初中動詞不定式用法

1、not to動詞不定式用法規(guī)納 （ Jason ） 動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句中不能獨立作謂語。但動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞特征，在句中可以作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、表語 和狀語等多種成分。另外，動詞不定式具有動詞特點，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，組成動詞不定式短語。動詞不定式的肯定形式是to + do ；其否定形式是do。下面以動詞不定式在句中的作用來予以詳細說明。1作主語（1）直接作主語To see is to believe 百聞不如一見。To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To learn English wel

2、l is not easy.（2）但在英語中，常用 it 作形式主語，真正的主語即動詞不定式放在后面。如：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It is not easy to learn English well.Its wrong to play tricks on other people Its our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy 規(guī)律：動詞不定式在句中作主語時，常放在以下兩個句型中，it 僅作形式主語，不定式是真正的主語。It is adj （形容詞） to d

3、o sth 和 It is n （名詞） to do sth 句型中面我們來具體看一下這兩個句型的用法： 常用形容詞作 it is 的表語。真正主語不定式通常有邏輯主語，一般用 for/of 短語來表示，即 for/of sb to do sth （其中 sb 就是 to do 的邏輯主語）Its important for us to keep the water clean保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。辨析：It is + adj. + for sb. + to do 和 It is + adj. + of sb. + to do ,區(qū)別如下：A. Its for sb . 常用于表示

4、事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languages.對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right 。of,不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應用 of)。因此應用 for 。 )B. Its of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如Its very nice of you to help me.你來幫

5、助我，你真是太好了。說明】 for 與 of 的辨別方法： 用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用 He is hard. （人是困難的，不通。 或者 : To study two languages is hard for him 有時也接名詞作表語。如：It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship 乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。 it 作形式主語時，還常用于“It takes (took/will take ) sb. some time (money ) to do sth. ”句型中。

6、It took me more than an hour to do my homework yesterday evening昨天晚上我做作業(yè)用了一個多小時。It will take us a long time to walk there.步行去那兒要花費我們很長時間。(3) 動詞不定式與疑問詞 how ， what ， when ， where ， which 等連用構(gòu)成不定式短語，也可作主語。如： How to use the computer is the question如何使用計算機是個問題。 Where to go has not been decided 去哪兒還沒有定下來。

7、2作賓語 常與不定式連用作賓語的動詞有： want, like, begin, start, choose, forget, remember, need, would like, decide, ask, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn,pretend,refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer等，如：Most of us like to watch football matches.Please remember to post this letter.I plan to buy a new compu

8、ter. 動詞不定式作賓語時，如果他后面有賓語補足語，常用 it 作形式賓語，而真正的賓語即不定式放在賓補后面。句型結(jié)構(gòu)為： 主語 + 謂語 + it + 賓語補足語 + 動詞不定式I found it easy to make a paper plane.I found it difficult to solve the problem.He feels it his duty to help the poor.We find it necessary to help the blind. 在英語中有些動詞如： know, wonder, decide, learn 等詞后可接“ 疑問詞 +

9、 不定式 ”作賓語Please show us how to do it.I can t decide where to go.The boy didn t know how to use the computer.3作賓語補足語a tell ， ask ， want ， order ， teach ， invite ， warn ，wish ， help ， get ， wish ， help 等詞后面常接不定式作賓補。如：I tell him not to go there by bus Edisons mother taught him to read and writeb let ，m

10、ake ， have ， see ， hear ， feel ， watch ， notice 后面接不帶 to 的不定式作賓補。如：The boss makes them work 16 hours a dayI heard her sing in the next room 提示：若變成被動語態(tài)，在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號 to 要加上。如：They are made to work 16 hours a day by the bossShe was heard to sing in the next room4作定語：放在被修飾的名詞、代詞后面 不定式作定語往往放在被修飾詞的 后面 ，作后

11、置定語I have nothing to say about that thing.The next bus to arrive is at 7:45.Reading aloud is the best way to learn English. 與被修飾詞之間有動賓關(guān)系，如果是不及物動詞需要加介詞 ，如：I have a small bedroom to live in.Have you got some pens to write with？Would you please give me some paper to write on.Could you pass me a pen to

