簡單句與復(fù)合句

1、一 簡單句句子結(jié)構(gòu) 句子功能1主語+不及物動詞 陳述句2主語+系動詞+表語 疑問句3主語+及物動詞+賓語 祈使句4主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 感嘆句5主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)6 there be句型（一）陳述句 1.肯定句：主語+謂語2.否定句（1）謂語動詞是be、have或有助動詞和情態(tài)動詞時，在它們之后直接加notHe is not a student. He has not any books. He will not go there.（2）謂語動詞為行為動詞，無助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，在謂語動詞前加do 再加not（did 、does）I dont want to do that

2、. He doesnt like this.（3）其他否定詞no , hardly , never , few , little 等He has no brothers or sisters. I will never ride a horse. He can hardly speak an English word.（4）兩者全部否定 Neither 或norNeither of them knows French. Neither John nor Mary is here.（5）兩者部分否定Both of them didnt attend the meeting.（6）三者以上全部否定

3、 none , nothing , nobody , no one 等None of these answers is right. Nobody agrees with what you said.（7）三者以上部分否定，all ,many , every等加not 構(gòu)成。Not many people like music. Not every girls like singing and dancing. All these books are not mine.（8）本應(yīng)在從句中的not被移至主句的謂語動詞中，believe ， expect , imagine , suppose ,

4、 think等。I dont think it will be very cold today. We dont believe that he can do it.（二）疑問句1.一般疑問句：用Yes , No回答（1）謂語是be或have ，將其提前到主語前Have you any English books?(Do you have any English books?) Is she a teacher?（2）謂語動詞是行為動詞，將助動詞do或情態(tài)動詞置于主語前Do you have a meeting every week?（3）否定式：把be , have 或情態(tài)動詞和not的簡略

5、式n t一起放在句首Isnt she a doctor? 肯定回答 “Yes ,she is.” 否定回答 “No ,she isnt”（4）提問的回答可肯定可否定 Is there anything wrong with your pen? 提問人預(yù)期得到肯定回答 Is there something wrong with your pen? Did someone phone last night?2.特殊疑問句：用疑問代詞或疑問副詞提問，不用Yes或No回答（1）疑問詞作主語或主語的定語Who is in the room? Whose father works in Beijing?（

6、2）疑問詞作句子的賓、狀、表語或修飾這三種成分時， “疑問詞+一般疑問句”Where do you come from? When will you go?區(qū)別：who（主格）和whom（賓格）Who(Whom) are you looking for? With whom did you work yesterday?（3）“Why+一般疑問句否定式”，一般表勸告、建議、責(zé)備等。Why dont you come earlier? (Why not come earlier?)3.選擇疑問句：用or連接，不用yes 、no回答。Do you go to work by bus or by b

7、ike? By bus.4.反義疑問句（三）祈使句：表命令、請求、建議，主語常?。?）說話對象是第二人稱you，一般省略主語；否定式“Dont (Never)+動詞原形”Get up ! Dont be afraid.（2）說話對象是第一人稱和第三人稱，“Let +賓語+動詞原形”，否定式：“l(fā)et+賓語+not+動詞原形”或“Dont let +賓語+動詞原形” Let us go . lets not go fishing. Let us （不包括對方），lets (包括對方)Let us go now , will you?(=Please allow us to go now.) Le

8、ts go now , shall we?比較：Use your head and you will find a way . Using your head , he found a way.（四）感嘆句：表示快樂、痛苦等強(qiáng)烈感情，用how和what開頭1.How開頭（1）“How + adj（adv）+主語+謂語” How beautiful the flower is! How fluently he speaks English!（2）how修飾動詞，“How +主語+謂語” How the wind blows!（3）“How + adj（adv）”（省略主謂） How intere

9、sting（it is）！2.What 開頭（1）“what（a）+n”What fun！（2）“What（a）+（adj）n +主謂”What a beautiful picture it is!二、復(fù)合句：名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句（一）名詞性從句：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句。關(guān)聯(lián)詞：連接詞that，if，whether；疑問代詞who，what，which；疑問副詞when，where，how，why等1.主語從句：放在主句謂語動詞之前，或用it做形式主語，將主語從句放在主句之后Who did that is known to all. It is interestin

10、g that you like him.（1）從屬連詞引導(dǎo)That the earth turns around the sun is known to all. Whether there is life on other planets is yet known. Its not sure if he will succeed. (if引導(dǎo)的主語從句只能放在句尾，whether引導(dǎo)的可放在句首也可句尾)（2）連接代詞引導(dǎo)What you need is more practice. Who will go is not important. Which team will win the

11、game is uncertain. Whatever I have done is only for you.（3）連接副詞引導(dǎo)Where the meeting will be held hasnt been decided. When he will return is the most important thing. Why they are reducing price does not matter. However you do it is all right with me.（4）it作形式主語Athat引導(dǎo)從句It makes everyone happy that the

12、 girl is still alive. It is impossible that I go and the meeting.B. It is a pity , it is a shame , it is strange(surprising), it is no wonder , it is necessary等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句用虛擬：should + V（should有時可?。?，表遺憾、驚奇、重要等It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings. It is a great pity that h

