英語泛讀教程第二冊(cè)(第三版)Unit4 Migratory Birds and Coffee

1、 1. text migratory birds and coffee unit 4 vocabulary 1.migratory bird候鳥 2.shade-grown 陰地生長的,遮陽植 物下生長的 3.conservation 保護(hù) 4.sanctuary: place of protection 避 難所 5.habitat棲息地 6.warbler刺嘴鶯 7.redstart 紅尾鴝 8.woodcreeper 旋木雀 9.canopy: shelter遮蓋，天蓬，蒼穹 10.chemical fertilizer化肥 11.insecticide殺蟲劑 12.herbicide除

2、草劑 13.fungicide殺菌劑 14.pesticide殺蟲劑 15.agronomic農(nóng)學(xué)的；農(nóng)藝的- agronomy 農(nóng)學(xué)；農(nóng)藝學(xué)；農(nóng)業(yè)管理 16.permanent永久的 17.avifauna （一個(gè)地區(qū)或國家的）鳥 類 vocabulary 18.convert to:change into轉(zhuǎn)變，改 變 19.be compatible with和.一致，相 容 20.maintenance-maintain保持 21.overstory (arch.) (obs.): an u p p e r s t o r y 上 層 ； 上 層 的 understory 下層；下層的

3、22.indigenous本土的，國產(chǎn)的 23.agroforestry農(nóng)林學(xué) 24.mulch 林地覆蓋物，護(hù)根物 25.land erosion土壤流失 26.nutrient營養(yǎng)成分 27.toxicity毒性 28.reserve保護(hù)區(qū) 29.biological diversity生物多樣性 30.orchid藍(lán)科植物 31.amphibian兩棲動(dòng)物 32.refuge避難所 33.rival相比，競爭 34.in that：because因?yàn)?35.benign適宜的，良性的，和藹的 vocabulary 36.respectively各自的，分別的 37.revenue年產(chǎn)量

4、38.agribusiness作為現(xiàn)代商業(yè)經(jīng)營 的農(nóng)業(yè)；農(nóng)業(yè)商業(yè)化；農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化 39.cacao 可可(樹) (cacao beans) 40.run-off (technical): rain or other liquid that flows off land into rivers 徑流；徑流量；溢流 41.run-off （生產(chǎn)過程中排出的） 廢物；廢液eg. burst for a run-off 急著要小便 42.time-honored only before noun 歷史悠久的；因古老而受到尊重的 43.technify 技術(shù)化；使技術(shù)化 - technified coff

5、ee 技術(shù)化咖啡種植 44.acidification酸化 45.micro-climate微氣候 46.resident 留鳥；無遷徙習(xí)性的動(dòng)物 47.deliberate:thoughtful故意的，深思 熟慮的 48.make ends meet維持生計(jì) 49.cropland 田地，耕地，農(nóng)田 50.cash crop經(jīng)濟(jì)作物 vocabulary 51.safeguard:protect保護(hù) 52.temperate溫帶的，溫和的 53.intensive management 集約化管 理 54.endangered瀕臨滅絕的 55.ponder:think思考 56.revert

6、 改回；變回；恢復(fù)使用； 重新使用；再次采用 57.rodenticide 殺鼠劑，滅鼠藥 58.concoction 調(diào)制品，調(diào)和物 - concoct 調(diào)制；配置；混合 59.organochlorine 有機(jī)氯；有機(jī)氯殺 蟲劑 60.mart (ame): a market or shopping centre 市場；購物中心 61.verge on empty 接近沒有；差不多 沒有；快光了；快用完了 62.neotropical 新熱帶的 （指中南美 洲的） 63.stopover 中途停留地 64.suburbia郊區(qū) 65.antibody 抗體 do you know the

7、names of these birds? redstart woodcreeper black-throated green warbler parrot redstarts紅尾鴝 7 black-throated green warbler 黑喉綠刺嘴鶯 8 woodcreeper旋木雀 9 background information migratory birds: 很多很多鳥類鳥類具有沿具有沿緯度緯度季節(jié)季節(jié)遷移遷移的特性，的特性，夏天夏天的時(shí)候的時(shí)候 這些這些鳥鳥在緯度較高的在緯度較高的溫帶溫帶地區(qū)地區(qū)繁殖繁殖，冬天冬天的時(shí)候則在的時(shí)候則在 緯度較低的緯度較低的熱帶熱帶地區(qū)過冬。夏