12、write with. 與被修飾詞之間有動賓關(guān)系，同時與句中其他詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時，盡管有被動意義，卻仍然用主動。Do you have anything to say on this problem?（ anything 與 say 之間是動賓關(guān)系；并且和 you 存在主謂關(guān)系）Would you mind giving me something to drink? （ drink 和 something 之間是動賓關(guān)系；同時和 you 之間存在主謂關(guān)系） 與被修飾詞之間有動賓關(guān)系而不存在主謂關(guān)系，則需用被動語態(tài)：Do you have anything to be taken t

13、o your mum?（ take 與 anything 之間存在動賓關(guān)系；但是 take 不是 you 發(fā)出的，所以不存在主謂關(guān)系）5表語：放在連系動詞 be 后面My wish is to become a teacher.Your duty is to water flowers everyday.He seems to have few friends here.His wish is to become a scientist.The first important thing is to save the soldiers lives.My chief purpose is to

14、point out the difficulties of the matter.動詞不定式在句中作表語時，通常對連系動詞前面的名詞進行詮釋說明。6作狀語a. 目的狀語：放在go , come , use , live , in order 等詞后面。如：I come to see you He stopped to have a look.He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.He runs fast in order to get there in time .b. 原因狀語：放在sorry , glad , surprised , disapp

15、o in ted , excited 等詞后面。如:I am glad to see you here .I am sorry to trouble youc. 作結(jié)果狀語。如:He woke up to find everybody gone.The room is large enough to hold 1000 people .注意 :不定式放句首時，邏輯主語和句子的要主語一致:如To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.（ 誤 ）To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.（正 ）7.與

16、what ，who ， whose ，when ， where ， how 等疑問詞連用，作賓語、賓語補足語、主語、表語等。如:I dont know what to do next .（賓語）He taught us how to use the computer.（賓語補足語）Its still a question how to get there.（主語）The question is when to go there.（ 表語 ）8. 和某些形容詞連用和動詞不定式經(jīng)常連用的形容詞有 sure ， ready ，happy ， sorry ， afraid 等。例如:Hes very

17、happy to see his wife .他見到妻子非常高興。Im sorry to trouble you .很抱歉打擾你了。9. 動詞不定式作賓語補足語A 帶 to 的不定式作賓補a. 可以用帶 to 的不定式作賓補的動詞常用的有ask, tell, order, invite , beg , get, allow , wish , want, encourage , advise , warn 等。例如：The teacher asked us to finish our homework 老師叫我們完成家庭作業(yè)。She wanted him to sing for her frie

18、nds .她想讓他為她的朋友唱歌。The policeman told the boys not to play in the street .警察告訴孩子們別在街上玩耍。b. 在動詞think， believe， know， find， understand ， take等之后，作賓補的不定式多由“to be + adj. ”勾成。例如：They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)中國人都很幸?？鞓贰e believed the earth to be a globe 他相信大地是個球體。c. 在某些短語后也可跟帶to

19、的不定式作賓補。這類動詞短語常見的有：wait for , call on , depend on , care for , long for等。例如：The crocodile waited for the monkey to come down again.鱷魚等著猴子再下來。The chairman called on Mr Brown to speak .主席請布朗先生講話。I shouldnt care for that man to be my doctor .我不要那人給我看病。B .不帶to的不定式作賓補動詞不定式在使役動詞(make , let, have )或感官動詞(fe

20、el , listen to , hear, look at, see , watch , notice )之后作賓補時不定式需省去to。為了便于記憶，我們可以這樣記一感(feel)、二聽(listen , hear )、三讓(let, make , have )、四看(look at , see , watch , notice )。例如：I felt someone open my door .我感覺有人開了我的門。Please listen to me sing the song again請聽我把這首歌再唱一遍。You cant let the boy stand in the sun

21、 你不能讓那孩子站在太陽底下。You must watch me carefully do everything 你必須仔細觀察我所做的一切。試注意：感官動詞后既可跟省略 to 的不定式作賓補，也可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補。其區(qū)別是：前者強調(diào)動作的全過程或經(jīng)常性；后者則強調(diào)動作在進行（片斷） 比較：I heard her sing 我聽見她唱了歌。I heard her singing 我聽見她在唱歌。C 帶 to 或不帶 to 的不定式作賓補在動詞 help 后可以跟帶 to 的不定式作賓補，也可以跟不帶 to 的不定式作賓補。例如：He often helps me （ to）clean the

