閱讀教程二Unit4解析

1、Unit 4 Sleep and Dreams Pre-reading ?Interpretation of the Quotations ?Pre-reading Discussions ?Stage of Sleep and Insomnia Interpretation of the Quotations ?Sleep is better than medicine. -Proverb ?Good health relies more on a good nights sleep than on medicine. Interpretation of the Quotations ?A

2、dream is a wish your heart makes, when youre fast asleep. -Disney World advertisement ?A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world. Interpretation of the Quotations ?A light supper, a good nights sleep, and a fine morning have often made a hero of the same man who, by indigestio

3、n, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward. -Lord Chesterfield ?When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good nights sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, he/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well

4、throughout the night, and wakes up to a rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence. Stages of Sleep ?In mammals and birds, sleep is divided into two broad types: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM or non- REM) sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated p

5、hysiological, neurological, and psychological features. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) further divides NREM into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also called delta , or slow-wave, sleep (SWS). ?Sleep cycles through the night, with deep sleep early on and more REM tow

6、ard morning. Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and NREM, the order normally being N1 N2 N3 N2 REM. There is a greater amount of deep sleep (stage N3) early in the night, while the proportion of REM sleep increases later in the night and just before natural awakening. Insomnia ?Insomnia is a symptom of

7、 any of several sleep disorders, characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a stand-alone diagnosis or a disease. By definition, insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or both and it may be due to inade

8、quate quality or quantity of sleep. It is typically followed by functional impairment while awake. Both organic and non-organic insomnia without other cause constitute a sleep disorder , primary insomnia. ?According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in the year 2007, appro

9、ximately 64 million Americans regularly suffer from insomnia each year. Insomnia is 1.4 times more common in women than in men. Reading 1 ?Why do people always feel logy on Monday? ?In what ways does exercise help to reduce stress? ?What is the appropriate time for the schedule exercise? ?Is it heal

10、thy for a dieter to have light before-bed snack if he feel hungry at night? ?Whatre the side effects of using sleeping pills? ?What damage can a drink of late- evening alcohol do to a good nights rest? ?Why is it suggested that wed better turn the lights off in the middle of the night? Language Expl

11、anation ?Para. 2 ?“By keeping to a regular schedule as much as possible, your body clock wont have to work so hard to reset itself.” ?If you try your best to keep to a regular schedule even on weekends, it wont be so uncomfortable to switch your body clock to normal on Monday. ?Para. 3 ?on the night

12、 shift ?shift: a period of time worked by a group of workers who start work as another group finishes 班；輪 班；輪班工作時間 ?e.g. to work an eight-hour shift 按 每班八小時輪班工作 ?working in shifts 輪班工作 ?simulate: to be made to look like sth. else 模仿；冒充 ?e.g. a gas heater that simulates a coal fire 模仿煤爐的煤氣暖爐 ?Para. 4

13、 ?Endorphin: guess from the content after dash. ?“By relaxing muscles and stimulating the release of endorphins chemicals that act as natural pain relievers exercise works as an antidote to stress.” ?Exercises helps to overcome stress, because it can relax muscles and increase the release of endorph

14、ins, which are chemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain. ?stimulate: vi. keep a person awake ?Para. 5 ?“There are no magic sleep foods, but a meal schedule, just like a steady sleep schedule, helps keep your body clock running smoothly.” ?There are no special foods to help you

15、sleep, but you can have a regular timetable for your meals, just like a regular sleep timetable. A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clock running smoothly. ?Para. 6 ?develop a tolerance: (guess the meaning from “after a while pills lose their effectiveness and you need larger do

16、ses or stronger drugs.”) ?tolerance: If someone or something has a tolerance to a substance, they are exposed to it so often that it does not have very much effect on them. ?The whole sentence: Your body can also become used to the pills, and after a while they are no longer effective and you need l

17、arger doses or stronger drugs. ?Para.7 ?FDA: Food and Drug Administration; the US government department that is responsible for making sure that food and drugs are safe to be sold （美國）食品及藥物管理局 ?Para. 9 ?wear off: to gradually disappear or stop ?Para. 9 ?“Alcohol supppresses restorative dream sleep,

18、causes numerous short awakenings and, once its sedative effects have worn off, may leave you wide awake but unrefreshed toward morning.” ?Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and, once its calming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrefreshed

