2009年全國職稱英語等級考試衛(wèi)生類C級閱讀文章譯文

1、1 Importance of Childrens Oral Health 兒童口腔健康衛(wèi)生的重要性February is National Childrens Dental （牙齒的）Health Month，but in children good oral care is criticalevery day. The first comprehensive study on the nations oral health，released recently by the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General，calls dental and oral di

2、seases a “silent epidemic （流行?。?even in children. The report states that more than 51 million school hours are lost each year to dental-related illness.In fact，a recent study pointed to dental care as the most common unmet health need among American children. 二月份是國家法定兒童牙齒健康月，但是日常良好的兒童口腔護(hù)理師至關(guān)重要的。最近

3、美國公共衛(wèi)生局辦公室做的第一次有關(guān)口腔衛(wèi)生健康的綜合調(diào)查，稱牙科以及口腔疾病為一種“流行病”，甚至在兒童身上。報(bào)道說每年因?yàn)橄嚓P(guān)的牙科疾病要葬送大約1500萬個學(xué)習(xí)日。實(shí)際上，近期的一個調(diào)查稱牙科健康護(hù)理是美國兒童最普遍而未能滿足的健康需求。 To help counter this，the American Academy of Periodontology （牙周病學(xué)）（AAP）is launching an effort to educate children and parents about the prevention of dental diseases in children.

4、為了防范，美國牙科疾病科學(xué)會正在努力教育孩子和家長有關(guān)如何防御兒童時期的牙科疾病?！癟his is important because oral problems can impact self-esteem for children and lead to problems of eating，speaking and attending to learning，” said Michael McGuire，president of the AAP.美國牙科疾病科學(xué)會會長Michael McGuire說：“這之所以重要是因?yàn)榭谇坏奈乃嚳赡軙绊懙胶⒆拥淖宰?，甚至?dǎo)致飲食、言語以及上學(xué)等問題”

5、Common dental problems seen in children are cavities （齲洞）and gingivitis （齦牙），which are found in the majority of U.S. children. “When these problems are not caught early and treated，they can develop into more severe problems and cause unnecessary suffering，” said McGuire “However，much of the time，ora

6、l problems are avoidable problems.”普遍的可見性的兒童牙科疾病是齲洞和齦牙，絕大多數(shù)美國兒童都患有此類疾病。McGuire 說：“當(dāng)這些問題沒有被及早發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療的話，它們就可能發(fā)展成更嚴(yán)重的問題并造成沒必要的痛苦，但是，大多數(shù)時候，口腔疾病是可以避免的?！盜n the Rio Grande Valley in Texas，a group of more than 120 dentists volunteers to deliver dental care to thousands of low-income children each year with it

7、s Mobile Dental Unit that travels from school to school.在德州的里奧格蘭德山谷，一群大約120人的牙醫(yī)志愿者每年都自愿帶著可移動性牙科治療儀挨個學(xué)校的給上成千的低收入家庭兒童進(jìn)行牙科護(hù)理?！癆ccording to the Surgeon Generals Report，about 37 percent of children have not had a dental visit before starting school，” said McGuire. “When children dont see dentists they mi

8、ss the opportunity to have problems caught early before they develop into larger，more expensive problems to treat，and parents miss the opportunity to learn how to promote good oral habits in their children.”“據(jù)衛(wèi)生局報(bào)道，大約37%的兒童在入學(xué)前沒有看過牙醫(yī)”McGuire 說?！耙?yàn)樗麄儾豢囱泪t(yī)，在他們發(fā)展成治療起來更復(fù)雜，更昂貴的牙科病之前就錯失了發(fā)現(xiàn)問題的時機(jī)，同時家長也錯失了學(xué)會如

9、何督促孩子從小養(yǎng)成良好口腔衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣的時機(jī)?！盪nderstanding Autism理解孤獨(dú)癥1 Autism （孤獨(dú)癥）is a life-long developmental disability that prevents individuals from properly understanding what they see，hear，and otherwise sense. This results in severe problems of social relationships，communication，and behavior. Individuals with auti