8、末秋初的時(shí)候這些鳥類地區(qū)過冬。夏末秋初的時(shí)候這些鳥類 由繁殖地往南遷移到渡冬地，而在由繁殖地往南遷移到渡冬地，而在春天春天的時(shí)候由渡冬的時(shí)候由渡冬 地北返回到繁殖地。這些隨著季節(jié)變化而南北遷移的地北返回到繁殖地。這些隨著季節(jié)變化而南北遷移的 鳥 類 稱 之 為 候 鳥 鳥 類 稱 之 為 候 鳥 ( m i g r a n t ) 。 do you like drinking coffee? there are two kinds of coffee plantations: shade coffee plantation vs. sun coffee plantation sun coffe

9、e plantation shade coffee plantation structure of this text part 1 (para.1) part 2 (para.2-17) part 3 (para.18) 12 main idea of each paragraph para .1: coffee plantation support good populations of migratory birds and other species that prefer or are restricted to forest habitats. para. 2: shade cof

10、fee plantation is a threatened habitat because of recent changes in coffee production and marketing. para. 3: the danger caused by conversion from shade coffee plantation to sun coffee plantation to migratory birds. main idea of each paragraph para.4: shade coffee plantation is beneficial to the sub

11、sistence of migratory birds. para. 5: assertion by j. t. “coffee and cacao make good migrant habitat.” para. 6: constitution of a traditionally-managed coffee plantation para .7: functions of shade trees para .8: traditional coffee plantations can be thought as modified forest habitats. main idea of

12、 each paragraph para .9: large coverage of coffee plantation of the area that are heavily used by migratory birds. para .10: other indicators of the importantce of coffee plantations. para. 11: functions of shade trees in l. a and c. para .12: main coffee producing and consuming areas. para .13: the

13、 economical value of coffee. main idea of each paragraph para . 14-15: requirements and disadvantages of sun coffee plantation. para .16: producing coffee in a traditinal way can bring a win-win situation. para .17: crisis in coffee production in some areas. para .18: conclusion:restate the maitaina

14、ce of migratory birds rely not only on the conservation habitats but also the quality of human-managed habitats. possible difficult words, phrases and sentences (ll. 4-5) a greater number is found in other agricultural habitats, and exceeded only in undisturbed tropical forests. 在農(nóng)業(yè)棲息地，發(fā)現(xiàn)的鳥 類數(shù)目更大，只有

15、只有未受侵 擾的熱帶森林才會(huì)超過這 個(gè)數(shù)目。 17 possible difficult words, phrases and sentences (ll. 5-6) even in very disturbed areas, coffee plantations support good populations of migratory birds and other species that prefer or are restricted to forest habits, such as redstarts and black-throated green warblers, and

16、residents including parrots and woodcreepers. 即使在受到較大侵?jǐn)_的地區(qū)， 咖啡種植園也滋養(yǎng)著為數(shù)可 觀的喜歡或僅限于森林棲息 地的候鳥和其他物種，如紅 尾鴝和黑喉綠鶯，以及包括 鸚鵡和旋木雀在內(nèi)的留鳥。 18 possible difficult words, phrases and sentences (ll. 11-12) while this manner of cultivation produces increased yields, these cannot be kept for many years w i t h o u t i

17、n t e n s i v e management (additions of chemical fertilizers and a range of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides). 雖然這樣的種植方式提高 了產(chǎn)量， 但是如果沒有集 約化管理（增加化肥和各 種除蟲劑、除草劑和殺真 菌劑），這樣的產(chǎn)量是無 法維持很多年的。 19 possible difficult words, phrases and sentences (l. 48) traditional coffee plantations can be thought of as

18、modified forest habits. 可以將傳統(tǒng)的咖啡種植園 看成經(jīng)過改造的森林棲息 地。 傳統(tǒng)的咖啡種植園可以看 成改進(jìn)的森林棲息地。 20 possible difficult words, phrases and sentences (ll. 48-50) evidence suggests that up-mountain and northward movements are timed to take advantage of t h e b l o s s o m i n g o f plantation trees. 有證據(jù)顯示，向山區(qū)和向 北移動(dòng)是依時(shí)而為，為的 是

19、利用種植園樹木的花期。 21 possible difficult words, phrases and sentences (ll. 81-85) while technified coffee may mean benefits to producers in terms of total crop outputthe r e l e n t l e s s p u s h o f agribusiness to produce more coffee per unit area m a y h a v e s e r i o u s environmental and social co

20、nsequences. 雖然經(jīng)過技術(shù)改造的咖啡 對(duì)生產(chǎn)者來說可能意味著 總產(chǎn)量方面的收益但 是一味推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化從從 而使得單位面積的咖啡產(chǎn)而使得單位面積的咖啡產(chǎn) 量更高量更高的做法可能帶來嚴(yán) 重的環(huán)境和社會(huì)后果。 22 questions for discussion: 1. what is the traditional way of planting coffee? 2. what are the advantages of traditional coffee plantations? 3. what are the advantages and disadvantages of su

