印染廢水處理論文外文翻譯

1、 本文由xukexin0601貢獻(xiàn) doc文檔可能在wap端瀏覽體驗(yàn)不佳。建議您優(yōu)先選擇txt，或下載源文件到本機(jī)查看。 十八章 外文翻譯 印染廢水處理論文 摘要：本文分析了印染廢水處理的所面臨的問(wèn)題，以及介紹了印染廢水處理 方法的研究進(jìn)展與動(dòng)向。并指出不同印染廢水處理方法的組合是印染廢水處 理的有效方法。 關(guān)鍵詞：印染廢水；處理方法 紡織印染工業(yè)作為中國(guó)具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的傳統(tǒng)支柱行業(yè)之一，20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以來(lái)獲 得迅猛發(fā)展，其用水量和排水量也大幅度增長(zhǎng)。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)日排放印 染廢水量為 3000-4000kt，是各行業(yè)中的排污大戶之一。加強(qiáng)印染廢水的處理可 以緩解我國(guó)水資源嚴(yán)重匱乏的問(wèn)題

2、，對(duì)保護(hù)環(huán)境、維持生態(tài)平衡起著極其重要 的作用。 1 印染廢水處理面臨的問(wèn)題 1.1 排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的日益嚴(yán)格 隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展和人們環(huán)境意識(shí)的提高，我國(guó)加大了對(duì)印染污水的 治理。根據(jù)紡織染整工業(yè)水污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ，除類(lèi)污水排放指標(biāo)變化不 大外，國(guó)家增加了類(lèi)和類(lèi)污水印染廢 bod、cod、色度、懸浮物、氨氮、 苯胺類(lèi)、二氧化氯等指標(biāo)的排放限定。而印染廢水水質(zhì)一般平均為 cod800-2000mg/l，色度 200-800 倍，ph 值 10-13，bod/cod 為 0.25-0.4， 因此印染廢水的達(dá)標(biāo)排放是印染行業(yè)急需要解決的問(wèn)題。 1.2 印染廢水處理難度增加 1.2.1 印染廢水組分復(fù)

3、雜 印染廢水是指印染加工過(guò)程中各工序所排放的廢水混合而成的混合廢水。主 要包括：預(yù)處理階段(如燒毛、退漿、煮練、漂白、絲光)排放的退漿、煮練、 漂白、絲光廢水；染色階段排放的染色廢水；印花階段排放的印花廢水和皂 洗廢水；整理階段排放的整理廢水。 印染廢水水質(zhì)隨原材料、生產(chǎn)品種、生產(chǎn)工藝、管理水平的不同而有所差異， 導(dǎo)致各個(gè)印染工序排放后匯總的廢水組分非常復(fù)雜。隨著染料工業(yè)的飛速發(fā) 展和后整理技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，新型助劑、染料、整理劑等在印染行業(yè)中被大量使 用，難降解有毒有機(jī)成分的含量也越來(lái)越多，有些甚至是致癌、致突變、致 畸變的有機(jī)物，對(duì)環(huán)境尤其是水環(huán)境的威脅和危害越來(lái)越大?？傮w而言，印 染廢水的特點(diǎn)

4、是成分復(fù)雜、有機(jī)物含量高、色度深化學(xué)需氧量(cod)高，而 生化需氧量(bod5)相對(duì)較低，可生化性差，排放量大。 1.2.2 印染廢水處理方法的局限性 80 年代以前， 我國(guó)印染廢水的可生化性較高， codcr 濃度常在 800mg/l 以下， 采用傳統(tǒng)的生物與物化聯(lián)合處理系統(tǒng)，出水即可達(dá)到排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。近二十年來(lái)， 印染廢水水質(zhì)發(fā)生了很大的變化。傳統(tǒng)的印染廢水處理方法，如吸附、懸浮、 過(guò)濾、混凝等具有設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單，操作簡(jiǎn)便和工藝成熟的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是這類(lèi)處理方 法通常是將有機(jī)物從液相轉(zhuǎn)移到固相或氣相，不僅沒(méi)有完全消除有機(jī)污染物 和消耗化學(xué)藥劑，而且造成廢物堆積和二次污染；生物法只能除去印染廢水 中的 b