13、e should be so greedy.C. 由Wh-系列引導(dǎo)的從句也用it作形式主語 It doesnt matter whether hes coming or not. Its more time what we need. It is still open to question who is to head the group. 2.表語從句（1）從屬連詞引導(dǎo)（if除外）The fact is that we are behind other groups. The question is whether we should ask them for help. （2）連接代詞引

14、導(dǎo) China is not what it used to be. The problem is who will stay. What she wants to know is which dress she should buy.（3）連接副詞引導(dǎo) This is where you are wrong. That was how they were defeated. That is why he is late. （4）as, as if, as though, because 也可引導(dǎo)表語從句 Things are not always as they seem to be. It

15、 looks as if it were going to rain. It is because you eat too much. 3.同位語從句：跟在某些表抽象概念的名詞后面，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。 該類名詞有：idea, news, fact, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, hope, problem, proof, question. Reply, suggestion, thought, truth等 （1）that引導(dǎo) We heard the news that our team had won. We must

16、 face the fact that we had spent all the money.（2）whether引導(dǎo) The question whether we need it is not answered. He asked the question whether this material can stand high temperature. （3）when引導(dǎo) I have no idea when he will be back. Ive got the news when the new film will be on show.（4）where引導(dǎo) I have no

17、idea where he has gone. The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered.（5）how引導(dǎo) He cant answer the question how he got the money. She didnt tell the truth how she managed to go abroad.4.賓語從句（二）定語從句：修飾n或代詞（先行詞），引導(dǎo)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成分關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, that等；關(guān)系副詞

18、有where, when, why等。1.由who（主語），whom（賓語），whose（定語）引導(dǎo)(若先行詞為人，也可用that)This is the man who helped me. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? The girl who (that) is speaking at the meeting is our monitor.2.which 引導(dǎo)（which在從句中作主語或謂語動詞或介詞的賓語）This is the

19、 book which you want. The building which stands near the river is our school. The room in which there is a machine is workshop.注：A. whom， which作介詞賓語時，介詞一般可放在which之前，也可放在從句中原來的位置；但在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來位置。 This is the person whom you are looking for.B. 非限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞用which， 不用that。 I have lost my pen

20、, which I like very much.3.由that引導(dǎo)（that可以指人或物，在從句中作主語或謂語的賓語，但不能做介詞的賓語）The letter that I received was from my father.一下情況必須用that：A.先行詞為all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。All that we have to do is to practice every day.B.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。 The first lesson that I learned will never

21、be forgotten.C.先行詞被all, any, every, few, little, no, some等修飾。I have read all the books (that) you gave me.D.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, just 等修飾。 He is the only person that I want to talk to.E.先行詞既有人又有物。 They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.F.當(dāng)主句是以who或

22、which開頭的特殊疑問句時，定語從句必須用that，避免重復(fù)。Who is the boy that was here just now? which of us that knows something about physics doesnt know this?G.先行詞在從句中作表語。 The village is no longer the one that used to be.4.由when, where, why引導(dǎo)。 I know the reason why he came late. This is the place where we lived for 5 year

23、s. I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu.先行詞表地點時，有時用that（從句謂語動詞為及物，which）有時用where（不及物）：This is the house where he lived last year. This is the house that (which) he visited last year.5.限定性和非限定性定語從句A.限定性：句中不可缺少的部分，主句從句之間不用逗號分開。B.非限定性：對主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，沒有從句不影響主句完整性。主句和從句一般用逗號分開，通常不用that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)的關(guān)系代詞有w

24、ho, whom, whose, which, of which等，且關(guān)系代詞不能省略。I have two sisters, who are both students. I have lost the pen, which I like very much.6.as引導(dǎo)（1）引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，在從句中作定語、表語、狀語，the sameas，suchasI like the same book as you do. I shall do it in the same way as you did. I want to have such a dictionary as he has.（2

25、）引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，as在句中作主語、表語或賓語，可放在主句之前，說明整個句子。As we all know, he studies very hard. As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.注意：a.關(guān)系代詞在從句作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。b. 關(guān)系代詞whom，which，that在限定性定語從句中作動詞賓語或介詞賓語，而該介詞位于從句末尾時，經(jīng)常省略，但as一般不省略。c. 關(guān)系代詞which和as引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別：which不能放句首，而as可以；在句中as有“正如，就像”之

26、意，而which沒有。（三）狀語從句：修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等。若從句放在主句之前，用逗號隔開；放在主句之后，一般不用逗號?？煞譃椋簳r間、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較地點等。1.時間狀語從句（1）常用連詞：when, as, while, before, after, since, till(until), as soon as, hardlywhen, no soonerthan, the moment等（2）不用一般將來時。主句若為將來時，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時。Ill go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.（3）連詞w

27、hen，while，as都表示“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候”。When引導(dǎo)：從句和主句的動作可同時發(fā)生也可先后發(fā)生；而as、while則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生。While I was reading, he came in. As he walked along the street, he sang happily.（4）till(until)”：一直到時”，主句、從句都用肯定式；“直到才”，主句否定，從句肯定。He did not get up till his mother came in. he worked until it was dark.（5）as soon as，the moment：一

