高考作文之結(jié)構(gòu)—記敘文

1、記敘文是英語(yǔ)作文中最常用、最基本的一種文體。也是高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)中常考 的文體。它以記敘和描寫(xiě)為主要手段，通過(guò)寫(xiě)人、記事、寫(xiě)景來(lái)表達(dá)作者思想或 感情。常見(jiàn)的高考記敘文包括故事、人物介紹、游記、新聞報(bào)道等。?？碱}多以 看圖作文或根據(jù)故事情節(jié)寫(xiě)作文的形式出現(xiàn)。記敘文的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)1. 六要素：要交待清楚記敘文“六要素”，即時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件起因、經(jīng)過(guò)、結(jié)果（whe n，where，who，why，what，how）。2. 敘述方式：事情的敘述通常有四種手法：順敘、倒敘、插敘和夾敘夾議。最 常用的是順敘。3. 時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)通常使用與過(guò)去有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去 完成時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。4

2、. 人稱(chēng)：通常用第一人稱(chēng)或第三人稱(chēng)寫(xiě)作，第一人稱(chēng)主要寫(xiě)自己的經(jīng)歷，可增 強(qiáng)文章的真實(shí)感和感染力；第三人稱(chēng)主要寫(xiě)他人的經(jīng)歷或事跡。高考記敘文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)頭the beginning交待必要的背景。如：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等。中間the middle交待故事情節(jié)（事情的主體）。如：事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和前 因后果。結(jié)尾the en di ng事情的結(jié)果或感想、愿望等范例一記事2008天津卷假設(shè)20XX年2月12日是你父親的生日，下面三幅圖描繪的是你給父親買(mǎi)完 禮物后乘坐地鐵回家時(shí)經(jīng)歷的一件事。 請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖示，用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇日記記敘這件 事，并談?wù)勛约旱母惺堋?. 詞數(shù)不少于100 ；2. 可適當(dāng)加入細(xì)節(jié)，以使

3、行文連貫參考詞匯：地鐵（列車(chē)）-subway trainFebruary l2h, 2008One possible vers ion:Februay 12 th, 2008The day is my Dad s birthday. This after noon I went to the shopp ing cen ter dow ntow n, and bought a prese nt for him. Then I took the subway train home. Sitt ing on the train, I thought my dad would be very hap

4、py whe n he saw the prese nt. At the n ext stati on, an old lady with two heavy bags got on the train and stood in front of me. She looked tired. I hesitated for a mome nt, and the n offered my seat to her. The old lady tha nked me a lot and sat dow n. Seeing her smile, I felt happy. I will always b

5、e ready to help others in the future.記敘文之人物介紹人物介紹屬于記敘文的寫(xiě)作范疇， 寫(xiě)作時(shí)要圍繞人物組織材料。所 寫(xiě)短文中應(yīng)包括人物、 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、主要事件（who，when , where ， what ）等內(nèi)容。人物介紹的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)寫(xiě)作時(shí)，要做到主題鮮明，內(nèi)容清楚，并注意結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。1仔細(xì)審題，明確寫(xiě)作目的和中心思想，每段都應(yīng)始終圍繞主題 展開(kāi)敘述。2. 合理判斷使用哪種人稱(chēng)，句子時(shí)態(tài)要在上下文中有相關(guān)性、連續(xù)性，要與表達(dá)內(nèi)容一致。3. 合理安排短文的結(jié)構(gòu)層次，組織好所提示內(nèi)容表達(dá)的先后順序，并用英語(yǔ)思維，整理寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)。4. 審題后要先列出簡(jiǎn)明扼要的提

6、綱，其次寫(xiě)出草稿，經(jīng)過(guò)修改之 后，再正式成文。人物介紹的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)名人篇姓名、童年及出生地 t家庭及教育背景 t成就 t評(píng)價(jià) 路人篇姓名、身份及外貌特征 t要點(diǎn)提示中的人物特點(diǎn) t評(píng)價(jià)范例二寫(xiě)人馬克吐溫是美國(guó)著名作家。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面提供的內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇人物簡(jiǎn)介。馬克吐溫(1835 1910)生于美國(guó)Missouri。他是美國(guó)19世紀(jì)著名的作 家之一。他的家鄉(xiāng)位于密西西比河畔。成年后，他曾在密西西比河的船上當(dāng)水手。 馬克吐溫是他的筆名。他寫(xiě)過(guò)很多小說(shuō)，其中最著名的是湯姆索耶歷險(xiǎn)記( Tom Sawyer)。 他的作品被譯成多國(guó)文字，深受世界讀者喜愛(ài)。詞數(shù)：100-120。One possible vers