5、od，對(duì)于 cod 特別是有毒難降解有機(jī)物和色度的出去效果不明顯。 單一的處理方法已不能滿足當(dāng)前印染廢水發(fā)展的要求。 2 印染廢水處理研究進(jìn)展與動(dòng)向 2.1 傳統(tǒng)方法和工藝的改進(jìn) 2.1.1 吸附法 吸附法特別適合低濃度印染廢水的深度處理，具有投資小、方法簡(jiǎn)便、成本 低的特點(diǎn)，適合中小型印染廠廢水的處理。傳統(tǒng)的吸附劑主要是活性碳，活 性碳只對(duì)陽(yáng)離子染料、直接染料、酸性染料、活性染料等水溶性染料具有較 好的吸附性能，但是不能去除水中的膠體疏水性染料，并且再生費(fèi)用高，使 活性碳的應(yīng)用受到限制。近幾年，研究的重點(diǎn)主要在開(kāi)發(fā)新的新的吸附劑以 及對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的吸附劑進(jìn)行改良方面。 2.1.2 混凝法 混凝法具

6、有投資費(fèi)用低、設(shè)備占地少、處理容量大、脫色率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)?；炷?劑有無(wú)機(jī)混凝劑、有機(jī)混凝劑及生物混凝劑等。傳統(tǒng)混凝法對(duì)疏水性染料脫 色效率很高。缺點(diǎn)是需隨著水質(zhì)變化改變投料條件，對(duì)親水性染料的脫色效 果差，cod 去除率低。如何選擇有效的混凝脫色工藝和高效的混凝劑，則是 該技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵。 2.1.3 化學(xué)氧化法 化 學(xué) 氧 化 是 目 前 研 究 較 為 成 熟 的 方 法 。 氧 化 劑 一 般 采 用 fenton 試 劑 (fe2 ,h2o2)、臭氧、氯氣、次氯酸鈉等。按氧化劑的不同，可將化學(xué)氧化分 為：臭氧氧化法和芬頓試劑氧化法。臭氧氧化法不產(chǎn)生污泥和二次污染，但 是處理成本高，不適合大流量

7、廢水的處理，而且 codcr 去除率低。通常很少 采用單一的臭氧法處理印染廢水，而是將它與其它方法相結(jié)合，彼此互補(bǔ)達(dá) 到最佳的廢水處理效果。汪曉軍等13用臭氧-曝氣生物濾池工藝處理模擬廢 水 2.1.4 電化學(xué)法 電化學(xué)法具有設(shè)備小、占地少、運(yùn)行管理簡(jiǎn)單、codcr 去除率高和脫色好等 優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是沉淀生成量及電極材料消耗量較大，運(yùn)行費(fèi)用較高。傳統(tǒng)的電化 學(xué)法可分為電絮凝法、電氣浮法、電氧化法以及微電解、電解內(nèi)法等。國(guó)外 許多研究者從研制高電催化活性電極材料著手，對(duì)有機(jī)物電催化影響因素和 氧化機(jī)理進(jìn)行了較系統(tǒng)的理論研究和初步的應(yīng)用研究，國(guó)內(nèi)在這一領(lǐng)域的研 究還剛剛起步。 2.1.5 生物處理法

8、生物處理法主要包括好氧法和厭氧法。目前國(guó)內(nèi)主要采用好氧法進(jìn)行印染廢 水處理。好氧法又分為活性污泥法和生物膜法?；钚晕勰嗉饶芊纸獯罅康挠?機(jī)物質(zhì)，又能去除部分色度，還可以微調(diào) ph 值，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效率高且費(fèi)用低，出水 水質(zhì)較好，適合處理有機(jī)物含量較高的印染廢水；生物膜法對(duì)印染廢水的脫 色作用較活性污泥法高。但是生物法存在著三個(gè)自身無(wú)法解決的問(wèn)題：剩 余污泥的處里費(fèi)用較高；單一運(yùn)用生物法己不能滿足實(shí)際運(yùn)用的需要； 有時(shí)需要在其前端加一道提高廢水可生化性的預(yù)處理，提高了投資及運(yùn)行成 本。 單一的好氧生物處理只能去除廢水中的部分易降解的有機(jī)物，色度問(wèn)題無(wú)法 解決。為了降低消耗及去除廢水中較難降解的有機(jī)污染物

