漢譯英：句子基本譯法綜述和段落篇章的翻譯方法PPT課件

1、1,句子基本譯法綜述,2,句子翻譯,一、句型對(duì)應(yīng)法 二、改譯法 三、擴(kuò)充法 四、縮省法 五、語序調(diào)整法,六、反譯法 七、分譯與合譯 八、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法 九、注意選詞,3,一、句型對(duì)應(yīng)法,原文什么句型，譯文什么句型。例如： 他們像迷失的羔羊一樣背離了正道。 They have erred from the right path like lost sheep 猜猜誰在會(huì)上露面了？ Guess who turned up at the meeting,4,二、改譯法,改變?cè)哪尘渥映煞值脑~類，以符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。例如： 她的美貌非言語所能形容。 She is too beautiful for th

2、e words. 體育競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意識(shí)十分強(qiáng)烈，因此有些賽事，特別是職業(yè)足球賽，常常以失利一方的支持者挑起爭(zhēng)斗告終。 The idea of competition is so strong that very often some sports events，especially football matches，end up with fights that are provoked by the supporters of the losing side,5,三、擴(kuò)充法,由于英漢兩種語言的語法差異及其語言文化的差異，漢譯英時(shí)需要 (一)語法形式的擴(kuò)充 (二)語義表達(dá)的補(bǔ)充,6,一)語法形式的擴(kuò)充

3、,一)語法形式的擴(kuò)充，包括補(bǔ)充漢語不常用的連詞和介詞以及漢語語言沒有的冠詞和系詞，有時(shí)還要補(bǔ)出主語或者利用形式主語及形式賓語。例如： 樂意為您效勞。 I am only too willing to serve you. 中國正在發(fā)生日新月異的變化。 China crackles with the dynamics of change,7,二)語義表達(dá)的補(bǔ)充,二)語義表達(dá)的補(bǔ)充，是指補(bǔ)充漢語文化所獨(dú)有的，不易為外國人所理解的事物，多采用加解釋性文字的方法。例如： 這人真是杞人憂天。 He is really like the man of Qi who was haunted by the f

4、ear that the sky might fallunnecessary anxiety,8,四、縮省法,一) 省去漢語的主語(多見于諺語、俗語等)、語氣助詞、連詞(多見于文言文)。例如： 司馬昭之心，路人皆知。 This Sima Zhao trick is obvious to everyone. 人非圣賢，孰能無過。過而能改，善莫大焉。 To err is human and to mend is a supreme merit,9,四、縮省法,二) 漢語疊字和復(fù)句的縮略。例如： 安安靜靜地坐在那兒。 Sit there quietly，please 由于她突然出言不遜，我感到透不過

5、氣來。 Her unexpected rudeness made me gasp for breath,10,四、縮省法,三) 名詞由代詞代替，動(dòng)詞由do代替。例如： 他穿白襯衣比穿藍(lán)襯衣好看。 He looks more handsome in a white shirt than in a blue one (四) 英譯多個(gè)重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞或名詞時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，只使用一次該動(dòng)詞和名詞。例如： 我們不后退，我們不曾后退，我們永遠(yuǎn)也不后退。 We dont retreat, we never have and never will,11,四、縮省法,五) 某些漢語詞的詞義大于英語詞的詞義，英譯時(shí)，可

6、略去部分內(nèi)容。例如： 我洗耳恭聽。 Im all ears to you (六) 某些句型英譯時(shí)省去原主語，已是習(xí)慣處理方法了。例如： 大家都知道他和上司的關(guān)系很好。 It is known that he gets along quite well with his superior,12,五、語序調(diào)整法,一)英譯時(shí)，某些句子的倒裝處理。例如： 在庫房的角落里散放著幾只汽油桶。 Lying about in the corner of the storage room are several gasoline tanks (二)漢、英句子狀語位置的不同及表達(dá)習(xí)慣的差異，英語后置定語的運(yùn)用，形

7、式主語(或賓語)的位置以及外位語位置的調(diào)整。例如； 我把這事原原本本地告訴了他。 True to type I told him this matter,13,五、語序調(diào)整法,三)某些短語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同。例如： 不管晴天還是下雨，比賽準(zhǔn)時(shí)進(jìn)行。 Rain or shine，the match will go on time (四)對(duì)整個(gè)句子語序的調(diào)整。例如： 他忽然想起了一個(gè)好主意。 A great idea occurred to him suddenly,14,六、反譯法,通常所說的“正說”和“反說”，在翻譯中稱之為“反譯法”。請(qǐng)看例句： 好好看著這些孩子，讓他們規(guī)規(guī)矩矩的。 Watch

