大學(xué)英語四級考試語法結(jié)構(gòu)命題規(guī)律及應(yīng)試技巧

1、學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 大學(xué)英語四級考試語法結(jié)構(gòu)命題規(guī)律及應(yīng)試技巧 這一講我們一起來看一下語法在四級英語中的考查特點和應(yīng)對策略。 英語是一個重結(jié)構(gòu)的語言，要求句子必須符合句法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求。用來規(guī)定句法結(jié)構(gòu)的一些原則也就是我們常說的語法。英語中的語法條文比較多，總的來說可分為兩大類，即詞法和句法。具體說來，有情態(tài)動詞的用法，形容詞和副詞的比較級用法，非謂語動詞的用法，時態(tài)和語態(tài)，定語從句，狀語從句，虛擬語氣，名詞性從句，倒裝，強調(diào)與并列，主謂一致等。經(jīng)過統(tǒng)計，95年1月到2000年6月，僅詞匯和句法部分對語法的考查就有190題，占52.8%，其中以非謂語動詞、虛擬語氣、時態(tài)/語態(tài)、狀語從句和定語從句

2、考查最多。今天這一講我們重點講時態(tài)/語態(tài)、虛擬語氣和各種從句，下一講重點講非謂語動詞等。 一、時態(tài)和語態(tài) 英語中共有16個時態(tài)，最常用的是一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在和過去進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時。但從95年以來的考題統(tǒng)計來看，15個時態(tài)考題中將來完成最多，占3題，時態(tài)考查的次序依次為將來完成時- 過去完成時 - 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 - 現(xiàn)在完成時 - 一般將來 - 一般過去。先看以下各題： Test Yourself: 1) My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would like

3、to take from there _ by then.(1999.1) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long.(2000.1) A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read 3) May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight?(2000.

4、6) Im sorry. Mr. Williams _ to a conference long before then. A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone 4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1) A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been chal

5、lenged D. are challenged 5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6) A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been 6) He came back late, _ which time all the guest had already left.(1999.6) A. after B. by C. at D. during 7)

6、 Until then, his family _from him for six months. (1997.1) A. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard D. hadnt heard Explanation and Expansion A：參考答案：1）B 2）A 3）A 4）C 5）C 6）B 7）D B：評析： 1) 以上各題都與完成時有關(guān)，完成時態(tài)用來表示到某一個時間為止已經(jīng)完成的動作或某個狀態(tài)/動作一直持續(xù)到某個時間。如果時間為 。）7）和5過去，則用過去完成時，即表示過去的過去，如學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 2) 如果表示到

7、將來某個時間為止已經(jīng)完成的動作，則用將來完成時，如1）和3），再如： Its reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory _ about 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 3) 而現(xiàn)在完成時表示到目前為止某個動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，對現(xiàn)在有影響，如4）。從下文中的正在修改可以判斷人們已經(jīng)對牛頓的觀點提出挑戰(zhàn)，而不是將要提出挑戰(zhàn)或者可能提出挑戰(zhàn)，由此可以判斷應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時。 4) 與現(xiàn)在完

8、成時不同，現(xiàn)在完成進行時則表示某個動作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍在進行，如2）。頭疼的原因是看書時間太長。本題可以用現(xiàn)在完成時，但不會是過去完成時，選項B不對，一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，與這里的頭疼不能構(gòu)成直接的因果關(guān)系，由于時間狀語表示的是一段時間，有不可能是現(xiàn)在進行時，所以這里只能用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 C完成時態(tài)使用注意事項 完成時的時間狀語一般表示到為止，以扜屹短語居多。如果句中的時間狀語是由by引出的短語或從句，謂語動詞一般是用完成時態(tài)，如： By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out. Well have c

9、ompleted the task by the time you come back. 在完成時態(tài)中，終止性動詞不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用，而表示狀態(tài)或動作持續(xù)的謂語動詞必須與表示一段時間的狀語連用。 The conference _ a full week by the time it ends A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted (1997.1) It seems oil _ form this pipe for some time. Well have to take the ma