9、，出現(xiàn)了厭氧-好氧 新型處理工藝和生物強(qiáng)化技術(shù)。厭氧-好氧法可先由厭氧過(guò)程中的產(chǎn)酸階段， 去除部分較易降解的有機(jī)污染物，將較難降解的大分子有機(jī)物分解為較簡(jiǎn)單 的小分子有機(jī)物，再通過(guò)好氧生物處理過(guò)程進(jìn)一步去除。厭氧-好氧法處理難 生化降解的印染廢水具有除污染效率高、運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定和較強(qiáng)的耐沖擊負(fù)荷能力 等特點(diǎn)。有研究報(bào)道，采用厭氧-好氧工藝處理印染廢水，在進(jìn)水 codcr 為 1085mg/l， bods 為 315mg/l 的情況下， 二者的去除率分別可達(dá) 83.9 和 76.2， 再經(jīng)硫化床自然氧化和混凝沉淀處理，去除懸浮物，排水可達(dá)排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 由于傳統(tǒng)的生物方法對(duì)色度的去除往往不夠理想，國(guó)內(nèi)外許

10、多學(xué)者致力于培 育或改良高降解活性菌種用于印染廢水處理，產(chǎn)生了生物強(qiáng)化技術(shù)。其機(jī)理 為向廢水處理系統(tǒng)中投加自然界中的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌種或通過(guò)基因組合技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的高 效菌種，增強(qiáng)生物量，強(qiáng)化生物量的反應(yīng)，以去除某一種或某一類(lèi)有害物質(zhì) 為目的。目前，生物強(qiáng)化技術(shù)最普遍的應(yīng)用方式是直接投加對(duì)目標(biāo)污染物具 有特效降解能力的微生物。 2.2 高新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用和實(shí)踐 2.2.1 光化學(xué)氧化法 光化學(xué)氧化法由于其反應(yīng)條件溫和(常溫、 常壓)、 氧化能力強(qiáng)和速度快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 光化學(xué)氧化可分為光分解、光敏化氧化、光激發(fā)氧化和光催化氧化四種。目 前研究和應(yīng)用較多的是光催化氧化法。 光催化氧化技術(shù)能有效地破壞許多結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的生物難降

11、解的有機(jī)污染物，具 有節(jié)能高效、污染物降解徹底等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，幾乎所有的有機(jī)物在光催化作用下可 以完全氧化為 co2、h2o 等簡(jiǎn)單無(wú)機(jī)物。但是光催化氧化方法對(duì)高濃度廢水 效果不太理想。 關(guān)于光催化氧化降解染料的研究主要集中在對(duì)光催化劑的研究上。 其中， tio2 化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定、難溶無(wú)毒、成本低，是理想的光催化劑。傳統(tǒng)的粉末型 tio2 光催化劑由于存在分離困難和不適合流動(dòng)體系等缺點(diǎn)，難以在實(shí)際中應(yīng)用。 近年來(lái)，tio2 光催化劑的攙雜化、改性化成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。 2.2.2 膜分離技術(shù) 膜分離技術(shù)處理印染廢水是通過(guò)對(duì)廢水中的污染物的分離、濃縮、回收而達(dá) 到廢水處理目的。具有不產(chǎn)生二次污染、能耗低、可循

12、環(huán)使用、廢水可直接 回用等特點(diǎn)。膜分離技術(shù)雖然具有如此多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但也存在著尚待解決的問(wèn) 題，如膜污染、膜通量、膜清洗、以及膜材質(zhì)的抗酸堿、耐腐蝕性等問(wèn)題， 所以，現(xiàn)階段運(yùn)用單一的膜分離技術(shù)處理印染廢水，回收純凈染料，還存在 著技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)等一系列問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)在膜處理技術(shù)主要有超濾膜，納米濾膜和反滲 透膜。膜處理對(duì)印染廢水中的無(wú)機(jī)鹽和 cod 都有很好的去除作用。 3 結(jié)語(yǔ) 隨著排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的日益嚴(yán)格，各國(guó)學(xué)者在印染廢水的處理技術(shù)方面進(jìn)行了深入 的探索。相信隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，印染廢水的處理工藝將逐漸完善， 投資省、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低、操作簡(jiǎn)單的處理技術(shù)將給印染廢水的處理帶來(lái)新的希 望。 dyeing wast

13、ewater treatment abstract: this paper analyzes the treatment of dyeing wastewater issues facing, and describes methods of dyeing wastewater treatment progress and trends. and pointed out that different methods of dyeing wastewater treatment is a combination of effective treatment of dyeing wastewate

