中醫(yī)英語翻譯理論與實踐

1、上海師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 李照國,中醫(yī)英語翻譯理論與實踐,一點常識,禮記王制 “ 中國，夷、蠻、戎、狄五方之民，言語不通，嗜欲不同。達其志，通其欲，東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰譯。,嚴(yán)子譯例言,譯事三難信 達 雅。求其信已大難矣。顧信矣不達。雖譯猶不譯也,支謙法句經(jīng)序 仆初嫌其辭不雅。維祗難曰：“佛言依其義不用飾，取其法不以嚴(yán)。其傳經(jīng)者，當(dāng)令易曉，勿失厥義，是則為善。”座中咸曰：“老氏稱美言不信，信言不美。仲尼亦云：書不盡言，言不盡意。明圣人意深邃無極。今傳胡義，實宜徑達。”是以自偈受譯人口，因循本旨，不加文飾,譯業(yè)與譯才,咸寧萬國第一 Bringing peace to all th

2、e countries in the world 黃帝升坐紫微宮，岐伯、雷公各侍左右。 Huangdi was sitting in the palace in the Heaven. Qibo and Leigong, his senior ministers, were standing on either side in attendance,黃帝曰：“惜時與卿等談醫(yī)論藥，旨在救天下萬民于憂患，非為吾華夏一族所計。朕觀日月交輝，憂人世多艱。愿昔時所厘之醫(yī)道廣播四海，咸寧萬國?！?Huangdi said: “I have established this system of medici

3、ne for people all over the world, not just for the Chinese nation. I hope that it can be disseminated and practiced over the world.,岐伯曰：“陛下所立之醫(yī)道乃興國生民之大法。故當(dāng)傳于四方，惠及愚智賢不肖。 Qibo said: “The medicine that Your Majesty have established is indispensable to the life of the people. So it should be disseminate

4、d to all the whole world and serve for peoples from different countries,自黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)問世，華夏醫(yī)道于漢唐之際東傳高麗、扶桑，南播交趾諸島，北及朔方之域，西入吐蕃高原，于各族各部之繁榮昌盛，善莫大焉?！?Since the publication of Huangdi Neijing, Chinese medicine was spread to Korea, Japan, Viet Nam and northern areas of China. It has made great contributions to the

5、prosperity and development of these countries.,黃帝曰：“四異之邦與吾華夏言語不通，嗜欲不同。華夏醫(yī)道，何以傳之于彼？” Huangdi said: “The languages spoken in these countries and areas are different from the Chinese language. How was the Chinese medicine disseminated to these places,岐伯對曰：“諸四異之邦文在初創(chuàng)，醫(yī)道未立。故遣其聰慧之士遠涉千山，前來中土，潛習(xí)華文，精修醫(yī)術(shù)。 Qib

6、o answered: “At that time medicine and written language in these countries and areas were not established yet. These countries sent students and scholars to China to study Chinese language and medicine through Chinese media,及諳熟之，并攜醫(yī)經(jīng)藥典還國，以華文傳于其地。故今之日文多雜以華字。朝韓越國，舊亦書華文行儒學(xué)?！?After returning their count

7、ries, they practiced and taught Chinese medicine through the media of Chinese characters. That is why today Chinese characters still can be found in Japanese written language.,黃帝曰：“吐蕃、西域及朔方之大部今屬中國之地；高麗、扶桑、交趾皆為儒學(xué)昌盛之邦。華夏醫(yī)道傳之其地當(dāng)無山隔水?dāng)嘀畱n。 Huangdi said: “Korea, Japan and Viet Nam are all the countries wit

8、hin the circle of Confucian civilization. The dissemination of Chinese medicine in these countries is certainly not very difficult,朕所慮者，乃泰西之國。其國與華夏遠涉重洋，言語迥異。華夏之醫(yī)，如何傳之于彼？” What I am always worrying about is the countries in the West. The Western countries are quite different from China in language an

9、d customs. What shall we do to disseminate Chinese medicine to these countries,岐伯曰：“古人云：名物不同，傳實不易。欲使泰西之人曉諭華夏醫(yī)術(shù)，須經(jīng)翻譯之徑。然泰西之語與華夏之文契合者少，遂使翻譯辭不達義，謬誤廣布?！?Qibo answered: “It is true that the Western languages are totally different from the Chinese language. That is why there are many errors in the current