10、chine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (1997.6) 這兩題中都有表示動作持續(xù)的一段時間，應(yīng)該用完成時態(tài)。 但是，如果只表示狀態(tài)已經(jīng)存在，則不能用完成時態(tài)，如： By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up. 完成時可以用來表示量的積累。 對于完成時的考查有兩種，一種是時態(tài)本身的選擇，另一種是根據(jù)時態(tài)選擇時間狀語，如6）。從句時態(tài)為過去完成時，表示等到他回來，客人都已經(jīng)離開了，與完成時態(tài)連用的，表示

11、到為止的應(yīng)該是介詞by。 Test Yourself 剛才我們看了完成時態(tài)的考查，現(xiàn)在我們一塊來看以下其它時態(tài)，請先試做以下各題： 1) Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. A. are often seeing B. often see C. will often see D. have often seen (1995.6) 2) While people may refer to television for up-to-t

12、he-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely. A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace ? D. will replace (1995.6) 3) Im sorry I cant see you immediately; but if youd like to take a seat, Ill be with you _. A. for a moment B. in a moment C. for the moment D. at the moment

13、(1999.1) 學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 4) If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _. A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do (1998.6) Explanation and Expansion A. 參考答案： 1）C 2） D 3） B 4） A B. 評析 從以上各題可以看到，在解時態(tài)考題時應(yīng)注意一下幾點： 結(jié)合形容詞選擇時態(tài)，如2）。從unlikely一詞可以看出從句表示的是將來不大可能發(fā)生的事情，自然用一般將來時。類

14、似的形容詞還有possible, probable, impossible等。 根據(jù)時態(tài)判斷時間狀語。如3）。謂語動詞為將來時態(tài)，說明時間應(yīng)該是in a moment，表示我一會就去見你。for a moment同樣可以與將來時態(tài)連用，但表示的是與某人一塊待一小會，這樣就與上文的I cant see you immediately意思上沖突。 注意句型對時態(tài)的要求，如1）。該句型中祈使句表示一種條件，第二個分句中一般要用will表示在這種條件下可能發(fā)生的事情。但是，本題中often的使用可能會造成一定的迷惑。這就要求考生對各種時態(tài)的表達方式，以及其作用了解清楚。Will可以表示習(xí)慣。 注意時間

15、、條件和讓步狀語從句中時態(tài)的運用。 一般在時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來，用一般過去時表示過去將來，用現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來完成，用過去完成時表示過去將來完成。如4）。在如： He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there. No one is to leave the room until he has done the task. 但注意特殊句型中的時態(tài)，如： hardly/scarcely when no sooner than Hardly had I put down the receiver when

16、the telephone rang again. No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink. 剛才我們一起分析了時態(tài)的考查特點和答題時應(yīng)該注意的事項，現(xiàn)在我們一起來看一下語態(tài)的考查。語態(tài)的考查一般都與時態(tài)的考查相結(jié)合。在解語態(tài)題的同時必須考慮時態(tài)的因素。請同學(xué)們先做以下下列各題： 1) The last half of the nineteenth century _ the steady improvement in the means of travel.(1998

17、.6) A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed 2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts _.(19995.1) A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 3) This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _ com

18、fortably. A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn (2000.1) 4) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now.(1996.1) A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it that much of his collecti

19、on _ to the nation.(1996.6) A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left 6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what 學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 we think _.(1997.6) A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say 7) Once environment damage _, it takes many years

20、for the system to recover.(1997.6) A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done Explanation and Expansion A. 參考答案：1）C 2） B 3） B 4） C 5） D 6） A 7）D B. 評析 是否可用被動語態(tài)主要看謂語動詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系，如果是動賓關(guān)系自然用被動語態(tài)。 注意被動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)構(gòu)成，但四級考試中沒有正誤結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷，考生只需要根據(jù)上下文判斷出該用什么時態(tài)即可。 不及物動詞不可能有被動語態(tài)，但及物動詞也未必有被動語態(tài)，主要是看句子側(cè)重表達的概念，如3題中wear表示眼鏡

