16屆閱讀專題：應(yīng)用文

1、2016年高考英語閱讀理解文章體裁：應(yīng)用文記敘文說明文和議論文閱讀理解的四種題型細節(jié)題推理判斷題主旨大意題詞義題第一章：應(yīng)用文應(yīng)用文主要包括廣告和通知，這類文章特點是信息量大，但信息點零散。這種體裁主要考查學生的定位信息水平，其次考查理解力。在浩瀚的信息中快速而準確地找到我們所需要的信息是一項基本的閱讀水平，這是在讀中文的時候絕大部分同學已經(jīng)具備了的。比如，我給你一份報紙，說其中有個關(guān)于某歌手最近要開演唱會的信息，讓你幫我找出來。你肯定能夠很快完成這個任務(wù)，你會在報紙中尋找這個歌手的名字，然后找到相關(guān)新聞。在英語閱讀的過程中道理是一樣的，僅僅對英語的陌生感讓我們定位有壓力而已。沒關(guān)系，讓我們先

2、來把方法理清楚。我們在定位某個信息時，首先要在題干中選好定位詞，選擇定位詞的依據(jù)是這個詞最好不會被改寫(同義詞替換)，題干中有，到了文章中還要有。那么什么詞適合當定位詞呢？1. 我們優(yōu)選名詞來定位。我們在題干中最常遇到的詞應(yīng)該是三類：名詞；動詞；形容詞。我們應(yīng)該選擇名詞來定位，因為這三類詞中，名詞最不容易被改寫，尤其是專有名詞（包括人名，地名和機構(gòu)名）。2. 有些題干中會有數(shù)字出現(xiàn)，數(shù)字也不容易改寫，而且我們對數(shù)字會比較敏感。如果有數(shù)字，當然也能夠選其定位。3. 如果沒有以上兩者，請注意一定要堅定一個概念：定位是一定要做的。如果題干中有動詞、形容詞或副詞，這些詞也是能夠利用的，但是要知道文中它

3、們很有可能被改寫，所以用得話要把這些詞翻譯成中文，用中文概念去定位。4. 題干中如果真的沒有定位詞能夠用我們管這種題叫分散定位題，比如題干問“根據(jù)文章下面哪個選項準確？”。那我們就只能去看選項，在選項中找定位詞。找到定位詞以后，我們就回文章尋找，找到這個定位詞，其附近一般就是考點信息。然后我們結(jié)合這些信息來一一比對和分析選項，再排除錯誤答案，鎖定準確答案。應(yīng)用文的語言難度不大，屬于高考閱讀中最簡單的一種考法。如果遇到這種文章，一定要爭取做到全對。下面我們以2006年全國卷B篇為例，來做一篇應(yīng)用文的練習：May ： Happenings from the PastMay 5 , 1884Isaa

4、c Murphy , son of a slave and perhaps the greatest horse rider in American history, rides Buchanan to win his first Kentucky Derby. He becomes the first rider ever to win the race three times.May 9 , 1754Benjamin Franklins Pennsylvania Gazette produces perhaps the first American political cartoon(漫畫

5、), showing a snake cut in pieces , with the words Join or Die printed under the picture.May 11 , 1934The firstgreatdust storm of the Great Plains Dust Bowl, the result of years of drought (干旱) , blows topsoil all the way to New York City and Washington , D. C.May 19, 1994Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kenne

6、dy Onassis, former first lady and one of themostfamous people of the 1960s, died of cancer inNew York Cityat the age of 64.May 24, 1844Samuel F. B. Morse taps (輕敲) out the first message, What hath God wrought, over the experimental long-distance telegraph line which runs from Washington, D. C, toBal

7、timore,Md.45. We knowfromthe text that Buchanan is _.A. Isaacs fatherB. a winning horseC. a slave taking care of horsesD. the first racing horse in Kentucky46. What is the title of the first American political cartoon?A. Join or DieB. Pennsylvania GazetteC. What Hath God WroughtD.KentuckyDerby47. In

8、 which year did the former first lady Jacquelinedie?A. 1934 B. 1960 C. 1964 D. 199448. Which of the following places has to do with (與.有關(guān))the first telegram inhistory?A. Washington, D. C.B.New YorkCityC.KentuckyD. Pennsylvania45.答案：B. 正確選項解析： 用題干（加粗部分）中Buchanan回文章定位，找到：Isaac Murphy , son of a slave