22、room 他經(jīng)常幫助我打掃房間。We helped him （ to） mend his bike 我們幫他補自行車胎。動詞不定式的一般構(gòu)成形式為“t升動詞原形”但有時我們需省去符號 to，即應用不帶to的動詞不定式。1在情態(tài)動詞 can， may， must， dare ， need 等后的動詞不定式不可帶 to 。例如：那個男孩會說一點英語。誤： That boy can to speak a little English 說明： need 可用作情態(tài)動詞，后跟不帶 to 的動詞不定式，也可用作行為動詞，后跟帶 to 的動詞不定式。試比較：You neednt talk so loud 你

23、不必這么大聲講話。You didnt need to tell him the news ； it just made him sad 你無需告訴他這一消息，那只會使他悲哀。2在 had better 后應跟不帶 to 的動詞不定式。例如：今天她最好呆在家里。 誤： Shed better to stay at home today 3在 Why not ？后應跟不帶 to 的動詞不定式。例如：to。為什么不和他一起去動物園？ 誤： Why not to go to the zoo with him ？4在感官動詞 see ，hear ， watch ，look at ，listen to ，

24、feel ，notice 等以及使役動詞 make ，let，have 等后跟動詞不定式作賓語補足語時應省去不定式符號例如：我們老師讓我們把這些單詞抄寫十遍。誤： Our teacher made us to copy these words ten times注意：將此句改為被動句時，省去的不定式符號 to 應加上。例如上句若改為被動語態(tài)應是：We were made to copy these words ten times by our teacher在動詞 help 后跟不定式作賓語或賓語補足語時，既可帶to ，也可不帶 to 。例如：Jim helped （ to ） finish

25、the work 吉姆幫著完成了那項工作。Father helped us （ to） decorate the Christmas tree 爸爸幫我們裝飾了那棵圣誕樹。5在 Will （ Would ）you please （not ）？句型中， please 后應跟不帶 to 的動詞不定式。例請把你的收音機音量調(diào)低點好嗎？誤： Will you please to turn down your radio6 but 和 except 作介詞后接不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時，前謂語動詞部分若含有 to 的形式， but 后的不定式省去 toHe has nothing to do but cry.I ha

26、ve no choice but to wait for him.7. 當兩個或多個不定式短語有連詞and, but或or連接時，后一個或幾個不定式符號to常常被省略，若表示對比，對照關(guān)系時，則不能省略，如:He wanted to stay at home and read a book.My purpose of studying is to go to college but not to have a job.練習:1 I told Bob the TV since it was too late Aturn off Bturns off C turning off D to turn

27、 off （2001 陜西）2 My parents asked me home earlier yesterday AgetBgettingCto getD got（2000 北京朝陽區(qū)）3 The greedy inn-keeper once made the poor hero twice a dayAdanceB dancesCdancedDto dance （2001 上海）4Is Wei Fang good at singing？ Yes， she is We often hear her in the next room 第 11 頁 共 15 頁A. to singB. sin

28、gs C . sing D . singing （ 2001 蘇州）5. Its importantyou walk after supperA . of; to B. for; of C. to; to D . for; to6. Its very kindyouhelp meA. to; of B. of; to C. for； to D. to; to7. To make friends with them niceA . is B . are C . be D. does8. The meeting has not been discussed yetD. Which toA . Wh

29、y to holdB. Where to C. When to hold拓展:15頁1、不定式的難點：1) too to ：太 而不能 He is too excited to speak.2) eno ugh to do : 足以做 The child is old eno ugh to go to school.3) Why not + 動詞原形 表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：為什么不 ? Why not take a holiday?4) so as (not) to do: 表示目的 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.5) 用作介詞的“to

30、”其后加v-ing形式look forward to 渴望; pay attention to 注意; devote oneself to 獻身于； be/get used to 習慣等等。2、不定式的一些常用結(jié)構(gòu)(1) be + to doShe is very proud to be a student in Beijing University. 作為一名北京大學的學生，她感到自豪。Your mother will be angry to find that nothing has been done. 你母親看到什么事都沒做會發(fā)火的。(2) have (has, had)+ 不定式這一

31、結(jié)構(gòu)表示 “不得不 ”， “只好 ”的意思。He will have to swallow the bitterness sooner or later. 他遲早要吞下這顆苦果的。As she missed the train, she had to return home. 由于耽誤了那趟火車，她只得又回家去了。(3) there is (are) 、 +不定式There is something important to do today. 今天有一件重要的事情要做。There are lots of letters to type now. 現(xiàn)在有許多信要打出來。be about+不定式表示 正要做”I was ju