21、的特點，不可用被動語態(tài)。在如： This kind of software sells well. It being too cold, the car wouldnt start. wont wouldnt表示拒絕謂語動詞不用被動形式。 注意含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)，以及類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，如have to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各種結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思。然后就是根據(jù)具體的上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞或時態(tài)的問題。 二、虛擬語氣 英語中的虛擬語氣有4種，一種是條件句中的虛擬語氣，一種是含蓄條件句中的虛擬語

22、氣，一種是名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣，還有一種是狀語從句中的虛擬語氣。其中虛擬時態(tài)的運用很大程度上和其所處的句型有關(guān)。95年以來，對虛擬語氣的考查有28題之多，占詞匯/語法總數(shù)的15.2%。下面我們也分四部分來看一下四級考試中虛擬語氣的運用。 1.條件句中的虛擬語氣 Test yourself 在我們分析虛擬語氣的考查特點也應(yīng)對策略之前，還上請同學(xué)們先做做一下以下各題： 1) If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (1999.1) A. wouldnt be smiling B. could

23、nt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile 2) _ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1) A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 3) _before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1) A. Had they arrived B. Wo

24、uld they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 4) Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1) A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5) _ right now, she would get there

25、 on Sunday.(1996.6) A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left 學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 6) Had he worked harder, he _ the exams.(1997.6) A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through 7) If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great dea

26、l of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6) A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned Explanation and Expansion A. 參考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C B. 評析 對于虛擬條件句中時態(tài)的運用，首先應(yīng)該區(qū)分主從句的不同。從句中用過去時，過去完成時，或were to/should +原形動詞，而主句中用would/could/might/s

27、hould + 原形動詞或動詞的完成形式。 虛擬條件句有單一條件句，也有混合虛擬條件句，所以不能只根據(jù)從句與某一事實相反來判斷主句就與該事實相反，同樣，也不能想當(dāng)然地認為主句與某一事實相反，從句也就與該事實相反。 如1）從句與過去事實相反，而主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。再如： If he werent such a kind man, he wouldnt lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，主句與過去事實相反。) Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldnt have

28、 bought so many foods. (從句與將來事實相反，主句與過去事實相反。) 熟記主從句動詞與不同事實相反時的時態(tài)運用規(guī)則。解題時根據(jù)句子所表達的時間概念確定與什么事實相反，然后采用相應(yīng)的時態(tài)。 如果與過去事實相反，從句中用過去完成時，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2）6）和7）。 如果與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句中用一般過去時，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形動詞，表示與正在進行的事實相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的結(jié)構(gòu)，如1）。 如果表示將來不可

29、能實現(xiàn)的事情，從句中用過去時，或were to / should + 原形動詞，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都屬于這種情況。 if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時，可以將were/had/should提至句首，省略if?？荚嚂r經(jīng)常是將省略if的與含有if的選項并列，在這種情況下，應(yīng)注意分清從句的時態(tài)，盡管多數(shù)情況下都是倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)為正確選項。如2）3）5）。 If it werent/hadnt been for 以及其倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)were it not for/had it not been for表示如果不是的話 正如真實條件從句中不用will一樣，虛擬條件從句中也不可使用would，應(yīng)特別注意。 2含蓄條件句

30、中的虛擬語氣 Test Yourself 首先還是請同學(xué)們先做一下下面兩題。 1) Some women _a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must make B . should have made C. would make D. could have made (2000.1) 2) We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him. A. wou

31、ld have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6) Explanation and Expansion A參考答案 1）D 2）A B評析 一般是條含蓄虛擬條件句指沒有明確的條件從句的虛擬條件句， 學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 件用介詞短語、分詞短語或并列句的方式表達，這時主句的時態(tài)要求與含有條件從句的主句要求相同。四級測試中?？嫉暮钐摂M條件句句型有： But for/Without, 主句 But for/Without your help, we wouldnt have