9、and perhaps the greatest horse rider in American history, rides Buchanan to win his first Kentucky Derby. 既然是騎著Buchanan去贏比賽，可知Buchanan應(yīng)該是一匹馬，對應(yīng)B答案正確。錯誤選項分析：此題理解文章清楚后可直接選出答案。46.答案：A 正確選項解析：用題干中political cartoon進行定位，找到：Benjamin Franklins Pennsylvania Gazette produces perhaps the first American politic

10、al cartoon(漫畫), showing a snake cut in pieces , with the words Join or Die printed under the picture.可知，這幅漫畫的標題應(yīng)該就是 Join or Die.錯誤選項分析： 從文章可以看出是Benjamin Franklins Pennsylvania Gazette出版創(chuàng)作了這幅漫畫，故不應(yīng)該是漫畫的標題。Benjamin Franklin本杰明富蘭克林，Pennsylvania賓夕法尼亞州（美國州名）C和D選項跟漫畫沒關(guān)系，好排除。47.答案：D 正確選項解析：用人名Jacqueline進行定

11、位，找到后對應(yīng)的時間是1994，故D選項正確。錯誤選項分析：A選項沒有來源，排除。B選項，60年代是指此人出名的年代。C選項是利用她64歲去世構(gòu)造出來的干擾選項。48.答案：A正確選項解析：用telegram進行定位，找到：long-distance telegraph line which runs from Washington, D. C, toBaltimore,Md.錯誤選項分析：此題定位準確應(yīng)直接選出答案。Passage 1: （2011年全國卷）Wanted, Someone for a KissWere looking for producers to join us in t

12、he second of London 100FM. Youll work on the stations music programmes. Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music. Please apply(申請) in writing to Producer Vacancies, Kiss100.Father ChristmasWere looking for a very special person preferably ove

13、r 40, to fill our Father Christmas suit.Working days: Every Saturday from November 24 to December 15 and every day from December17 to December24 except Sunday, 10:3016:00Excellent pay.Please contact(聯(lián)系)the Enterprise Shopping Center, Station Parade, Eastbourne.Accountants Assistant When you join the

14、m in our Revenue Administration Unit, you will be providing assistance within all parts of the Revenue Division, dealing with post and other general duties. If you are educated to GCSE grade C level we would like to talk to you. This position is equally suitable for a school leaver of for somebody w

15、ho has office experience.Wealden District CouncilSoftware Trainer If you are aged 24-45 and have experience in teaching and training, you could be the person we are looking for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing. You will be allowed to make our decision

16、, and to design courses as well as present them. Pay upwards of 15,000 for the right person. Please apply by sending your CV (簡歷) to Mrs R. Oglivie, Palmlace Limited.72. Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?A. Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100. B. Mrs R. Oglivie, Palmla

17、ce Limited. C. The Enterprise Shopping Centre D. Wealden District Council.73. We learn from the ads that the Enterprise Shopping Centre needs a person who _.A. is aged between 24 and 40 B. may do some training work C. should deal with general duties D. can work for about a month74. Which position is

18、 open to recent school graduates?A. Producer,London Kiss.B.Father Christmas.C. Accountants AssistantD.Software Trainer75. What kind of person would probably apply to Palmace Limited?A.One with GCSE grade C level.B. One with some office experience.C. One having good computer knowledgeD. One trained i

19、n producing music programmes.Passage 2: (2010年全國卷2 )Coolest Hotels in the WorldArtau Aragon TowersThe Ariau Amazon Towers hotel lets you sleep in a tree house. Eight towers make up this hotel that offers over 300 rooms. If you really want to get into the spirit, book the Tarzan Suite which is large

20、enough for a big family. Youll be thirty feet up in the air and can travel between the towers through their wooden walkways.Prices: starting at $300 one night for each person for a regular room and going all the way up to $3000 for the Tarzan Suite.For more information, visit the website: http:/www.

21、The Ice HotelEvery winter in Jukkasjarvi, Sweden, a special kind of hotel called the lce Hotel is built. Each year, world-famous artists are invited to design and produce works of art from the ice, many of which can be found in the rooms. Youll have your choice between hot or cold roo

22、ms but you will be well advised to stay at least one night in a cold room for a true experience.Prices: starting at $318 one night for each person for either a cold room or a warm one. For more information, visit the website: Propeller IslandPropeller Island City Lodge is a ver

23、y special hotel that was designed by a German artist. Each room provides you with the possibility of living in a work of art. Every single piece of furniture in the thirty rooms of the hotel has been hand-made and each room is completely different. Youll be able to choose a room based on your own personal tastes.Prices: starting at just $91 a night, and an additional (另外) person for only 20 extra dollars. For more information, visit the website: For inform