10、 translation of Chinese medicine into the Western languages.,黃帝曰：“醫(yī)者，性命攸關(guān)之術(shù)。豈可恣意妄為？差之毫厘，謬之千里。反左為右，生即為殺。然泰西之語與吾華夏之文涇渭兩色，如之奈何？” Huangdi said: “Medicine is closely related to the life of the people. One small mistake may lead to a great disaster. But the Western languages are so different from the Chin

11、ese language. How to translate Chinese medicine into Western languages then,岐伯對曰：“必得精于華夏醫(yī)術(shù)、諳于泰西言語之士潛心較之、辨之，方可厘定傳譯之序，通達醫(yī)道之旨，消訛除誤，交通東西。” 黃帝問曰：“此等賢士，何處可得？” Qibo answered: “It can only be done by those who have a good command of both Western languages and Chinese medicine. ” Huangdi asked: “Where can we

12、 find such erudite scholars to undertake such a difficult task,岐伯對曰：“華夏之國，今恰政通人和，重教興學(xué)。此等賢才，當(dāng)可訪尋。陛下即可遣一天官到下界走訪一番，若遇此等賢才，即詔命其精研譯道，傳譯華夏醫(yī)藥于泰西諸國?！?Qibo answered: “China now is stable and peaceful. The government pays much attention to education. Qualified translators can certainly be found in this countr

13、y with such a great ancient civilization. Your Majesty may send an official from the Heaven to the world of man to look for such qualified translators.,黃帝曰：“卿言極是。雷公何在？” 雷公拜曰：“臣謹(jǐn)聽圣訓(xùn)?！?Huangdi said: “Good suggestion! Wheres Leigong?” Leigong kowtowed and answered: “I am ready to follow Your Majestys e

14、dict.,黃帝曰：“今差汝速往下界，遍訪華夏古國，悉求精通醫(yī)術(shù)、熟諳西語之賢士。 Huangdi said: “Ill send you to the world of man to look for qualified translators who have a good command of both Chinese medicine and Western languages,詔命其精研譯道，傳譯華醫(yī)于泰西，以使萬國咸寧，天下安康。 雷公稽首再拜曰：“謹(jǐn)遵圣意?！?When you have found such erudite scholars, ask them to caref

15、ully study the methods of translation and translate Chinese medicine into Western languages.” Leigong kowtowed again and said: “I will act in compliance with Your Majestys instructions.,中醫(yī)英語翻譯 原則與方法,中醫(yī)英譯基本特點,1.仿造化 所謂仿造，指的是在翻譯原語的無等值詞匯時用譯語中的直接對應(yīng)詞代換無等值詞匯的組成部分，即詞素或詞,例如：liver blood（肝血）、blood deficiency（血

16、虛）、activating blood to resolve stasis（活血化瘀）等等。英語中有l(wèi)iver, blood, deficiency這些單詞，但卻沒有l(wèi)iver blood, blood deficiency 這樣的概念。仿造翻譯就是借用英語中已有的相關(guān)單詞來表達中醫(yī)特有的概念。亦即通過對英語已有單詞的重新排列組合向英語語言輸入中醫(yī)特有的概念和表達法,2. 定義化,辨證論治：diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analysis of symptoms and signs “辨證論治”目前已基本簡潔為treatment bas

17、ed on syndrome differentiation 或syndrome differentiation and treatment,從翻譯的角度來看，這個術(shù)語中的“辨”、“證”和“治”是“關(guān)鍵字”，現(xiàn)一般通譯為differentiation, syndrome 和treatment。只要這三個“關(guān)鍵字”翻譯一致且整個術(shù)語的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡潔，即基本達到了術(shù)語翻譯的要求,3.多樣化,例如，“虛” 指臟腑的“虛”時可用asthenia，如”脾虛”可譯為asthenia of the spleen，若譯為deficiency of the spleen，則有可能被誤認(rèn)為脾臟有實質(zhì)性的缺損。純指功

18、能的虛弱，也可以用hypofunction 來表示。表示“體虛”這一概念時，也可用weakness 或debility 來表達,4.拼音化,由于中西方文化及中西醫(yī)之間的巨大差異，中醫(yī)理論中特有的一些概念在英語中很難找到對應(yīng)語。如“氣”、“陰陽”、“氣功”、“推拿”等等。這些概念具有典型的中國文化特色，無論直譯還是意譯都無法準(zhǔn)確地再現(xiàn)原文的內(nèi)涵。從目前國內(nèi)外的實踐來看，采用音譯法翻譯中醫(yī)上某些特有概念是比較可行的。事實上，這種方法已逐步為中醫(yī)翻譯界所普遍采用，也為國外讀者所接受,中醫(yī)英語翻譯的難點,1.對應(yīng)語的缺乏 五行 five elements; five phases 三焦 three w