8、the children，to see that none of them will get out of line. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。 Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender,15,七、分譯與合譯,決定分譯和合譯的重要因素還取決于句中的各個(gè)成分之間意思上的關(guān)聯(lián)，以及該句與上下文之間含義的連貫，同時(shí)還要符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,16,一)分譯 (二)合譯 助之長者，揠苗者也。(孟子) They who assist it to grow long pull out their corn shoots(TrJames Legge,17,句子的分譯與合譯,一）

9、句子的分譯。 需要分譯的句子，多數(shù)是長句，或者是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的復(fù)句。分譯會(huì)使原文內(nèi)容層次分明，譯文易于理解，更簡潔,18,第一，按內(nèi)容層次分譯,例如： 少年是一去不復(fù)返的，等到精力衰時(shí)，要做學(xué)問也來不及了。（胡適不要拋棄學(xué)問） Youth will soon be gone never to returnAnd it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years （Tr Zhang Peiji） 父親畢竟比她多吃了幾年成鹽，她男朋友是什么樣的人，他一看就知道。 After all, Fath

10、er is worldly-wiseHe is able to tell at a glance whether his daughter has got a boyfriend of character,19,第二，從主語變換處分譯,例如： 她隔窗望去，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)有只小船停泊在河邊，船里有位船夫睡得正香。 Looking through the window，she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bankIn it there was a boatman fast asleep,20,第三，從關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如轉(zhuǎn)折）處分譯,例如： 聲速隨溫度的升降會(huì)有輕微

11、的增減，但不受氣壓的影響。 The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls slightly with a decrease in temperature. It is not affected by the pressure of the air,21,第四，原文出現(xiàn)總說或分述時(shí)要分譯,例如： 不曉得季節(jié)與結(jié)婚有什么關(guān)系，但是從初冬到春天結(jié)婚的人數(shù)比其他季節(jié)多了很多，也許就是所謂的結(jié)婚季節(jié)吧。 Dont know what relation exists between the season

12、 and marriage，but the number of marriages is much greater from early winter to spring than in other seasons. Maybe this is the season of marriage people usually call,22,第五，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣而采用分譯,例如： 我們主張對(duì)我國神圣領(lǐng)土臺(tái)灣實(shí)行和平統(tǒng)一，有關(guān)的政策，也是眾所周知和不會(huì)改變的，并且正在深入全中華民族的心坎。（鄧小平文選第三卷） We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan whic

13、h is part of our sacred territory. Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change. The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation,23,二）漢語句子的合譯,第一，在關(guān)聯(lián)詞處合譯。例如： 擠到沙灘邊，澌啵!隊(duì)伍解散，噴著忿怒的白沫。然而后一排又趕著撲上來。（黃昏） They crowded for

14、ward to break against the beachThen their troop scattered，spraying angry white foam，while the file behind caught up and charged in its turn（Tr Gladys Yang,24,第二，按內(nèi)容連貫合譯,例如： 他的眼睛疲倦地閉著，但是有時(shí)又忽然大睜開看看岸上的路，看看水面。沒有什么動(dòng)靜。他含糊地哼了一聲，又靜下去了。（月夜） His eyes were closed wearily，but once in a while he would open them

15、suddenly and stare at the path along the shore，or look at the waterWhen he saw that nothing was stirring, he would mutter something to himself and again doze off. （TrSidney Shapiro,25,第三，從主語變換處合譯，常出現(xiàn)主從句,例如： 蕭麗幫我拿起電報(bào)，她的手在微微顫動(dòng)著。 Xiao Li helped me to pick up the telegram，her hands slightly trembling,26

16、,八、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法,遵循漢、英兩種語言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，為使行文通順、連貫，需改變?cè)牡恼Z態(tài)。例如： 請(qǐng)全系教師和干部于星期三下午二時(shí)在會(huì)議室集合聽報(bào)告。 All teachers and cadres of the Department are requested to meet in the conference room at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday to hear a speech,27,九、注意選詞,譯者切忌望文生義、硬譯、死譯。例如： A別泡蘑菇了，快干活吧。 Dont waste timeMind your own work B泡好蘑菇，中午用。 Steep the

