aps經(jīng)濟(jì)審核總結(jié)

1、1.advanced mathematics in this course i learned hoe to solve derivative problem, for example, f(x) equals 4x square 2 plus 3x, then the derivate of this quotation will be 8x plus 3. and we also learned integration, which can be thought of as measuring the area under a curve, defined by f(x), between

2、 two points, like a and b. for example, the x axis represents time, and the y axis represents speed, the distance is the area of the shaded region. 2.management this course introduced us some basic theories of modern management. such as herzbergs two factor theory, this theory mainly suggested a two

3、-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction. he divided the reasons which would infect employees into two kinds, one is hygiene factors and the other is motivator factors. such factors like wages, company policy and working conditions are hygiene factors, this kind of factor

4、 decided if it would cost dissatisfaction and demotivation. and the motivation factors are more likely to be something like opportunity to advancement, challenging and sense of personal achievement. unlike hygiene factors, motivation factors will help to determine satisfaction and motivation. this t

5、heory actually been used widely in modern companies, . secondly, we learned a very famous and important theory, maslow s hierarchy of needs. it suggests that you are motivated by your needs, and your needs can be divided into five hierarchy, there are physiological, safety, lovebelonging, esteem, se

6、lf-actualization. 3.political economics in this course we learned marxism, in which introduced value in use, it means any labor-product has a value and a use-value, and if it traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price. marx acknowle

7、dges that commodities being traded also have a general utility, implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold. use value means the ability to satisfy peoples some certain n

8、eed. for example, the average price for one hour is ten, then a made a shoe in one hour, but it is damaged, then the value of this shoe is ten but the use value of this shoe is zero since the shoe already lost its ability to satisfy peoples need.secondly, exchange value as for marx refers to what ot

9、her commodities it will exchange for.4.monetary banking in this course, i learned the mainly about bank, bank is a financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money. now banks can offer many different channels and services, such as b

10、ranches, atms, mails, telephone banking and online banking. people can get these services easily. for example, i prefer buying something on the internet, because it is very easy and by my online banking i can pay the bills quickly. when i want to transform some money to someone, via online banking i

11、 can do it and check my account. because of this service, i wont to go to the bank and wait for long time. via online banking, people also can choose to save their money, pay the electricity feebretton woods system, its been built up after the world war two, its feature was an obligation for each co

12、untry to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to the us dollar and the ability of the imf to bridge temporary imbalance of payments. the ultimate reasons why this system brake down is the insolvable problem of this system, first of all, if the dollar needs

13、to be stable or else other country would not accept it as an international payment and store method,so americans international payment need to be favorable balance, but on the other hand, the other countries in the world need to have enough foreign exchange reserve which would need american to keep

14、in deficit. there are three direct reasons why this system broke down,1. americans gold reserve keep reducing, which mainly cause by the viet nam war. 2.americans inflation getting worse. 3. americans international balance of payment keep being deficit, which cause the dollargult.then i learned infl

15、ation and deflation, inflation generally caused lots of currencies, which would cause money devalue and total price rises up. inflation can be divided into demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation, the former one caused by excessive growth of aggregate demand, it means too much money chase too

16、few goods. to be more specific, it could be demand for money is invariant but the money supple increase too much., or the economy system decrease its demand for money greatly. and the second type of inflation is cause by the increase of cost, material and salary. deflation is caused by price going d

17、own for more than one year. it can cause 3 low and 1 high. price of commodities goes down, effective demands is not enough, money supply is low and economy grows in a low rate, and high unemployment. an increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the purchasing power of the currenc

18、y.measures: expansionary monetary policy, expansionary fiscal policy. expansionary monetary policy means is monetary policy that seeks to increase the size of the money supply. fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection (taxation) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy. t

19、he two main instruments of fiscal policy are government taxation and expenditure. changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can impact the following variables in the economy: aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; the pattern of resource allocation; the d

20、istribution of income.5.accountingfirstly i learned accounting is processing the economy data into accounting information, so that we can figuring out the financial status and business results and use it for future decision. to be more specific, we learned balance sheet, it including assets, liabili

21、ties and net worth. assets shows all the productive assets a company owns, and the second part shows all the financing methods, such as liabilities and shareholders equity. it always have to follow the formula:assets= liabilities + shareholders equity.balance sheet has a lot of functions, allow me t

22、o explain them to you in a vividly example, i kept every income and expenditure of my family, so first, from it i can quickly get to know the financial statement of our family, about the familys financial strength and capabilities to purchase something expensive like cars or house. i think this is s

23、ame for the company, they can quickly know whether they are ready to expansion or not. secondly, the balance sheet can help to analyze the trend, in the area of receivables and payables. thirdly, along with the income statement, can make financial reporting to potential lender such as banks, investo

24、rs.and we learned cash flow statement.6. corporate finance i learned the time value of money in this course, it refers to a certain amount of money can buy more things than the same money can buy in present. for example, now i have 100 yuan, if the interest is 5%, then after a year, this 100 yuan wi

25、ll be worth 105 yuan in the future. this is because the common phenomenon of inflation. for example, as the professor said, theoretically, you are actually saving money if you pay the credit cards debt at the last day of the limitation. then we learned matching principle, a company can minimize its

26、financial cost by matching principle, which refers to a short term finance demand should supply by short term debt financing, and long term finance demand should be support by long term finance recourse. for example, 7.international trade in this course, i learned free trade and protectionism, free