19、armers; three burners; three heaters; triple energizer 經(jīng)脈meridian; channel; conduit 五臟 five solid organs; five zang-organs; five zang-viscera 六腑 six hollow organs; six fu-organs; six fu-viscera,2.理解的偏差,黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng) Yellow Emperors Internal Medicine 帶下醫(yī) doctor underneath the skirt 失笑散 Powder for Lost Smiles,

20、中醫(yī)英語翻譯的原則,1.自然性原則 疫毒痢 ：中毒性菌痢（toxic bacillary dysentery） 寸白蟲 ：絳蟲?。╰aeniasis） 癆瘵：肺結(jié)核（pulmonary tuberculosis） 疳積：小兒營養(yǎng)不良（infantile malnutrition） 瘰疬 ： 頸部淋巴結(jié)核（tuberculosis of cervical lymph node） 癭：甲狀腺腫大（goitre, thyroid enlargement,2.簡潔性原則,原文詞的意義單位（實詞）數(shù) 信息密度= - 譯文詞的意義單位（實詞）數(shù) 信息密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可分為三個檔次：A 擋為0.5，B 擋為0.25

21、，C 擋為0.1。最佳信息密度不低于A 擋，低于B 擋的詞應(yīng)反復(fù)推敲，低于C 擋的詞不應(yīng)采用,3.民族性原則,音譯 有一部分中醫(yī)用語在英語中有其“形”，但卻無其“意”，如“表里”、“六淫”等。在英語中有external/exterior（表）和internal/interior（里）這樣的詞語，也有wind （風(fēng)）、cold （寒）、summer-heat （暑熱）、dampness （濕）、dryness（燥）、 fire （火）這樣一些概念，但卻沒有中醫(yī)上的特定內(nèi)涵,再比如英語語言中有 heart（心）和fire（火），但卻沒有heart fire 這樣一個概念。那么在翻譯時如何處理中醫(yī)的

22、這些概念呢？一般的做法是借用英語語言固有的詞匯，按照中醫(yī)概念的特定內(nèi)涵重新組合其結(jié)構(gòu)形式，從而使其能承載中醫(yī)概念的信息。如將“心火”譯為heart fire，將“腎虛”譯為kidney asthenia或kidney deficiency等。嚴(yán)格地講，這樣的翻譯還只是“表層”翻譯，原概念的“深層”含義還游離于其新組合的形式之外。其“形”與“意”的有機結(jié)合還需要在交流的過程中不斷磨合，逐步得以實現(xiàn),4.回譯性原則,所謂“回譯性原則”，指的是英譯的中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語在結(jié)構(gòu)上應(yīng)與中文形式相近。這樣在中醫(yī)藥的國際交流中，就能較好地實現(xiàn)信息的雙向傳遞。如將“肺氣不足”譯為insufficiency of lu

23、ng qi，將“活血化瘀”譯為activating blood to resolve stasis，將“濕熱”譯為damp-heat等等，英譯的中醫(yī)術(shù)語與原文相比，在結(jié)構(gòu)上和字面意義上都比較接近，因而具有一定的回譯性,5.規(guī)定性原則,規(guī)定性原則指的是對中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語的翻譯在內(nèi)涵上加以限定，使其不能另有解釋。提出這樣一個原則主要是為了解決中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語翻譯上內(nèi)涵的對等問題,例如“辨證”盡管一般人多譯作syndrome differentiation，但對這一譯法歷來爭論不休。有人認(rèn)為中醫(yī)的“證”不同于西醫(yī)的syndrome。但是，如果我們從“名”與“實”的辨證關(guān)系出發(fā)來考慮問題，便可以將syndro

24、me differentiation加以規(guī)定。規(guī)定其只能表達中醫(yī)“辨證”這個概念，不能作任何其它的解釋,比如世界衛(wèi)生組織對“針灸經(jīng)穴名稱”的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，實際上就是一種規(guī)定。它規(guī)定“三焦”的英語譯名為triple energizer、“經(jīng)脈”的譯名為meridian、“沖脈”的譯名為thoroughfare vessel等等。如果我們將其英語譯名與中文原文加以比較，便會發(fā)現(xiàn)諸多“不相對應(yīng)”或“不相吻合”之處。然而由于對它們的內(nèi)涵作了規(guī)定，所以并沒有在實際的交流中引起人們想象中的“混亂不堪”。這就是規(guī)定性原則的作用所在,中醫(yī)英語翻譯方法,1.借用西醫(yī)用語 解剖概念 心、肝、脾、肺、腎” heart