17、 mushroom for lunch,28,Translation of the Natural Paragraph,The sentence: the biggest unit of grammatical study, the paragraph: a much bigger (second only to the text/discourse) independent semantic unit that is complete in meaning. Features of a natural paragraph 1、Cohesive銜接、粘連（結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性） 2、Coherent

18、連貫（意義上的連貫性,29,Comparison between Chinese and English paragraphs,1. Similarities-語篇功能（textual functions）: In both English and Chinese, some paragraphs are independent and complete while some others are relevant. In a paragraph, relations among the sentences can be general and particular, be progressi

19、ve, be contrasting, be matching,30,2. Differences-段落構(gòu)成方式（pattern） English: （1）主題句-闡述句-總結(jié)句 （2）以某個(gè)中心統(tǒng)領(lǐng)的形散神不散結(jié)構(gòu) Chinese： 雖有主題句-闡述句-總結(jié)句結(jié)構(gòu)，通常都圍繞一個(gè)較為含蓄的中心思想，表述方式多是迂回式的、流散式的，重意合(parataxis)輕形合（hypotaxis,31,Walking through the woods with two toddlers is an experience in observation. Each insect along the pat

20、h is noted for size, shape, sound, and means of mobility. Texture of the path itself is important to the small people who are very close to it. Animal holes and ant hills are of great interest, and are thoroughly investigated. Ducks in the pond are greeted as old friends, and their variously colored

21、 feathers are catalogued. Nature is a most interesting view from close to the ground. The first sentence is the topic sentence, the following sentences are illustrated ones, and the last sentence is the conclusion sentence,32,語言學(xué)家周祖謨教授最講究這樣去廣積學(xué)問，他曾經(jīng)對(duì)學(xué)生們說，治學(xué)要有根基，要有一般的基本知識(shí)與?？频幕局R(shí)。先讀基礎(chǔ)書，然后兼及其他。而且，要讀全部

22、，不能止于選本。要這樣做，自然得有決心和毅力，在這點(diǎn)上，著名詞學(xué)家夏承燾先生有一席懇切的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談，他說：“六十余年間，如果說在學(xué)問方面取得了某些成績的話，那就是依靠一個(gè)笨字，笨字從本?！睂W(xué)生們按照師輩指點(diǎn)去做，治學(xué)的路子是對(duì)的。 這段話的中心思想是，大學(xué)問家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們，廣積學(xué)問要考下決心和有毅力讀書。 漢語形散神聚，詞句隨“意”自然流動(dòng),33,段落翻譯的基本原則和技巧,譯者首先進(jìn)行段落大意分析再進(jìn)行句群分析，句子分析最后以句子為單位進(jìn)行翻譯 譯者要關(guān)注的還是句子內(nèi)部的調(diào)整、句子層次意義的譯文重組。 段落翻譯的焦點(diǎn)仍是句子翻譯，這個(gè)過程中，譯者要注重句際關(guān)系的分析，從段落的視野把握每個(gè)句子的

23、處理方式,34,Translation of the Text: Textual Consciouness 語篇意識(shí),35,Textual consciousness in translation 語篇意識(shí),Its common to use text as a unit for the analysis of translation as it enables the translator to appreciate the linguistic form, meaning and spirit of the original. 翻譯中應(yīng)當(dāng)大處著眼(top-down)，小處著手(bottom

24、-up)，小單位、低層次服從于大單位、高層次,36,How to grow oldby Bertrand Russell,The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome.

25、 I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done,37,老年人若能如此看待人生，將不會(huì)遭受怕死的痛苦。因?yàn)?，他所關(guān)懷的事物將繼續(xù)下去，如果隨著精力的衰竭，疲倦之感日漸增加，就會(huì)覺得長眠并非是不受歡迎的念頭。當(dāng)我在一直工作時(shí)，我希望會(huì)死亡，因?yàn)槲抑绖e人會(huì)繼續(xù)我未完成的事業(yè)，并且想到凡是我可能做的事情都已做了，而感到心

26、滿意足,38,Text is not a mere aggregation of sentences; rather, it is a semantic unity. Cohesion 銜接、粘連 Coherence 連貫,39,COHESION,M.A.K. Halliday (2000:4) : cohesion is a semantic concept, referring to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and it occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another,40,Cohesive Devices Co