語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)(語(yǔ)言學(xué)簡(jiǎn)明教程胡壯麟版)

1、I DefinitionA卷 Phonetics 語(yǔ)言學(xué) (P17)Phonetics is the field of language study concerning the physical properties of sounds and speech sounds. Minimal pairs 最小辨立對(duì) (P42)They are made up of similar sound sequenceexcept for the difference of one sound in the corresponding position. Open-class 開(kāi)放類(lèi)詞 (P66)The

2、y are indefinitely extendable. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class words. Invariable words 可變化詞 (P67)Invariable words refer to those words such as conjunctions, prepositions, interjections, etc. . T hey do not have inflective endings. Morpheme 語(yǔ)素 (P68)In linguistics, the min

3、imal unit of meaning is called morpheme. Compounds 復(fù)合詞 (P69)Compounds consist wholly of free morphemes. Derivation 派生 (P72)Derivation is the process in which new words are created from already existing words through affixation. Pragmatics 語(yǔ)用學(xué) (P150)Pragmatics is a study of the intended meaning of sp

4、eakers in a particular context. Blending 縮合 (P187)Blending here means to form a new word by joining the initial part of a word and the initial or final part of another word together. Dissimilation 異化 (P189)This occurs when one of two similar or identical sounds in a word change in such a way that it

5、 becomes less similar to the other.B卷 Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)聲語(yǔ)音學(xué) (P18)It studies the sound units from the angle of how each sound segment is articulated. Diphthongs (P)There are vowels which may be described as a sequence of two sounds, or the glide from one vowel position to another. Minimal pair

6、s 最小辨立對(duì) (P42)They are made up of similar sound sequenceexcept for the difference of one sound in the corresponding position. Closed-class 封閉類(lèi)詞 (P66)Words in this class cannot normally be extended by the reation of additional members. Stem 詞干 (P70)A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to

7、 which an inflectional affix can be added. Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)化 (P75)Conversion is actually the derivational process whereby a word is adapted or converted to a new word-class without the addition of an affix. Text 語(yǔ)篇 (P112)A text is a chunk of language spoken or written for communication in actual circums

8、tances. Theme 主位 (P113)Theme is the point of departure in a sentence. The rest of the clause is called the Rheme (述位). Assimilation 同化 (P189)Assimilation is a sound becomes more similar to its adjacent sound. Idiolect個(gè)人方言 (P202)Idiolect refers to the characteristics of an individuals speech.n Write

9、the sources of the followi ng Lati n abbreviate n and tran slate them in to Chinese P85cf. ：confer 參看etc.：et cetera 等等et al.：et alii 以及其他等等vs. ：versus 對(duì)e.g.：exemmpli gratia 例如 id.：idem 同上a.m.：ante meridiem 午前p.m.：post meridiem 午后l.c.：loco citato 在上述引文中sec.：secundum 根據(jù)川 Disambiguate the following sen

10、tences by providing two unambiguous interpretations.P110 P157 We have greater interest in our environment than the younger generation. We have greater interest in our environment than the younger generation do. We have greater interest in our environment than in the younger generation. There were mo

11、re wealthy farmers than you young industrialists. There were farmers more wealthy than you young industrialists. There were more wealthy farmers than there were you young industrialists. They need more highly trained teachers. They need teachers who are more highly trained. They need more teachers w

12、ho are highly trained. The long drill was boring. The long drill was making a hole. The drill that lasted for a long time was boring. It takes a good ruler to make a straight line. Only a good leader can make a proper policy. Only with a good rule can we draw a straight line. The Congressman is a di

13、rty street fighter. The Congressman is fighting to make the streets cleaner. The Congressman is like a dishonest guy who fights in the street. The piglet is too hot to eat. The piglet is so hot that it is unable to eat anything. The piglet is served so hot that we cannot eat it. Old men and women wi

14、ll be served first. Old men will be served first and so will be women. Old men and old women will be served first.(9) They are moving machines. The workers are moving machines. These are the machines that can move. John loves Bill more than Emma. John loves Bill more than Emma does. John loves Bill

15、more than he loves Emma.(11) They laughed at the colorful ball. They laughed in the colorful dancing party. They showed open scorn for the colorful ball.(12) He said he would file it on Mon day. He said he would file the docume nt on Mon day. He said he would smooth it with a file on Mon day.IV Sema

16、ntic triangle語(yǔ)義三角)P135Refere nee (e.g. thought, con cept, men tal image)指稱(chēng)意義(即，想法、概念和大腦中的意象)Symbol (e.g. word) refere nt (e.g. object in the word)符號(hào)(即，詞)sta nds for指稱(chēng)物(即，世界上的事物)代表In the triangle, we have three components: the symbol as the word, the referent as the object in the world and the reference as the thought or concept or mental image. What is symbolized by the word is not the object in the real world but the con cepts and men