25、, liver, spleen, lung and kidney,病癥名稱,心悸 palpitation 便秘 constipation 呃逆 hiccup 遺尿 enuresis 黃疸 jaundice 白喉 diphtheria 癃閉 retention of urine 經(jīng)閉 amenorrhea 納呆 indigestion,治療方法,放血 bloodletting 驅(qū)蟲anthelmintic treatment 正骨reduction 止血hemostasis, hemostasia 止痛analgesia 止瀉antidiarrhea 按摩療法massotherapy,2.直譯法

26、,基礎(chǔ)理論： 陰中之陰yin within yin 陽中之陽yang within yang 母子關(guān)系mother-child relation 木生火 wood generating fire 金克木 metal restricting wood 抑木扶土inhibiting wood to strengthen earth,生理： 通調(diào)水道regulation of the water pathway 脾主運化The spleen controls transportation and transformation. 肝藏血 The liver stores blood. 腎藏精 The

27、kidney stores essence. 藏而不瀉storage without excretion 瀉而不藏excretion without storage,病理： 陰陽失調(diào) imbalance between yin and yang 熱入心包invasion of heat into the pericardium 脾失健運failure of the spleen to transport normally 肝不藏血failure of the liver to store blood 胃失和降failure of the stomach qi to descend 氣虛不孕st

28、erility due to qi asthenia 風(fēng)熱腰痛lumbago due to wind-heat 腎陽不足 insufficiency of kidney yang,3.意譯法,白虎歷節(jié)white tiger joint running 牛皮癬oxhide lichen 鶴膝風(fēng)cranes knee wind 天行赤眼heaven-current red eye 天柱骨celestial pillar,天柱骨”就是指的“頸椎骨”，譯作celestial pillar就不知所云了。中醫(yī)上講的“天柱骨折”和“天柱骨倒”實際上就是指的“頸椎骨折”（fracture of cervica

29、l vertebra）和“項軟”（flaccidity of neck）。 中醫(yī)上講的“天行”就是“流行性”（epidemic）的意思。翻譯成英語時，“天行”有時也可不必譯出，因為英語中相應(yīng)的術(shù)語本身就含有這曾意思。例如“天行發(fā)斑瘡”、 “天行瘟疫”譯成英語就是smallpox, pestilence,4.音譯,玄奘（602-664 A.D.）在翻譯佛經(jīng)時就提出了“五種不翻”的觀點。翻譯名義集序中稱這五種是： 秘密故，如陀羅尼（真言、咒語）； 含多義故，若薄伽梵具六義（自在、熾盛、端言、名稱、吉祥、尊貴）； 此無故，如閻?。▌俳穑洌邢膶崯o此木； 順古故，如阿耨菩提（正偏知）。皆掩而不翻,5

30、.音意結(jié)合,元氣 primordial qi 正氣 healthy qi 真氣 genuine qi 宗氣 pectoral qi 中氣 middle qi 營氣 nutrient qi 衛(wèi)氣 defense qi 腎氣 kidney qi,國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 與國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),中 醫(yī) 基 礎(chǔ) 理 論 術(shù) 語Basic theory nomenclature of traditional Chinese medicine,發(fā) 布: 國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會 本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由國家中醫(yī)藥管理局提出并歸口。 本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起草單位：遼寧中醫(yī)學(xué)院。 本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起草技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人：李德新。 本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)界定了中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論中陰陽 、五行、臟象、氣血精津液

31、、經(jīng)絡(luò)、體質(zhì)、病因、病機、養(yǎng)生、預(yù)防、治則、五運六氣等的術(shù)語,Principles for English expression selection,1. Accurate reflection of the original concept of Chinese terms. 2. No creation of new English words. 3. Avoidance of pinyin (Romanized Chinese) use. 4. Consistency with WHOs Standard Acupuncture Nomenclature,國標(biāo),中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論fundame

32、ntal theory of TCM 整體觀念 concept of holism 天人相應(yīng)correspondence between human and environment,西太區(qū),基礎(chǔ)理論 Basic theory 整體觀念 holism 天人相應(yīng) correspondence between nature and human,國標(biāo),辨證論治 treatment upon syndrome differentiation 證候 clinical manifestation 理法方藥 theory, principle, prescription and medicinal,西太區(qū),辨