32、 accomplished the task on time. , otherwise/or He hadnt had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldnt have fainted out at work. 上面2）題就屬于該句型，表達的是與過去事實相反的情況，所以用would have telephoned的結(jié)構(gòu)。 分詞/不定式，主句 Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster. Given more time, we could have

33、 done the work much better. You would be foolish to make friends with such people. ，thought/but Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. He could have got the job, but he didnt apply for it. 上面的1）題就屬于該句型，表示他本來可以做那份工作弄到一份很不錯的薪水。 3名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣 Test yourself 與上述虛擬語氣不同，名詞性從句的

34、虛擬語氣大都與謂語動詞有關(guān)，用法也比較簡單，請同學(xué)們先做一下幾題，然后我們一起總結(jié)以下都有哪些規(guī)律可以遵循。 1) Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early?(2000.1) A. go B. went C. would go D. goes 2) Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel.(2000.1) A. staying not B .not to stay C .that he would not stay D. that he not stay 3) Sometimes I wish I _ in a d

35、ifferent time and a different place.(2000.1) A. be living B. were living C. would live D. would have lived 4) It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.(2000.1) A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent 5) It is recommended that the project _ until all the

36、 preparations have been made. (1995.6) A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.(1998.6) A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be out off 7) The suggestion that the mayor _the prizes was

37、 accepted by everyone.(2000.6) A. would present B. present C. presents D. ought to present 8) Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think it is about time _? (1996.6) A. we are going home B. we go home C. we went home D. we can go home 學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 9) As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have dir

38、ected that all measures _ for our defense.(1999.6) A .had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken 10) It is vital that enough money _to fund the project. (1997.1) A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected D. can be collected 11) I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the

39、job since he has no experience.(1997.6) A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned 12) If only the committee _the regulations and put them into effect as possible.(1997.1) A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve Explanation and Expansion A.參考答案：1）B 2） D

40、 3）B 4）D 5）C 6）A 7）B 8）C 9）C 10）A 11）C 12) D B.評析 與以上兩種虛擬語氣句式不同，這里虛擬語氣中時態(tài)的變化比較少，主要依據(jù)所處的句型?？忌枰氖橇私庠谀男┣闆r下用這種句式，測試中考生只需從四個選項中辨認答案即可。該部分所包含的句型有： 表示命令建議或要求的動詞后面的賓語從句中用should + 原形動詞，should可以省略。常用于該句型的動詞有direct, order, command, require, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, recommend等。 這里句型的考題中，一般都會有wou

41、ld, must等干擾項，正確選項以省略should者居多，并且常是not do something, 或be的形，尤其是 not be done的形式。如2）5）和9）。 另外這類考題還常借助于動詞本身的句法結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)干擾項。如insist后可接doing something, being done或 on doing something的結(jié)構(gòu)，suggest后也可接動名詞。另外，這兩個單詞也有不用虛擬語氣的句式，如insist 表示堅持認為，suggest表示說明表明時，從句中就不用虛擬語氣，考生應(yīng)注意分別。 表示命令建議或要求的名詞后面的同位語或表語從句中同樣是用should + 原形動詞，

42、should可以省略。 與上面一條相同，表示這些概念的名詞如suggestion, order, proposal等后面的that從句中虛擬語氣使用規(guī)則相同，如6）7）中都是that同位語從句中使用should + 原形動詞，should省略的結(jié)構(gòu)。 It is + 表示重要，有必要，吃驚，難以相信的名詞或形容詞，或表示命令建議要求的過去分詞 + that 從句中用should + 原形動詞，should可以省略。 這一句型可分解為 It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential .that (should) It is strange/

43、surprising/unbelievable that (should) It is a surprise/wonder .that (should) It is suggested/requested/recommended that (should) 這些句型一律使用should + 原形動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，should可以省略，如4）5）10）題。 注意It is strange/surprising/unbelievable that (should)句型中如果 的形式，如：should have done 表示過去的事情可以用學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 It is strange that he

44、 should have failed in the election. wish wish 后面的從句時態(tài)可以有以下幾種情況 表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反用一般過去時： How I wish I had a memory as good as yours. 表示與現(xiàn)在正在進行的事情相反可用過去進行時，如3）。 表示與過去事實相反的情況用過去完成時，也可以用could have done 的形式，如： I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C.

