of sleep, says Dr.Nancy Collop, director of the Emory University Sleep Center.

6、37.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】B【解析】cater to表示“迎合”的意思，空白處前提到a culture，所以用第三人稱單數(shù)caters。38.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.depriv

7、ationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】M【解析】空白處后有介詞by，因此空白處前要填一個動詞，與后文匹配，recommended by符合題意，大多數(shù)美國人都達不到由睡眠專家建議的79小時睡眠時間。39.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI

8、.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】D【解析】空白處前有hotly這個詞，后有topic，說明這是個熱門的話題，要填一個形容詞，debated討論的，符合題意。40.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surp

9、assesO.target【答案】F【解析】通過while.might help. 可以看出，文章中提到盡管在假日補充睡眠并不是理想的，ideal符合語境。41.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】C【解析】 空白處后為形容詞，空白處需要填副詞做修飾，chronically意思為“

10、長期地”修飾“有睡眠困擾的人”符合題意。42.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】G【解析】空白處前有showed，因此空白處填一個名詞更貼切，G選項improvements符合語境。43.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD

11、.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】E【解析】題意為：補眠可以修復一部分并不是全部的由睡眠( )造成的損害。所以sleep后面應該接一個名詞，組成“睡眠匱乏”符合語境。44.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessaril

12、yI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】L【解析】根據(jù)文中 “沒有去做某事”，推測出空格內(nèi)填一個形容詞，選ready表示“Liu尚未準備好去接受這個習慣”。45.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpas

13、sesO.target【答案】H【解析】空格內(nèi)應該填一個副詞修飾be動詞。“必須地”符合語境，“盡管安眠藥對于一些人是有效的，但并不一定是一個有效的解決良方”。46.【題干】_【選項】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】O【解析】情態(tài)動詞will后要跟一個動詞原形，target符合，表示“一片安眠藥

14、會瞄準大腦的一個區(qū)域。Section BClimate change may be real, but its still not easy being green.AThe road to climate hell is paved with our good intentions. Politicians may tackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions. But the most pervasive problem is less obvious: our own behavior. We get

15、distracted before we can turn down the heating. We break our promise not to fly after hearing about a neighbours trip to India. Ultimately, we cant be bothered to change our attitude. Fortunately for the planet, social science and behavioural economics may be able to do that for us.BDespite mournful

16、 polar bears and charts showing carbon emissions soaring, most people find it hard to believe that global warming will affect them personally. Recent polls by the Pew Research Centre in Washington, DC, found that 75-80 per cent of participants regarded climate change as an important issue. But respo

17、ndents ranked it last on a list of priorities.CThis inconsistency largely stems from a feeling of powerlessness. When we cant actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defence mechanisms, says Tom Crompton, change strategist for the environmental

18、 organization Word Wide Fund for Nature.DPart of the fault lies with our inner caveman. Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues that will have an immediate impact. We worry most about now because if we dont survive for the next minute, were not going to be around in ten years

19、 time, says Professor Elke Weber of the Centre for Research on Environmental Decision at Columbia University in New York. If the Thames for Research on Environmental Decision at Columbia University in New York. If the Thams were lapping around Big Ben, Londoners wound face up to the problem of emiss

20、ions pretty quickly. But in practice, our brain discounts the risks-and benefits-associated with issues that lie some way ahead.EMatthew Rushworth, of the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, sees this in his lab every day. One of the ways in which all agents seem to ma

21、ke decisions is that they assign a lower weighting to outcomes that are going to be further away in the future, he says. This is a very sensible way for an animal to make decisions in the wild and would have been very helpful for humans for thousands of years.F Not any longer. By the time we wake up

22、 to the threat posed by climate changes, it could well be too late. And it were not going to make rational decisions about the future, others may have to help us to do so.G Few political libraries are without a copy of Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health. Wealth and Happiness, by Richard Thaler

23、and Cass Sunstein. They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisions-such as saving more in our pension plans-by changing the default options. Professor Weber believes that environmental policy can make use of similar tactics. If, for example, building codes included green

24、construction guidelines, most developers would too lazy to challenge them.H Defaults are certainly part of the solution. But social scientists are most concerned about crafting messages that exploit our group mentality(心態(tài)). We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to

25、make change. says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich. It is actually about what their peers think of them, what their social norms are, what is seen as desirable in society. In other words, our inner caveman is continually looking over his shoulder to

26、see what the rest of the tribe are up to.I The passive attitude we have to climate change as individuals can be altered by continuing us in-and measuring us against-our peer group. Social norms are primitive and elemental, says Dr.Robert Cialdini, author of Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. B

27、irds flock together, fish school together, cattle herd together just perceiving norms is enough to cause people to adjust their behavior in the direction of the crowd.J These norms can take us beyond good intensions. Caldini conducted a study in San Diego in which coat hangers bearing messages about

28、 saving energy were hung on peoples doors. Some of the messages mentioned the environment, some financial savings, others social responsibility. But it was the ones that mentioned the actions of neighbours that drove down power use.K Other studies show that simply providing the facility for people t

29、o compare their energy use with the local average is enough to cause them to modify their behaviour. The Conservatives plan to adopt this strategy by making utility companies print the average local electricity and gas usage on peoples bills.L Social science can also teach politicians how to avoid o