7、 ion:Mark Twain(1835 1910), one of the best known American writers in the nineteenth century, was born in Missouri in the middle part of the United States.Mark Twains hometow n lay on the banks of the Mississippi River, where he spe nt his childhood. Whe n he grew up he worked as a sailor on a river

8、boat for some time. Mark Twa in was his pen n ame.Mark Twai n wrote a lot of no vels, one of which is The Adve nture of Tom Sawyer, the masterpiece which brought him fame and honor. Some of his writi ngs have bee n tran slated into many lan guages. He and his works are deeply loved by readers throug

9、hout the world.常用的詞組及句子:1. Birthday and birth place:was / were born inon was / were born in / into a poor / rich familyeg He was born in Poland on Nov 13, 19872. Family backgro undHis / her family was so poor thathis / her father was very strict with himBorn in a poor family, he had to.When he was a

10、 small boy, he showed a great in terest in whe n he was a small boy / youngas a child / as a boy of 15duri ng his / her childhoodspe nd his childhood in live a happy / hard lifeeg. Abraham Lin col n, the son of a poor family, was born in Ken tucky on February 12, 1809.Born of a poor clerks family, C

11、harles Dicke ns had little schooli ng.3. Educati on backgro undbe admitted to - collegegraduatefrom department ofuniversitywhe n at college, he majored inreceive a doctors degreego abroad for further studiesThanks to the help of ., he was able to continue his educati on.Betwee n and ., he studied at

12、.From . to ., he first worked as ., and the n he became.4. Big eve nts in on es lifebe in terested in / be fond of work hard at serve as devote his lifetime / himself toconcen trate himself to do research about / into made great con tributi ons to make up on es mi nd to do sth.do sth with great dete

13、rm in ati on and persevera neebe strict in sth.have a way of doing sthtry on es best to do sth.en courage sb to dofight for, give up on es life for sb / sthwin a prize / the first prize incompetitio nreceive / obta in / win the Nobel Prize forbe good at do well in be crazy about enjoy make rapid pro

14、gress in set a new world record ofequal the world recordwin(won) a gold / silver / bronze medalbe awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her scie ntific achieveme nts.be selected to / become a member of study hard train hardgo through hardshipovercome many difficultieshave a gift / tale nt for Ian

15、 guage, etc5. Evaluati onone of the best / most importa ntset a good example for a model teacher / workerbe respected by every onePeople speak / think highly ofbe honored as (an excelle nt athlete)his hard work brought him great successhe is the pride of China.His heroic story spread all over the ci

16、tymake great con tributi ons to Con siste ncy / Persevera nee is the key to success. be famous / known / regarded asbecome a world champi on at Champi on shipsremember sb forevera new chapter of history has bee n tur nedLei Feng has bee n praised for his com munist spirit.an in spiri ng leadersb. is

17、 con sidered to be one of the greatest.Well known as., sb.人物外貌和性格特征描寫(xiě)詞匯good-look ingfunny-look ingugly-look ingwhite-hairedtalln aughty smartwarm-heartedkin d-heartedbad-temperedn ear-sightedfar-sightedbrightdilige ntcharm ing attractivetalkativecon fide neepatie neeordin ary-look ingshort pretty wi

18、seabse nt-min deda stro ng willlazyhealthy humorousin depe ndent有關(guān)“起”的詞語(yǔ)，用語(yǔ)開(kāi)篇或引出擴(kuò)展句1. at first/ in the begi nning 起初2. at prese nt現(xiàn)在；當(dāng)今3. rece ntly / lately最近9. for one thi ngfor ano ther/ also首先，其次10. prese ntly此刻；現(xiàn)在4. first/ firstly/ first of all第一11. to begin with/ to start with首先；5. gen erally s