19、toward morning. ?Para. 11 ?“The researchers used bright light comparable in intensity to natural sunlight just after dawn” ?The researchers used bright light which is as strong as natural sunlight just after dawn. ?aggravate: to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse ?e.g. Pollution

20、can aggravate asthma. 污染會使氣喘加重。 ?Para. 12 ?Drifting in and out of sleep: ?drift: to go from one situation or state to another without realizing it ?Whole: not sleeping deeply enough ?plague: to cause pain or trouble to sb./sth. over a period of time ?e.g.本賽季這支隊一直為隊員受傷所 困擾。 ?The team has been plagued

21、 by injury this season. Reading 2 ?There are many other hypotheses about the function of dreams, including: ?During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses, but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep. The mind wil

22、l, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying. ?Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock. ?

23、Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences. ?Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness. ?Ferenczi proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is n

24、ot being said outright. ?Dreams regulate mood. ?Hartmann says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by making connections in a safe place and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life. ?More recent research by psychologist Joe Griffin , following a twelv

25、e year review of data from all major sleep laboratories, led to the formulation of the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming, which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation in the autonomic nervous system and lowers stress levels in mammals Recalling Drea

26、ms ?The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained. Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming. Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men. Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively little aff

27、ect , and factors such as salience , arousal , and interference play a role in dream recall. Often, a dream may be recalled upon viewing or hearing a random trigger or stimulus. A dream journal can be used to assist dream recall, for psychotherapy or entertainment purposes. For some people, vague im

28、ages or sensations from the previous nights dreams are sometimes spontaneously experienced in falling asleep. However they are usually too slight and fleeting to allow dream recall. Understanding ?Make some examples of the dreams provoked by external influences. ?Why is it thought that the dreamer m

29、ay be scanning the scene depicted in his dream? ?Why does the author say that “a certain amount of dreaming seems to be a human requirement”? ?Are people share commons in their claims to dreaming? ?Can dream really predict future? ?Whats the authors attitude towards Freuds theory? Language Explanati

30、on ?Para. 1 ?“Dreams have always held a universal fascination.” ?Dreams have always been considered as a very strong attraction. ?Para. 2 ?suffocation: (guess from “breathing difficulties”) ?If it is suffocating, it is very hot and there is little fresh air. ?vivid: of memories, a description, etc.

31、producing very clear pictures in your mind ?Para. 4 ?born adj. ?e.g. be born of poor parents; be born in/into a rich family; be born lucky; be born to succeed; be born for the profession; a born actor ?deprive sb. of sth.: to prevent sb. from having or doing sth., especially sth. important ?e.g. 他們遭

32、到監(jiān)禁并被剝奪了基本權利。 ?They were imprisoned and deprived of their basic rights. ?你為什么連這種簡單的娛樂也不讓自己 享受一下呢？ ?Why should you deprive yourself of such simple pleasures? ?Para. 6 ?“Superstition and magical practices thrive on the supposed power of dreams to foretell the future.” ?thrive on: be successful or stro

33、ng at sth., especially sth. that other people would not like 以某事為樂，因某事而有成（尤指別人不 喜歡的事物） ?e.g. He thrives on hard work. ?supposed : used to show that you think that a claim, statement or way of describing sb./sth. is not true or correct, although it is generally believed to be 誤以為的；誤信的； 所謂的 ?e.g. When

34、 did this supposed accident happen? 這場所謂的事故發(fā)生在什么時候？ ?Whole: Superstition and magical practices are successful and believed by people because of the supposed power of dreams to foretell the future. ?keep an open mind on: to be willing to listen to or accept new ideas or suggestions ?Find the synonyms

35、 in this paragraph ?supposed-alleged foretell- predict ?Para. 7 ?higher animals: the animals having higher intelligence. ?Para. 8 ?“We revert in our dreams to the modes of thought characteristic of early childhood.” ?When dreaming, we revert to the modes of thought which is typical for early childho

36、od. Reading 3 ?Interpretation of Dreams written by Freud ?The Interpretation of Dreams is a book by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. The first edition was first published in German in November 1899 as Die Traumdeutung (though post-dated as 1900 by the publisher). The publication inaugurated the theory o

37、f Freudian dream analysis, which activity Freud famously described as he royal road to the understanding of unconscious mental processes. ?At the beginning of Chapter One, Freud describes his work thus: ?In the following pages, I shall demonstrate that there is a psychological technique which makes