21、n coffee production? 4. what are the hidden forces that are responsible for the emergence of the new mode of production? 5. is there such a similar situation in your home town that people abandon their old good ways of life and production in favor of those trendy styles? 23 the main idea migratory b

22、irds and traditional coffee plantations are closely related in north and latin america. the former relies on the latter. migratory birds can find a satisfying sanctuary in shade-grown（遮陽植物下 生長的）coffee plantations. these traditional coffee plantations provide a forest-like environment for good popula

23、tions of migrants. 24 the main idea pitifully, however, over the past two decades, farmers turn to sun coffee production for financial and other reasons. such a manner of production, which produces increased yields, does not provide as a good habitat as shade coffee plantations, for migratory birds.

24、 it has been found that the diversity of migratory birds drops sharply when coffee is converted from shade to sun. 25 the main idea besides the sharp decrease in the diversity of migratory birds in sun coffee areas, the new mode of production brings forth environmental and social problems. these pro

25、blems include greater soil erosion, acidification, and higher amounts of toxic run-off （有毒廢液）. in addition, farmers have to do harder manual labor on such plantations. and their health is undermined when they are often exposed to toxic substances such as pesticides. 26 the main idea but it seems tha

26、t the world have no way to rein in （遏制）such non-traditional, bird-unfriendly styles of production in the process of local development, due to a combination of complex factors. 27 main idea of the text please use 5 to 8 sentences to summary the main idea of the text. 28 aloud-reading to read the whol

27、e text loudly. requirement： 1.聲音響亮 2.發(fā)音地道 3.連貫流利 4.聲情適切 29 2. reading skills unit 4: understanding the topic unit 5: determining the main idea 31 3. fast reading passage 1 32 pictures of some species of birds and carson peregrine falcon（游隼） also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck h

28、awk in north america,is a widespread bird of prey in the family falconidae. 33 osprey 鶚（一種魚鷹，腹 部羽毛為白色） 34 斯溫森鷹 a large buteo hawk of the falconiformes. this species was named after william swainson, a british naturalist. 35 rachel carson (1907- 1964), an american marine biologist and conservationist

29、 whose book silent spring and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement. rachel carson 36 3.1.2 the main idea this passage tells about the environmental damage caused by pesticides. these chemical concoctions are particularly hazardous to bird species. in america,

30、due to the overuse of pesticides, the numbers of many bird species began to drop sharply in the 1940s. some species were on the verge of extinction. many people, including rachel carson, were concerned about the serious problem. they called for the ban of the most harmful pesticide ddt. their effort

31、s were rewarding. 37 3.1.2 the main idea in the 1970s ddt and most other organochlorines were banned for use in the united states. since the ban, numbers of the more severely affected bird species have slowly recovered. however, the issue of pesticide pollution is far from solved. although the unite

32、d states does not use ddt, it continues to export ddt and other pesticides to latin america where large birds of prey are affected. 38 排版糾正 (p. 16) silent spring 應(yīng)該斜體，因?yàn)檫@是書名。書名在文 章中一律斜體。 39 3.2 passage 2 3.2.1 the main idea migratory birds need a good stopover for rest and food on their way to south

33、ward migration. this is similar to the fact that a driver needs a rest area for gasoline and other services after he has been driving for hours. unfortunately, many stopover habitats have now been damaged, destroyed or polluted. so migratory birds that have come a long way from the northern areas ca

34、nnot find a suitable place to stop for a rest. their migration entails risks and even deaths. unchecked human activity aggravate such dangers. human-made dangers include shooting and trapping. 40 3.2.3 延伸閱讀 南方周末2012年10月4日第12版“環(huán)境”板塊 候鳥迷失呼喚“濕地紅線” http:/ 41 配文插圖1 42 配文插圖2 43 配文插圖3 44 該報(bào)道的頭幾段 45 3.3 pas

35、sage 3 3.3.1 the main idea this passage tells about american robins（美洲知更鳥）. this kind of songbird likes to live close to humans. they are not particularly common in natural habitats. they feed on insects and worms. however, life in suburban areas is not without its costs. they suffer from lead pollu

36、tion. they have high levels of lead in the blood. one more problem they face is that they are exposed to the danger of mosquito-borne west nile virus. but some of them survive the virus infection. in recent years, robin populations as a whole have slowly increased. 46 american robin 美洲知更鳥 47 4. home reading insects 4.1 the main idea this passage tells about the abc of insects. an adult insect is divided into three parts called the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. all adult insects