19、peak ing般地說(shuō)第一6. on the whole總的12. in gen eral說(shuō)來(lái)般來(lái)說(shuō)7. It is well un derstood that13. on the one handon the other ha眾所周知，一方面，另一方面8. There goes a say ing that.14. As the say ing goes,俗話俗話說(shuō)，說(shuō)，有關(guān)“承”的詞語(yǔ)，用來(lái)承接上下文1.by this time11.i n the same way同樣地此時(shí)12.obviously明2. at the same time同顯地時(shí)13. no doubt無(wú)3. after

20、a while疑地過(guò)了一會(huì)兒14. for example/ for in sta nee例如4. after a few days幾天15. therefore以后因此5. sec ond/ sec on dly第二；16. indeed第二點(diǎn)的確6. in additi on17. uni ike另外不像7. besides/ whats more另外18. certai nly8. by the way當(dāng)然順便提一句19. for ano ther9. in other words換句其次話說(shuō)20. still10. in particular/ particularly特別地仍然11.

21、 worse still更21.similarly糟的是同樣地有關(guān)“轉(zhuǎn)”的詞語(yǔ),用來(lái)表示不同或相反的意見(jiàn)1. in/ by con trast對(duì)比之下9. fortun ately幸運(yùn)地2. unfortun ately不幸地10. however然而3. though/ although盡管11. in spite of盡管；雖4. eve n though即使然5. any way無(wú)論12. at the same time同時(shí)；然而如何13. otherwise否則6. after all畢14. on the con trary相反竟15. especially尤其7. all the

22、 same依然；照16. There are two sides to everyth ing.樣任何事物都有兩面性。8. i n fact/ as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上有關(guān)“合”的詞語(yǔ),用于小結(jié)上文或結(jié)束本段落的內(nèi)容1. in a word/ all in all/ i n con clusi on10. accord in gly總之因此2. to con clude/ to summarize11. therefore/ thus因總之此3. in brief/ i n short/ in summary12. as has bee n no ted如前總之所述4.

23、on the whole13. as I have said如我總體來(lái)說(shuō)所述5. above all14. by doing so如最重要的是此6. as a result15. to speak fran kly/ to be frank結(jié)果坦白地說(shuō)7. obviously16. It is quite clear that很明顯然顯8. As far as rm concern ed,就我17. There is no denying that無(wú)可而言否認(rèn)9. Taking all these into con siderati on18. Con sideri ng 考慮考慮到到根據(jù)銜接

24、詞本身的意思和文章連接所需要的邏輯意義，可分為以下幾類(lèi)：一、表示因果關(guān)系as a result-He n ever studied hard, and as a result he failed in the last exam in ati on.as a result of -He is late for work as a result of traffic accide nt.accord in gly-He wan ted to buy a radio for study En glish, and accord in gly her mother bought it for him

25、.because(of)-We are delayed because of a traffic jam.due to-His success is due to his excelle nt work.owing to-Ow ing to his abse nee, our meet ing is not held.thanks to-Tha nks to a good teacher, she passed the exam in ati on.now that-Now that you have grow n up, you must earn for yourself.so long

26、as-You could realize your dream so long as you try it aga in and aga in.since-Since you are here now, you d better give a hand.in that-The policy is harmful in that it may en courage people to give up.so that-The office speaks at the top of his voice so that every soldier could hear him. therefore-T

27、here is a calculat ing mistakes there, therefore, the an swer is wrong.二、表示解釋關(guān)系as a matter of fact-I will go there this morning, as a matter of fact, I am only 10minu tes, drive from you.as well -I will go there. My friend will go with me as well.fran kly speak in g-Fra nkly speak in g, I am not ver

28、y satisfactory with your words.in this case-In this case, I will go there as soon as possible.、表示推理關(guān)系or else-Hurry up, or else you II be late.otherwise-You must carry this passport, otherwise you will be stopped by the guard.if so-lf so, it will make a great differe nee.四、表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系in addition-l need yo