38、it possible to interpret dreams, and that on the application of this technique, every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state. Further, I shall endeavour to elucidate

39、the processes which underlie the strangeness and obscurity of dreams, and to deduce from these processes the nature of the psychic forces whose conflict or co- operation is responsible for our dreams. ?The book introduces Freuds theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation . Dreams

40、, in Freuds view, were all forms of wish- fulfillment attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Images in dreams are often not what they appear to be, according to Freud, and need deeper interpretation if they

41、 are to inform on the structures of the unconscious. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) ?Sigmund Freud, physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and father of psychoanalysis, is generally recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the 20th century. Working intially in close col

42、laboration with Joseph Breuer, Freud elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy- system. ?Freuds innovative treatment of human actions, dreams, and indeed of cultural artifacts as invariably possessing implicit symbolic significance has had massive implications for a wide variety of fie

43、lds, including anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation in addiction to psychology. However, Freuds most important and frequently reiterated claim, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a new science of the mind, remains the subject of much critical debate and controversy

44、. Activation-synthesis theory ?The latest neuropsychological theory of dreams, which is in direct opposition with Freudian concepts, was developed by two Harvard Unversity scientists Dr. Allan Hobson and Dr. Robert McCarley. According to their Activation- Synthesis Model, dreaming is caused physiolo

45、gically by a “ dream state generator,” which is located in the brain stem. Activation-synthesis theory ?It is “on” during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while all sensory input and motor output are blocked, and the neurons in the cerebral cortex are activated by random impulses that generate sensor

46、y information within the nervous system. Understanding ?According to Freud, why do we dream for wish-fulfillment? ?Make some examples that we disguise the hidden wishes with symbols. ?According to Freud, what is the task of therapist? Do many of the therapists agree with Freud? ?Whats the difference

47、s between Hobsons revised theory and Freuds theory? Structure ?The words that demonstrate the relationships of three theories: ?Para. 5 “disagreeing completely with Freud” ?Para. 7 “agreeing partly with Freud” Please conclude the viewpoint of each school: ?Freuds viewpoint (Para. 2-4) ?We dream for

48、wish fulfillment. We disguise these wishes with symbols. The therapists task is interpreting these symbols and helping the client discover his or her fearful and unconscious desires, needs, and feelings. ?Alan Hobson and Roberts viewpoint (Para. 5-6) ?dreaming is only random and meaningless activity

49、 of nerve cells in the brain, no unconscious wishes or desires. ?Cartwrights viewpoint (Para. 7-8) ?Dreams are extensions of waking life, including thoughts and concerns, especially emotional ones. Language Explanation ?Para. 2 ?Dreams contain experiences of preceding days as well as memories of ear

50、ly childhood. ?Dreams contain experiences of recent days as well as the time in the past. ?Para. 4 ?Symbolic : containing symbols, or being used as a symbol ?e.g. 鴿子是和平的象征。 ?The dove is symbolic of peace. ?Para. 5 ?Nothing more than: only ?Nothing less than: used to emphasize how great or extreme st

51、h is 簡直是；極其； 不亞于 ?e.g. It was nothing less than a disaster. 這 簡直就是一場災難。 ?Para. 7 ?Sparse: only present in small amounts or numbers and often spread over a large area 稀少的；稀疏的；零落的 ?e.g. The information available on the subject is sparse. 這個題目資料匱乏。 ?the sparse population of the islands 那些島 上零星的人口 Readi

52、ng 4 ?What does the symbols in the dreams depend on? ?Do you always appear the same in your dreams? ?What do animals represent? ?What can mood in your dreams tell about your waking life? ?Why is it more important to decipher a colour which is particularly striking in your dream? ?Whats the function

53、of dream just before the awakening? Please talk about the main ideas of some of the paragraphs: ?Para.2: ?You may have different representations in your dreams. ?Para.3: ?Whether the animals in your dreams have positive or negative meanings depends on how you feel about these animals. ?Para.4: ?It i

54、s good to know the mood of your dreams. ?Para.5: ?Another tip in understanding your dreams is analyzing what feelings and emotions you had during them. ?Para.6: ?The colour in dreams differs from people to people which may give you some extra information. Language Explanation ?Para. 1 ?Code: a system of words, letters, numbers or symbols that represent a message or record information secretly or in a shorter form ?Para. 2 ?Allusion: something that is said or written that refers to or mentions another person or subject in an indirect way ?e.g. 他的聲明被