10、sm have to painstakingly （費(fèi)力地）learn normal patterns of speech and communication，and appropriate ways to relate to people，objects，and events，in a similar manner to those who have had a stroke. 孤獨(dú)癥是一種終生的發(fā)展性殘疾，它會妨礙一個人正常的理解自己視覺、聽覺以及其他的感覺；會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的社會關(guān)系、交流以及行為方面的問題。孤獨(dú)癥患者不得不很吃力的學(xué)習(xí)正常的言語和交流方式，以及接人待物的適當(dāng)方法，與中風(fēng)患者很

11、類似。2 The cause of autism is still unknown. Some research suggests a physical problem affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the senses. There may be some imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Genetic （遺傳的）factors may sometimes be involved. Auti

12、sm may indeed result from a combination of several “causes”。孤獨(dú)癥的病因還不為人知。有研究暗示是身體上的問題，這些問題會影響處理來自于感官的語言和信息的大腦區(qū)域。也可能是大腦中的某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)失衡。有時候與遺傳因素也有關(guān)系。孤獨(dú)癥甚至可能是多種原因綜合引起的。3 Most people with mental retardation （智力遲鈍的）show relatively even skill development. Individuals with autism，however，typically show uneven sk

13、ill development，with deficits （欠缺）in certain areas - most frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others - and distinct skills in other areas. It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation or other disorders，since diagnostic （診斷的）confusion may lead to inappropriate a

14、nd ineffective treatment techniques.絕大多數(shù)智力缺陷的患者一定程度上反映了技能發(fā)展的均衡性。但是，孤獨(dú)癥患者典型地反映了技能發(fā)展的不均衡性。某些方面的欠缺性最常見的是與他人交流與交際方面的能力以及其他方面的獨(dú)特性。區(qū)分孤獨(dú)癥與智力缺陷以及其他精神疾病是很重要的。因?yàn)樵\斷模糊混亂可能會造成不恰當(dāng)?shù)囊约盁o效的治療方法。4 In general，individuals with autism perform best at jobs which are structured and involve a degree of repetition. Some peop

15、le who have autism are working as artists，piano tuners，painters，farm workers，office workers，computer operators，dishwashers，assembly line workers，or employees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.通常說來，孤獨(dú)癥患者在組織性的以及重復(fù)性的工作上表現(xiàn)會很出色。一些孤獨(dú)癥患者正從事著藝術(shù)家、鋼琴調(diào)音師、油漆匠、農(nóng)場工人，辦公職員、計(jì)算廠機(jī)操作員、洗碗工、裝配線工人、福利

16、廠以及其他福利場所的雇員工作。 第一篇 Calling for Safe Celebrations要安全的慶祝Last Fourth of July，Pete，a 14-year-old boy，was enjoying the lit-up skies and loud booms from the fireworks （煙花）being set off in his neighborhood. Suddenly，the evening took a terrible turn. A bottle rocket shot into his eye，immediately causing hi

17、m terrible pain。 His family rushed him to the emergency room for treatment. As a result of the injury，Pete developed glaucoma （青光眼）and cataracts （白內(nèi)障）。 Today，Pete has permanent vision loss in his injured eye because of his bottle rocket injury.去年7月14日，皮特，一個14歲的大男孩正在欣賞鄰居放煙花所燃亮的天空和巨響時 ，突然，這個傍晚成了一個可怕的轉(zhuǎn)

18、變。一瓶煙花射進(jìn)她的眼睛，立即使他劇痛起來。他的家人立刻把他送到急救室治療。由于這次受傷，皮特患了青光眼和白內(nèi)障?，F(xiàn)在，由于那次煙火傷皮特的傷眼已經(jīng)永久的失明了。June is Fireworks Eye Safety Awareness Month，and through its EyeSmart campaign the American Academy of Ophthalmology （眼科學(xué)）wants to remind consumers to leave fireworks to professionals （專業(yè)人員）。 “There is nothing worse tha

19、n a Fourth of July celebration ruined by someone being hit in the eye with a bottle rocket，” said Dr John C. Hagan，clinical correspondent for the Academy and an ophthalmologist at Discover Vision Centers in Kansas City. “A safe celebration means letting trained professionals handle fireworks while y

20、ou enjoy the show.”六月是煙花關(guān)注安全意識月，通過EyeSmart 活動，美國眼科學(xué)會向提醒消費(fèi)者要楊專業(yè)人員燃放煙花?！皼]有比7月14日的慶典毀于一個人眼睛被一瓶煙花灼傷更糟了，”Dr John C. Hagan，眼科學(xué)會的診所記者以及一個 Kansas探索實(shí)施中心的眼科醫(yī)師說?！鞍踩膽c祝就是當(dāng)你在欣賞煙花時，要讓訓(xùn)練過的專業(yè)人員來燃放?！盇ccording to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission，more than 9，000 fireworks-related injuries happen each year.