29、ur help. In addition, I also need her support.besides-First, we must work hard. Besides, we must work with a creative mind.and moreover-The hat is the right size for you, and moreover, it goes well with your ski n.that is to say-The stock price is deeli ning, that is to say, I am los ing mon ey.in o

30、ther words-l am not hungry, in other words, I really dislike the food in thiscan tee n.equally importa nt-You should read more n ews from n ewspapers, and equallyimportant, keep an eye on the news from the radio.what s more is harmful to my health, and whats more, it is no good to my work.last but n

31、ot least-Last but not least, my tha nks should go to every member of my class.五、表示比較關(guān)系equally-As a teacher, I should teach well, but equally, I should study well.in the same way-It is such a coincidence that we figure it out in the same way.in con trast to-I n con trast to your belief, I quite disag

32、ree with you.in stead-If you dont go,門(mén)I go in stead.on the contrary-You thought I like it. On the contrary, I dislike it.in contrast-It is hot in the daytime, but in contrast it s very cold at night.while-We are happy in Chi na, while most Africa ns live un happily.六、表示選擇關(guān)系either orEither you or I w

33、ill go there.rather than-In this matter, the parents should be blamed rather than the children.in stead of -You should be read ing books in stead of lying there in bed.not bu-She is not an English teacher, but a German student.whether or no-l won der whether you will come or not this after noon.n ei

34、ther on-Neither you nor I will go there. He will come this after noon.七、表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系although-Although he is old, he still work everyday.despite- will visit him despite the heavy snow.at the same time-The little kid brings troubles, but at the same time you cant helpliki ng him.eve n though-Eve n though sh

35、e is late, she walks slow.however-l planned to go there, however, the incident suddenly interrupts my normal work.in spite of-I n spite of the boys hon esty, the teacher is still very an gry.in stead-It is too hot to go shopp in g, lets watch TV at home in stead.on the con trary-I used to think that

36、 the result will be good. On the con trary, it tur ns out to be bad.still It s raining cats and dogs outside; still, I will visit him.though-I will visit him though it is raining there.while-Sadness is beautiful while Ioneliness is tragically.yet-He is sen time ntal sometimes, yet I still like him.八

37、、表示總結(jié)關(guān)系all in all-All in all, we must cope it wellbriefly-Briefly, I agree with you on the matter.in con clusi on-I n con clusi on, the first opin io n is much more reas on able tha n the latter idea.in summary-In summary, we cannot fully believe what we heard from others.to sum up-To sum up, teachi

38、 ng stude nt is not an easy task to perform.on the whole-On the whole, the book is extremely valuable.in all-In all, its great to be a father.in short-I n short, acti ons speak louder tha n words.in brief-I n brief, to help others is to help yourself.in a word-In a word, we will win while they will

39、lose.in terms-In practical terms, I believe it will work.in sum-ln sum, it is great to be a teacher.to summarize-To summarize, spare the rod, spoil the childre n,九、表示次序關(guān)系above all-Above all, remember to call me whe n you arrive.afterwards-We played the whole day and afterwards walked home together i

40、n the eve ning.first/firstly/first of all First(ly) /first of all, I ll mention the history.sec on d/sec on dly-Sec on d/sec on dly, I will men ti on the prese nt. furthermore-Furthermore, it is not good eno ugh in this respect. finally-Finally, I agree with you on this matter.last but not least-Las

41、t but not least, my pers onal effort also play a small role in the accomplishme nt of the task.to conclude-To conclude, life is not a battle if you want to be a normal man. lastly-Lastly, I must say it will be remembered by people around the world. in the en d-I n the end, they parted each other at

42、the cross road.十、表示強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系above all-Above all, the good policy makes us dare to be rich.of course-Of course you will fall behind if you dont study harder.in deed-I am in deed very glad to see you are well and sound.most important-Most important, it is a book for sale first.十、表示過(guò)渡關(guān)系as to/as foShes very

43、uncertain as to where he is now.by the way-By the way, there is a letter for you in the preside nts office.with regard to -With regard to your score in last exam in ati on, I am afraid it is not a good n ews for you.talking of -Talking of philosophy, I know little about it.in cide ntally-l ncide ntally, your proposal has draw n most peoples atte