45、 might have slept D. have slept (1995.6) 由于might表示也許，與這里的意思不合，只能用A。 表示將來不可能實現(xiàn)的情況用would/might + 原形動詞。 How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit. If only 表示愿望時與wish用法相同。再如： If only that photograph werent missing. If only the letter had arrived in time. would rather would rather的虛擬語氣形

46、式在這幾年考查是最多的，有7道題，但would rather從句的時態(tài)規(guī)則并不復(fù)雜。 如果表示與過去事實相反的情況用過去完成時，否則用一般過去時。在如以下各題： 1) The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office. A. had not worked B. not to work C. does not work D. did not work (2000.6) 2) To be frank, Id rather you _ in the case. (1995.1) A. will not be involved B.

47、not involved C. not to be involved D. were not involved 3) You dont have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _ on business first. (1998.1) A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone 4) Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.(1999.1) A. didnt do B. havent done C

48、. dont do D. have done 5) Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.(1998.6) A. dont B. wouldnt C. didnt D. shouldnt 答案為: 1) D 2) D 3) C 4) A 5) C) Its (about/high) time that 該句型中一律用一般過去時，再如： You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person

49、in the world, Edgar said to his boss angrily.(1999.1) A. realized B. have realized C. realize D. should realize 4狀語從句中的虛擬語氣 Test yourself 狀語從句中的虛擬語氣主要指as if/though從句中的虛擬語氣，首先請同學(xué)們做一下下面三道題： 1) He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they _. A. didnt exist B. dont exist C. hadnt existed D. were not

50、existing 2) He operates the new computer as if he _ special training in it. A. has received B. had received C. would receive D. received 學(xué)習(xí)好資料 歡迎下載 3) They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible _soon. A. had happened B. happened C. would happen D. has happened Explanation and Expa

51、nsion A參考答案 1）A 2）B 3） C B評析 謂語動詞要求使用虛擬語氣的狀語從句一般是由as if/as though引導(dǎo)。該從句中時態(tài)的選擇原則是： 如果從句中謂語動詞與主句謂語動詞同時進行，用過去進行時； 如果從句中謂語動詞表示與主句謂語動詞同時存在的狀態(tài)，用一般過去時，如1）。 如果從句中謂語動詞表示先于主句謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)，用過去完成時，如2）。 如果從句中謂語動詞后于主句謂語動詞發(fā)生，用would/might + 原形動詞。 三、定語從句 定語從句在四級英語測試中占有一定的比重，大約在詞匯語法題的7.4%，平均每次都有一題，實際測試中有時多達三道題，如1996年6月，

52、98年6月和2000年6月都有三道考查定語從句的題。在我們講四級英語測試對定語從句的考查之前，先讓我們看以下幾題： Test yourself 1) Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least.(1998.1) A. for which B. to which C. of which D. in which 2) A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that r

53、egion, _were surprising. (1999.1) A .as results B. which results C. the results of it D. the results of which 3) We need a chairman _.(1998.6) A. for whom everyone has confidence B .in whom everyone has confidence C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on 4) The British ar

54、e not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _ is often the case in other countries.(1998.6) A. as B. what C. so D that 5) The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _ up to half will be from overseas.(1998.6) A. in which B. for which C. with which D. of whom 6)

55、Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.(2000.6) A. whose B. which C. that D. what 7) We were struck by the extent _ which teachers decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the children.(1996.6) A .to B. for C .in D. with 8) Melted iron is poured into the mixe