21、Of these，nearly-half are head-related injuries，with nearly 30 percent of these injuries to the eye. One-fourth of fireworks eye injuries result in permanent vision loss or blindness. Children are the most common victims of firework abuse （傷害），with those fifteen years old or younger accounting for 50

22、 percent of fireworks eye injuries in the United States. Dr Hagan estimates that his practice sees more than 30 injuries each year from fireworks.根據(jù)美國美國消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)品安全委員會 ，每年超過9000例與煙花有關(guān)受傷事故發(fā)生。其中將近一半是頭部受傷，又有30%傷的是眼部。四分之一的眼花燃放所造成的言不受傷會導(dǎo)致永久的的視力缺失或失明。在美國，兒童是煙花傷害最普遍的受害者，其中15歲及15歲以下的人群站了煙花眼部受傷的50%。Dr Hagan估計(jì)每年他要

23、看30多里的眼花傷害。Even fireworks that many people consider safe represent a threat to the eyes. For children under the age of five，apparently harmless sparklers （花炮）account for one-third of all fireworks injuries. Sparklers can burn at nearly 2，000 degrees Fahrenheit （華氏）。許多人所認(rèn)為的安全的煙花卻是對眼睛的一種威脅。對于5歲以下的兒童，看

24、上去表面無傷害的花炮占了所有煙花造成的傷害的三分之一?；ㄅ谠诖蠹s近2000華氏度燃燒。第二篇 Shopping at Second-hand Clothing Stores 舊貨服裝店購物 When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college，shopping at second-hand clothingstores was just something he did - “l(fā)ike changing the tires on his car.” He looked at his budget and decided he could save a lot o

25、f money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops.當(dāng) 33歲的Pete Barth上大學(xué)的時候，舊貨服裝店購物時他常干的事“就像換車輪胎一樣”。他看著自己的預(yù)算開支，確定自己在舊貨店購買衣服能節(jié)省下的費(fèi)用。 “Even new clothes are fairly disposable （可丟掉的）and wear out after a couple of years，” Barth said. “In thrift shops，you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than

26、new clothes.” Barth說“甚至一些新衣服就丟掉了，穿幾年后才會破損的?！薄霸谂f貨店，你可能找到比新衣服質(zhì)量還好的好東西”Since then，Barth，who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida，has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people，like him，shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-look

27、ing shirt. And some shop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment.從那時起，在美國弗羅里達(dá)Goodwill 舊貨店工作的Barth就發(fā)現(xiàn)有各種各樣去購買二手衣服的理由。有些人，向他是為了節(jié)省錢。有的人是為了一件款式特別的襯衫。還有些人是為了保護(hù)資源和環(huán)境等。Pat Akins，an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army （SA）（救世軍）thrift shop，said that，for her，shopping at thrift shops is

28、a way to help the environment. Pat Akins，弗羅里達(dá)救世軍舊貨店的一個會計(jì)說，至于她來說，舊貨店購物就是一種保護(hù)環(huán)境的方式。“When my daughter was little，we looked at it as recycling，” Akins said. “Also，why pay 30 dollars for a new coat when you can get another one for a lot less？”她還說:“當(dāng)我女兒很小的時候，我們就關(guān)注重復(fù)循環(huán)，同時，當(dāng)你能節(jié)省很多錢買到另一件時，又何必非要掏30元買件新的呢？” Ak

29、ins said that the SA has shops all over the US - “some as big as departmentstores.” All of the clothes are donated （捐贈），and when they have a surplus （盈余），theyll have “stuff a bag” specials，where customers can fill a grocery sack With clothes for only 5 or 10 dollars. Akins說弗羅里達(dá)救世軍舊貨店在全美國都有店面有些大如商場。那