28、就no soonerthan，hardlywhen：剛就。主句動詞一般用過去完成時，從句用過去時；而且主句一般倒裝，將had提前。As soon as I finish the work, Ill go to see you. Hardly had I entered the room, when I heard a loud noise.2.原因狀語從句：because（語氣最強(qiáng)）, as（最弱）, since（既然，表已知或顯然的理由）, nowthat（既然，鑒于某個事實）Because 引導(dǎo)：表示直接或明確的原因或理由，可放在主句前或主句后Why is he absent? Becau

29、se he is ill.He did not speak to you, it was because he didnt recognize you.You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.Since、as引導(dǎo)：強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，不強(qiáng)調(diào)原因，常放在主句前，since比as語氣強(qiáng)Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, youd better give him a chance.Since the two children were brought up in th

30、e south, they have never seen snow.As it was getting very late, we had to go home.As he didnt know much English, he often took a dictionary with him.For引導(dǎo)：不用來說明原因，表示一種附帶或補(bǔ)充解釋，或說明，或表推理，引導(dǎo)的句子一般不放在句首We must start early, for we have a long way to go.He must have done it by himself for there was no one e

31、lse in the room.Now that引導(dǎo)：that可省Now that you are well again, you can go on with your work.Now (that) you are free today, you may have a rest at home or go out for a walk.此外表示原因的從屬連詞還有：（1）the reasonis that The reason she refused to go was that she had no money.（2）because, because of I did not go bec

32、ause of rain. = I did not go because it rained.（3）in as much as He knows the truth in as much as he was there.（4）now that既然 Now that we have gone so far, we might go a little further.（5）seeing (that) /considering (that) Seeing (that) she is a mere child, it is not safe to let her go alone.（6）in that

33、 / for that In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it.（7）when既然 I cant tell you anything when you wont listen.（8）it is that 是因為 If I find fault, it is that I want you to do better in the future.（9）not because but becauseWe rented the house not because we like it, but because there was no other hou

34、setolet.（10）not thatbut that It is not that I am unwilling but that I have no time.（12）for the reason that / by reason that / on the ground(s) that因為I dont like her for the reason that she is a lazy girl.3.地點狀語從句：where, wherever,We shall go where working conditions are difficult.（狀語從句）We shall go to

35、 the place where work conditions are difficult.（定語從句）4.條件狀語從句：從屬連詞有if（如果）, unless（除非）, as(so) long as（只要）, on condition that, in case等If you wake up before me, give me a call.You cant learn a language well unless you work hard.Ill lend you the money as(so) long as you take my advice.Ill come on cond

36、ition that Mary is invited, too.分類：真實條件句和非真實條件句（1）真實條件句：假設(shè)的情況有可能發(fā)生，句中用陳述語氣。Ill write to your parents if youre late again. He will not leave unless it is fine tomorrow.（2）非真實條件句：假設(shè)的情況完全是一種假設(shè)或發(fā)生的可能性不大，句中用虛擬語氣。If it were not raining now, I would not be staying at home.If we had more time yesterday, we

37、could have done the work. 5.讓步狀語從句（1）if 即使，既然，但口氣較弱Ill do it, if it takes me all afternoon.即使這件工作會占據(jù)整個下午我也要做。（2）whetheror，無論 I will go whether it may rains or shines.（3）not with standing雖然 Not with standing he works very hard, he cant support his family.（4）when雖然she bought two coats, when she needed

38、 but one.（5）(al)though雖然Though 可與yet，nevertheless連用，但不可與but連用Though he punished me, yet I will trust in him. Though he was very tired, he did not give up.Though he is learned, nevertheless he is not vain.雖然他博學(xué)，但卻不驕傲。區(qū)別：though可放于句尾，而although不可。He said he would come, he didnt though.Even if/ even thou

39、gh 即便 My grades were always excellent, even though I was often abscent.（6）even if/ even though可用虛擬語態(tài) Even if I were busy, I would go to see you off.（7）no matter+疑問詞+ever無論 No matter whoever comes, he will be welcome.No matter however little ability a man has, it is possible for him to do something i

40、f he be but diligent.勤勉（8）while/where as 即使 While I admire that the problems are different, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.（9）as，要用倒裝An(不加冠詞)/adj/adv/分詞+as+主語+動詞 Child as he is, he can answer this question. Surrounded as he was by enemy, he was not afraid.Poor as he was, he was above sellin

41、g his honor at any price. B. verb +as+主語+助動詞Try as(though,但although不可) he may, he never seems able to do the work well. Rich as(though) he is, he is not happy. C. for all(that)盡管如此 For all he seems to dislike me, I still like him. For all he is healthy, he is not happy.= For all/with all/in spite of

42、 his wealth he is not happy. D. grant/granted/granting/assuming即便，如 Grant it is true it does not concern me. E. not but/not but that/not but what雖然，然而 I cant come, not but that Id like to. 6.結(jié)果狀語從句:由so, so that, sothat, suchthat等引導(dǎo)He bought a big house, so(that)he had more apace to paint in. She was such a nice girl that everyone liked her.So , such 區(qū)別：so位