33、證論治 pattern identification/ syndrome differentiation and treatment 精氣學(xué)說 essential qi theory,國標(biāo),陰陽學(xué)說 yin-yang theory 陰陽對立 opposition between yin and yang 陰陽互根 interdependence of yin and yang,西太區(qū),陰陽學(xué)說 yin-yang theory 陰陽對立 opposition of yin and yang 陰陽互根 mutual rooting of yin and yang,國標(biāo),陰陽消長 waxing-wa

34、ning between yin and yang 陰陽平衡 equilibrium between yin and yang 陰陽自和 natural harmony of yin-yang,西太區(qū),陰陽消長 waxing and waning of yin and yang 陰陽平衡 yin-yang balance 陰陽調(diào)和 yin-yang harmony,國標(biāo),陰陽轉(zhuǎn)化 inter-transformation of yin and yang 陰盛格陽陰極似陽exuberant yin repelling yang 亡陽陽脫 yang prostration,西太區(qū),陰陽轉(zhuǎn)化 yin

35、-yang conversion 陰極似陽 extreme yin resembling yang 陽; 脫陽; 陽脫 yang collapse亡,國標(biāo),陰陽離決 separation between yin and yang 陰竭陽脫 yin exhaustion and yang collapse 陰陽兩虛 deficiency of both yin and yang,西太區(qū),陰陽離決 dissociation of yin and yang 陰竭陽脫 exhaustion of yin and collapse of yang 陰陽兩虛 dual deficiency of yin

36、and yang,國標(biāo),陰平陽秘 sound yin and firm yang 陰中之陰 yin within yin 陰陽交感 interaction of yin and yang,西太區(qū),陽盛陰衰 yang exuberance with yin debilitation 陰中之陰 yin within yin,國標(biāo),五行 five elements 五行學(xué)說 five-element theory 相生 generation 相克 restriction,西太區(qū),五行 five phases 五行學(xué)說 five phase theory 相生 engendering 相克 Restr

37、ain,國標(biāo),相乘 over-restriction 相侮 counter-restriction 亢害承制 harmful hyperactivity checked for harmony,西太區(qū),相乘 Overwhelm 相侮 Rebellion 亢害承制 harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition,國標(biāo),母氣 mother element qi 子氣 child element qi 制化 restriction and generation,西太區(qū),母氣 mother qi 子氣 child q 制化 inhibition and

38、generation,國標(biāo),精 essence semen,西太區(qū),精 Essence （(1) the fundamental substance that builds up the physical structure and maintains body function; (2) reproductive essence stored in the kidney,國標(biāo),先天之精 innate essence 后天之精 acquired essence 精氣 essential qi,西太區(qū),先天之精 innate essence 后天之精 acquired essence 精氣 es

39、sential qi,國標(biāo),先天之氣 innate qi 后天之氣 acquired qi 元氣原氣 original qi 正氣 healthy qi,西太區(qū),先天之氣 innate qi 后天之氣 acquired qi 原氣; 元氣 source qi 正氣 healthy qi,國標(biāo),真氣 genuine qi 宗氣 pectoral qi 中氣 middle qi,西太區(qū),眞氣 genuine qi 宗氣 ancestral qi 臟氣 visceral qi 中氣 middle qi,國標(biāo),衛(wèi)氣 defense qi 營氣 nutrient qi 氣機 qi movement 氣化

40、 qi transformation,西太區(qū),衛(wèi)氣 defense qi 營氣 nutrient qi 氣機 qi movement 氣化 qi transformation,國標(biāo),君火 monarchic fire 相火 ministerial fire 少火 moderate fire,西太區(qū),君火 sovereign fire 相火 ministerial fire 先天之火 innate fire from the life gate,國標(biāo),臟象 visceral manifestation 臟象學(xué)說 theory of visceral manifestation 臟 zang viscus 腑 fu viscus,西太區(qū),臟象 visceral manifestation 臟象學(xué)說 visceral manifestation theory 臟 viscus 腑 bowel,國標(biāo),五臟 five zang viscera 六腑 six fu viscera 三焦 triple energizer 奇恒之腑 extraordinary fu viscera,西太區(qū),五臟 five viscera 六腑 six bowels 三焦 triple energizers 奇恒之腑 extraordinary organs,國標(biāo),元神之府 house of original