30、ur collective capacity for self-destructive behavior. Environmental campaigns that tell us how many people drive SUVs unwittingly(不經(jīng)意地)imply that this behavior is widespread and thus permissible. Cialdini recommends some careful framing of the message. Instead of normalizing the undesirable buys yet

31、 another SUV, it reduces our ability to be energy-independent.M Tapping into how we already see ourselves is crucial. The most successful environmental strategy will marry the green message to our own sense of identify. Take your average trade union member, chances are they will be politically motiv

32、ated and be used to collective action-much like Erica Gregory. A retired member of the Public and Commercial Services Union, she is setting up one of 1,100 action groups with the support of Climate Solidarity, a two-year environmental campaign aimed at trade unionists.N Erica is proof that a great-g

33、randmother can help to lead the revolution if you get the psychology right-in this case, by matching her enthusiasm for the environment with a fondness for organizing groups. I think its a terrific idea, she says of the campaign. The union backing it makes members think there must be something in it

34、. She is expecting up to 20 people at the first meeting she has called, at her local pub in the Cornish village of Polperro.O Nick Perks, project director for Climate Solidarity, believes this sort of activity is where the future of environmental action lies. Using existing civil society structures

35、or networks is a more effective way of creating change and obviously trade unions are one of the biggest civil society networks in the UK, he says. The Love Food, Hate Waste campaign entered into a collaboration last year with another such network-the Womens Institute. Londoner Rachel Taylor joined

36、the campaign with the aim of making new friends. A year on, the meetings have made lasting changes to what she throws away in her kitchen. Its always more of an incentive if youre doing it with other people, she says. It motivates you more if you know that youve got to provide feedback to a group.PT

37、he power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment. In the US, the House of Representatives Science Committee has approved a bill allocating $10 million a year to studying energy-related behavior. In the UK, new studies are in dev

38、elopment and social scientists are regularly spotted in British government offices. With the help of psychologists, there is fresh hope that we might go green after all.47.【題干】When people find they are powerless to change a situation, they tend to live with it.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.

39、LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】C【解析】When we cant actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defence mechanisms,48.【題干】To be effective, environmental messages should be carefully framed.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】L【解析】Cialdini recomm

40、ends some careful framing of the message.49.【題干】It is the governments responsibility to persuade people into making environment-friendly decisions.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】G【解析】They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisions.50.【題干】Politicia

41、ns are beginning to realise the importance of enlisting psychologists help in fighting climate change.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】P【解析】P段第一句“The power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment.”51.【題干】T

42、o find effective solutions to climate change, it is necessary to understand what motivates people to make change.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】H【解析】We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to make change. says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tyn

43、dall Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich52.【題干】In their evolution, humans have learned to pay attention to the most urgent issues instead of long-term concerns.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】D【解析】D第二句Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues t

44、hat will have an immediate impact.53.【題干】One study shows that our neighbours actions are influential in changing our behavior.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】J【解析】J段最后一句But it was the ones that mentioned the actions of neighbors that drove down power use.54.【題干】Despire clear

45、signs of global warming, it is not easy for most people to believe climate change will effect their own lives.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】B【解析】B段第一句Despite mournful polar bears and charts showing carbon emissions soaring, most people find it hard to believe that global wa

46、rming will affect them personally.55.【題干】We should take our future into consideration in making decisions concerning climate change before it is too late.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】F【解析】By the time we wake up to the threat posed by climate changes, it could well be too l

47、ate. And it were not going to make rational decisions about the future, others may have to help us to do so.56.【題干】Existing social networks can be more effective in creating in peoples behaviour.【選項】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】O【解析】O段第二句“Using existing civil society structure

48、s or networks is a more effective way of creating change”對應題干。Section CPassage OneMore than a decade ago, cognitive scientists John Bransfgord and Daniel Schwartz, both then at Vanderbilt University, found that knowledge to a new situation but a quality was not the ability to retain facts or apply p

49、rior knowledge to a new situation but a quality they called preparation for future learning. The researches asked fifth graders and college students to create a recovery plan to protect bald eagles from extinction. Shockingly, the two groups came up with plans of similar quality (through the college

50、 students had better spelling skills). From the standpoint of a traditional educator, this outcome indicated that schooling had failed to help students think about ecosystems and extinction, major scientific ideas.The researches decided to go deeper, however. They asked both groups to generate quest

51、ions about important issues needed to create recovery plans. On this task, they found large differences. College students focused on critical issues of interdependence between eagles(How big are they? and What do they eat?). The college students had cultivated the ability to ask questions, the corne

52、rstone of critical thinking. They had learned how to learn.Museums and other institutions of informal learning may be better suited to teach this skill than elementary and secondly schools. At the Exploratorium in San Francisco, we recently studied how learning to ask good questions can affect the q

53、uality of peoples scientific inquiry We found that when we taught participants to ask What if? and How can? questions that nobody present would know the answer to and that would spark exploration, they engaged in better inquiry at the next exhibit-asking more questions, performing more experiments a

54、nd making better interpretations of their results. Specially, their questions became more comprehensive at the new exhibit. Rather than merely asking about something they wanted to try, they tended to include both cause and effect in their question. Asking juicy questions appears to be a transferable skill for deepening collaborative inquiry