14、r. keywords: dyeing wastewater; treatment as the textile industry has the advantage of one of the traditional pillar industries, the 20th century was the rapid development since the 90s, its water consumption and discharge are greatly increased. according to incomplete statistics, chinas daily disch

15、arge dyeing wastewater capacity 3000-4000kt, is the big one of the sewage industry. strengthen the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment can ease the severe shortage of water resources issues, protection of the environment, maintain ecological balance plays a very important role. a printing and d

16、yeing wastewater treatment problems 1.1, the increasingly stringent emission standards with the development of social economy and peoples environmental awareness, our increased investment in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. according to textile dyeing and finishing of industrial water pollu

17、tant discharge standards, in addition to class effluent changed little, the state increased the class and dyeing wastewater effluent bod, cod, color, suspended solids, ammonia, aniline, chlorine dioxide emission limits and other indicators. the general water quality printing and dyeing wastewater av

18、erage cod800-2000mg / l, chroma 200-800 times, ph, 10-13, bod / cod for the 0.25-0.4, so printing is a printing and dyeing wastewater discharge standards in the industry need to solve the problem. 1.2 the difficulties in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment 1.2.1 components of complex printing a

19、nd dyeing wastewater printing and dyeing wastewater refers to the process of dyeing process wastewater discharged by each process a mixture of mixed wastewater. include: pre-processing stage (such as singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization) emissions desizing, scouring, bleaching, mer

20、cerization wastewater; dyeing stage of dyeing wastewater discharge; printing stage of waste water and discharge printing soaping wastewater; finishing stages of finishing wastewater discharge. quality printing and dyeing wastewater with raw materials, production varieties, production technology and

21、management level vary, leading to various printing and dyeing process wastewater discharge summary after the component is very complex. with the rapid development of industrial dyes and finishing technology, new additives, dyes, finishing agents in the dyeing industry, being used extensively in refr

22、actory toxic organic content are more and more, and some are carcinogenic, mutation, resulting in distortion of the organic matter, on the environment especially the water environment of threats and hazards is growing. overall, the printing and dyeing wastewater is characterized by complex compositi

23、on, organic matter content is high, dark color and chemical oxygen demand (cod), whereas the biochemical oxygen demand (bod5) is relatively low, poor biodegradability, emission volume. 1.2.2 the limitations of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment 80 years ago, our printing and dyeing wastewater

24、biodegradability higher, codcr often concentration 800mg / l the following, using the traditional biological and physico-chemical co-treatment system, effluent discharge standards can be achieved. past two decades, water quality printing and dyeing wastewater has undergone great changes. traditional

25、 printing and dyeing wastewater treatment methods, such as adsorption, suspension, filtration, coagulation and other features simple, easy to operate and process the advantagesof maturity, but such treatment is usually to transfer organic matter from liquid to solid or gas, not only did not complete

26、 elimination of organic pollutants and consumption of chemicals and pollution caused by waste accumulation and secondary; biological methods can only remove the printing and dyeing wastewater bod, cod, especially for toxic and refractory organics and color out of little effect. single approach can n

27、ot meet the current requirements of the development of dyeing wastewater. 2 printing and dyeing wastewater treatment and trends 2.1 traditional methods and process improvement 2.1.1 adsorption assay suitable for low-depth treatment of dyeing wastewater with low investment, which is simple and low co

28、st, suitable for small and medium sized printing and dyeing wastewater. traditional activated carbon adsorbent is mainly activated carbon only cationic dyes, direct dyes, acid dyes, reactive dyes and other water-soluble dye has good adsorption properties, but not removal of colloidal hydrophobic dye

29、s, and the high cost of renewable so that the application of activated carbon is limited. in recent years, research focused mainly on the development of new adsorbents and new adsorbent for improvement on the traditional side. 2.1.2 coagulation coagulation with low investment costs, equipment, small

30、 footprint, processing capacity, decolorization rate and so on. coagulants are inorganic coagulants, organic coagulants and biological coagulant. traditional coagulation decolorization efficiency on hydrophobic high. it requires change with changes in feed water quality conditions, the decolorizatio

