現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)概論ppt課件

1、MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS,Chapter Two,1,Content,2.1 Morphemes 2.2 Allomorphs 2.3 Classifications of morphemes,2,Morphological structure of the word The internal structural of words and rule by which words are formed. A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to commu

2、nicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes,3,2.1 Morphemes,The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller form

3、s. The morpheme denotes the smallest units or the minimum distinctive feature of some class of things. A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning. One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize,4,An

4、 allomorph (詞/語(yǔ)素變體) any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Different forms of the same morpheme. (An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.) caps, clas

5、ses : -s (plural) -ion, -tion, -ation, -sion positional allomorphs of the same suffix 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)變化 ed, -ied,2.2 Allomorphs,5,2.3 Classifications of morphemes,In general, there are two main types of classification of morphemes Free morphemes and bound morphemes Roots and affixes,6,2.3.1 Free morphemes an

6、d bound morphemes,Free morphemes A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, i.e., free roots(自由詞根). A free morpheme is a word, in traditional sense. E.g.: earth, wind, boy,

7、 bite, etc,7,Bound morphemes A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. Inflectional elements and affixes are bound morphemes. they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly,

8、walk-ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes,8,2.3.2 Roots and affixes,Roots, i.e., root morphemes A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work, workable, worker, worked, and working Roots are either free or bound Free r

9、oots: In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, walk etc. Free roots, just like simple words, belong to the basic word-stock. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tain in word

10、s like contain, detain,9,A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. E.g.: revive vital vitamin vivacious vivid each consists of the Latin root vit- or viv-, meaning “l(fā)ife” or “to live.” E.g.: contradict, predict, dictate, diction, dictionary dict-

11、 conveys the meaning of say or speak- A knowledge of roots can help one to analyze and understand many words almost on sight. Knowing the meaning of these roots can help clarify the meaning of many English words,10,Affixes,Affix is a “collective term for type of formative that can be used only when

12、added to another morpheme.” Affixes, therefore, are considered bound morphemes. Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes , affixes may be divided into inflectional(曲折詞綴) and derivational (派生詞綴) types,11,Inflect

13、ional affixes Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. For example: cats, walked, walking, Johns book An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlativ

14、e degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word,12,Derivational affixes Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes(前綴) Suffixes(后綴) Derivational affixes have not only independe

15、nt lexical meaning but also affective meaning,13,English words can be classified on the morphemic level: (1) simple words: a single morpheme (2) derived words: result of a derivational process, consisting of a free morpheme and one (or more than one) bound morpheme, e.g., fruitless (3) compound words: those which are composed of two or more free morphemes,14,Diagram of morphemes,SUMMARY,Morpheme Allomorphs Classification of morphemes Free or bound Root or affixes Classification of words