30、里所有的衣物都是捐贈的。當(dāng)他們手頭結(jié)余寬松時，就會買一大袋這種特價(jià)商品，顧客花5到10元錢就能買到一大袋的衣服。Julia Slocum，22，points out，however，that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness.但是，22歲的Julia Slocum指出，美國絕大多數(shù)舊衣服是美國人浪費(fèi)的結(jié)果。Id say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful，materialisti

31、c culture，“ said Slocum，who works for a pro-conservation organization，the Center for a New American Dream. ”Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills （垃圾填埋場）； they give clothing a second life，provide cheaper clothing for those who cant afford new ones and generate （生成）income for charit

32、ies. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed （擺脫）some of the guilt for their level of consumption.“在為“一個新美國夢”中心，前保護(hù)組織機(jī)構(gòu)工作的Slocum說：“我常常說，舊貨店是奢侈浪費(fèi)，唯物主義文化的產(chǎn)物?！薄芭f貨店防止了垃圾流向垃圾掩埋場；賦予服裝第二次生命，給那些買不起新服裝的人童工了衣物，同時又增加了慈善事業(yè)的收入。，此外，舊貨店也使夫人和中產(chǎn)階級有了擺脫自己消費(fèi)水準(zhǔn)罪惡感的出路。第三篇 College Night Owls Hav

33、e Lower Grades College students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls （晚睡的人），according to University of North Texas researchers.據(jù)德州大學(xué)的研究員說，早晨型的人比夜貓子可能獲得成績更好。They had 824 undergraduate（大學(xué)本科生的）students complete a health survey that included questions about slee

34、p habits and daytime functioning，and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages （GPAs）than those who are night people.他們對824名大學(xué)本科生進(jìn)行調(diào)查，包括調(diào)查他們的睡眠習(xí)慣和白天活動等，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)“夜貓子”的成績平均績點(diǎn)要低于早晨型的學(xué)生。 “The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GPAs is a very impor

35、tant finding，sure to make its way into undergraduate psychology texts in the near future，along with the research showing that memory is improved by sleep，” study co-author Daniel J. Taylor said in a prepared statement.研究員的合作者 Daniel J. Taylor在備好的言論中說：“ “夜貓子”的成績平均績點(diǎn)均較低，這項(xiàng)很重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，不久之后肯定會寫入大學(xué)本科生的心理學(xué)教材的。

36、同時研究表明睡眠可以改善記憶力?！薄癋urther，these results suggest that it might be possible to improve academic performance by using chronotherapy （時間療法）to help students retrain their biological clock to become more morning types，“ Taylor said.泰勒還說，“另外，這也結(jié)果表明學(xué)生可以通過時間療法重新養(yǎng)成新的生物鐘從而變成造成型的學(xué)生，這樣就可以提高學(xué)業(yè)成績了?！盩he research wa

37、s expected to be presented Monday at SLEEP，the annual meetingof the Associated Professional Sleep Societies，in Baltimore.者先研究預(yù)計(jì)在巴爾的摩睡眠專業(yè)社團(tuán)每年一度Monday at SLEEP的會議上公布。In other findings expected to be heard at the meeting，University of Colorado researchers found a significant association .between insomn

38、ia （失眠）and a decline in college students academic performance.會議上會有望聆聽到乞討的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中科羅拉多大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了失眠與在校大學(xué)生學(xué)術(shù)業(yè)績有很大的聯(lián)系。The study included 64 psychology，nursing and medical students，average age 27.4 years，who were divided into two groups - low GPAs and high GPAs.這此研究有64位心理學(xué)家，醫(yī)學(xué)護(hù)理專業(yè)學(xué)生，平均年齡是27.4.他們被分成平均績點(diǎn)高的

39、和平均績點(diǎn)低的兩個組。Among those with low GPAs，69.7 percent had trouble falling asleep，53.1 percent experienced leg kicks or twitches （痙攣）at night，65.6 percent reported waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep，and 72.7 percent had difficulty concentrating during the day.在這平均績點(diǎn)低的之中，69.7%在入學(xué)方面都有

40、麻煩，51%的人經(jīng)歷過夜間腿部痙攣，65.6%的人夜間清醒難以入睡，還有72.7%的人在白天無法集中精力?！癐n college students，the complaint of difficulty concentrating during the daycontinues to have a considerable impact on their ability to succeed in the classroom，” study author Dr James F. Pagel said in a prepared statement. “This study showed tha