31、n effect of hydrophilic poor, cod removal rate. how to choose an effective coagulation process and efficient coagulant, it is the key to the technology. 2.1.3 chemical oxidation study of chemical oxidation is more mature approach. oxidant commonly used fenton reagent (fe2, h2o2), ozone, chlorine, so

32、dium hypochlorite, etc. according to the different oxidants, chemical oxidation can be divided into: ozone oxidation and fentons reagent oxidation. ozonation does not produce sludge and secondary pollution, high costs, however, not suitable for large flow waste water treatment, and codcr removal rat

33、e. seldom a single ozone treatment of dyeing wastewater, but will combine it with other methods, complementary to each other to achieve the best wastewater treatment effects. wang xiaojun et al 13 with ozone biological aerated filter wastewater treatment process 2.1.4 electrochemical electrochemical

34、 method has the equipment, small, small footprint, simple operation and management, codcr removal rate and the bleaching of high and good, but the precipitation formation and consumption of large electrode materials, higher operating costs. the traditional electrochemical methods can be divided into

35、 electric flocculation, electric float, electro-oxidation and micro-electrolysis, electrolysis within the law. many foreign researchers from the developing electrode materials with high electrocatalytic activity to proceed, on the organic electro-catalytic oxidation mechanism of influencing factors

36、and a more systematic application of theoretical study and preliminary research, the domestic research in this field has just started. 2.1.5 biological treatment biological treatment include aerobic and anaerobic methods. currently the main method of dyeing wastewater using aerobic treatment. divide

37、d into aerobic activated sludge and biofilm. a large number of both activated sludge decomposition of organic material, but also remove some color, you can fine-tune the ph value, high efficiency and low cost of operation, effluent quality is better suited to deal with printing and dyeing wastewater

38、 with higher organic matter content; biofilm decolorization of dyeing wastewater than the activated sludge process. however, there are three biological methods can not solve its own problems: department of residual sludge in higher costs; single-use biological ji can not meet the needs of practical

39、application; sometimes necessary to add a front-end to improve its wastewater biodegradability pretreatment, to improve the investment and operating costs. only a single aerobic biological treatment to remove part of readily biodegradable wastewater organic matter, color can not solve the problem. i

40、n order to reduce consumption and waste removal more difficult to degrade organic pollutants in the emergence of anaerobic - aerobic treatment process and the new biological technology. anaerobic - aerobic anaerobic process can start with the acid production phase to remove part of the easily degrad

41、able organic pollutants, degradation of macromolecules will be more difficult to decompose organic matter to simpler organic molecules, and through aerobic biological treatment process to further remove. anaerobic - aerobic treatment of biodegradable wastewater was difficult with the removal of poll

42、ution, high efficiency, stable and strong resistance capacity and so on. studies have reported that anaerobic - aerobic process of dyeing wastewater, the influent codcr to 1085mg / l, bods to 315mg / l in the case, both the removal rate up to 83.9 and 76.2, respectively, and then by fluidized bed na

43、tural oxidation and coagulation treatment to remove suspended solids, water up to emission standards. the traditional biological method of color removal is often not ideal, many domestic and foreign scholars dedicated to nurturing high-degradation activity of bacteria or improved treatment of dyeing

44、 wastewater, resulting in a bioaugmentation. the mechanism for the wastewater treatment system to increase the dominant species in nature or produced through genetic technology and efficient combination of bacteria, increased biomass, enhanced biomass response to removal of a particular hazardous su

45、bstance or class of purpose. at present, the biological technology is the most common application form directly to the target dosage degradation of pollutants with the effects of microorganisms. 2.2 the application and practice of high-tech 2.2.1 photochemical oxidation photochemical oxidation due t

46、o its mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature and pressure), oxidation capability and speed advantages. photochemical oxidation of decomposition can be divided into light, photosensitization oxidation, light excitation of four oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation. more current research and a

47、pplication of photocatalytic oxidation is. photocatalytic oxidation can effectively destroys many structural stability di difficulty to the degradation of organic pollutants, juyou energy efficiency, pollution and other degradation chedi advantages, almost all of the organic matter in the next ke yi

48、 guang complete oxidation catalyst for the co2, h2o and other inorganic jian dan material. however, the photocatalytic oxidation effect of high concentrations of waste water is not ideal. on the photocatalytic degradation of dyes in the light focused on the study of catalysts. which, tio2 chemical stability, insoluble non-toxic, low cost, is an ideal p