41、t disordered sleep has significant harmful effects on a students academic performance，including GPAs.”“在大學(xué)生中，白天不能集中精力的痛苦一直嚴(yán)重影響對他們在課堂上出色表現(xiàn)的能力。這次研究表明睡眠失調(diào)對學(xué)生的學(xué)術(shù)成績，包括成績平均績點(diǎn)有嚴(yán)重的負(fù)面作用?！毖芯垦芯孔髡?Dr James F. Pagel在備好的聲明中說。 A Bad Idea 一個壞主意Think you can walk，drive，take phone calls，e-mail and listen to music at

42、the same time？ Well，New Yorks new law says you cant.（46）The law went into force last month，following research and a shocking number of accidents that involved people using electronic gadgets （小巧機(jī)械）when crossing the street.想一下你可以同時散步、開車、打電話、發(fā)送郵件和聽音樂嗎？紐約的新法律規(guī)定你不能同時做這么多事。假如你在紐約的街道上違反了規(guī)定，必將被罰款100元。這一新的法

43、律從上個月開始實(shí)施。下面的研究和一組令人震驚的事故數(shù)字就與人們在過馬路時使用電子物品有關(guān)。Whos to blame？（47）“We are under the impression that our brain can do more than it often can，” says Rene Marois，a neuroscientist （神經(jīng)科學(xué)家）in Tennessee. “But a core limitation is the inability to concentrate on two things at once.”究竟誰應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)呢？科學(xué)家們說，人多任務(wù)處理的能力是有限度

44、的?！拔覀兛傆幸环N印象，我們的大腦可以處理比它本能力上更多的事物，但是核心限制是一次不能集中精力與兩件事?！碧锛{西州的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家 Rene Marois說。The young people are often considered the great multi-taskers.（48），A group of 18- to 21-year-olds and a group of 35- to 39-year-olds were given 90 seconds to translate images into numbers，using a simple code.（49）But when b

45、oth groups were interrupted by a phone call or an instant message，the older group matched the younger group in speed and accuracy.年輕人總是被看做是多任務(wù)處理的高手。但牛津大學(xué)的研究表明這種看法是需要質(zhì)疑的。給一組年齡在18-21歲合另一組年齡在35-39歲之間的人員90秒的時間用一套簡單的密碼吧依稀有圖像轉(zhuǎn)化成數(shù)字。年輕的一組在不被擾亂的情況下做的要好10%。但是但兩組都被電話和短信騷擾時，年齡大的一組在速度和正確率方面都可以和年輕的一組抗衡。It is diff

46、icult to measure the productivity lost by multitaskers. But it is probably a lot. Jonathan Spira，chief analyst at Basex，a business-research firm，estimates the cost of interruptions to the American economy at nearly $650 billion a year.（50）The surveys conclude that 28 percent of the workers time was

47、spent on interruptions and recovery time before they returned to their main tasks.很難計(jì)算由多任務(wù)處理者失去的生產(chǎn)力。但是可能會很多。Basex一個商業(yè)研究公司的分析員Jonathan Spira估計(jì)干擾的事每年對美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)造成價(jià)值接近6500億的損失。這個估算的數(shù)是以辦公室人員為研究對象得來的。這次調(diào)查總結(jié)說員工時間的28%花費(fèi)在干擾的事物和從干擾中恢復(fù)到工作中來的上面。 Exercise Cuts Cancer Deaths in Men鍛煉減少男性癌癥的死亡率Men who exercise often a

48、re less likely to die from cancer than those who（51），new research published in the British Journal of Cancer revealedyesterday.經(jīng)常鍛煉的男性要比那些不經(jīng)常運(yùn)動的男性死于癌癥的的可能性小，這項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)布在昨天發(fā)行的英國人的癌癥雜志上。A team of scientists from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden looked（52）the effect of physical activity and cancer risk in 40，708 men aged（53） 45 and79. 瑞典卡羅林斯卡學(xué)院的一些科學(xué)家們在年齡在45-79歲的40708位男性間作了研究，主要研究他們身體運(yùn)動與癌癥間的關(guān)系。The seven-year study found that men（54）walked or cycled for at least 30 minutes a day had a 34 per cent lower（55）of dying from cancer than the men who did less exercise or nothing at all.