27、trade is a trade policy that allows traders to act or transact without the interference from government, under this trade policy, prices are a reflection of true supply and demand, and are the sole determinant of resources allocation. and protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade bet

28、ween states, through methods like tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas and some other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent foreign companies take over domestic markets and companies. for example, walmart in china. two supermarkets from walmart, shenzhen walmart

29、and beijing walmart might have different prices on one good, because shenzhen as a economic special zone, dont allow protectionism exist, the chinese government in order to protect the domestic retailer, set up a series of tax policy to foreign retailers.thirdly, we learned balance of trade, it refe

30、rs to the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over i certain period. a positive or favorable balance of trade is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative or unfavorable balance is referred to as a trade de

31、ficit or a trade gap. surplus appears on the balance of payment will be as a credit balance, the advantage of it is it will enhance the ability of international reserve and foreign payment, but it also have disadvantages about it, for example china and american:1. it will increase the pressure of rm

32、b appreciation, cuz favorable balance of trade will make the supply of dollar more than demand, then will cause the expectation of dollar depreciation and rmb appreciation, then it would increase the pressure of rmb appreciation, the more surplus get the bigger pressure of rmb appreciation gets. fav

33、orable balance of trade would cause international trade friction, chinas having favorable balance means the countries doing business with china will have unfavorable balance, then they will use limit the export of chinas product to protect their domestic industry, for example, after china join wto,

34、trade between china and american has the largest deficit, so chinas relationship with american has always been so tight.2.8.international trade practice in this course we learned some practical knowledge about international trade, firstly, trade terms like fob, cif and cfr, these are three most usef

35、ul trade terms, fob means free on board, cfr means cost and fright, cif means cost and fright and insurance. in these three trade terms, what seller needs to paid is increasing, but the responsibility has all transferred to the buyer once the goods cross the ship side. for example, a company in braz

36、il bought a thousand pieces silk, and he choose cif as the trade term, then i need to prepare all the documents for export from china and pat the insurance and fright to the goods, after once the good cross the ship side, before the ship sail, the goods were accidentally falling off the ship and rui

37、ned, then the buyer need to contact and negotiate the compensation.and wo learned payments of international trade, such as l/c, letter of credit. d/p, documents against payment, which can be divided into d/p sight and d/p after sight or after date. d/a, documents against acceptance. the risk to the

38、exporter is different with these three kind of payment, if i am exporting some goods, foe example, i am gonna export ten thousand meter silk to you, i would choose the most safe payment to me, l/c, letter of credit, because after the contract is included, the your bank would supplies a letter of cre

39、dit to me, then i will consigns the goods to a my carrier in exchange for a bill of lading, after that i will provide the bill of lading to bank in exchange for payment, my bank exchanges bill of lading for payment from your bank. then your bank exchanges bill of lading for payment from you, at last

40、, you provides bill of lading to my carrier and takes delivery of goods.and some details process of doing business with foreign companies. we studied the detailed process of doing business with foreign companies in this course.after learning about a suitable company which can be done business with,

41、we need to do inquiry, offer and acceptance. this is a negotiation process. then we sign the contract. during this process, we need to define the name of commodity, package and quantity accurately. and we must state clearly what trade term and which legislation we use in this business. there are dif

42、ferent kinds of trade terms, such as fob (free on board)裝運(yùn)港船上交貨, cif (cost insurance and freight)成本加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi), and cfr (cost and freight)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi). these terms explain the responsibilities and duties of shipper托運(yùn)人，發(fā)貨人 and consignee收運(yùn)人.after signing the contract, the seller needs to prepare for the cargo, d

43、o custom clearance清關(guān)，外貿(mào)通關(guān) and inspection檢查. before connecting with carrier, the shipper or consignee needs to confirm insurance. there are many transport ways. such as shipping, rail, and air. we choose the ways according to the cargo and particular case. the normal and basic way is container transp

44、ort集裝箱運(yùn)輸. it can realize cy to cy集裝箱運(yùn)輸，場(chǎng)到場(chǎng) and cy to sd?. the normal types of containers are 20 feet, 40gp and reefer. after the cargo arrives at the destination, consignee pays and gets bills. then he takes delivery with the bills. there are two types of bills. original bill原始票據(jù) and seaway bill海運(yùn)單.

45、 the consignee also can request to do telex release. the payment ways consist of remittance匯款, collection and letter of credit信用證.after the buyer pays for all the fees and picks up the cargo, this business is finished.瓦家：letter of credit: is a document that a financial institution or similar party i

46、ssues to a seller of goods or services which provides that the issuer will pay the seller for goods or services the seller delivers to a third-party buyer.9. international finance theory and practice in this course10.finance i learned inflation and deflation 11.international investing in this course

47、 i learned about foreign direct investment, which means direct investment into production in a country by a company in another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country. foreign direct investment is done for many reas

48、ons including to take advantage of cheaper wages, special investment privileges such as tax exemptions offered by the country as an incentive to gain tariff-free access to the markets of the country to portfolio investment which is a passive investment in the securities of another country such as st

49、ocks and bonds. for example, walmart in guangzhou, since china have set a tax for foreign retailers to protect domestic retailers, so walmarts low price everyday can not work in gz, so walmart purchase a domestic retailer haoyouduo to enter the market, then it can avoid the tax policy chinese govern

50、ment set up for foreign company. then we also learned what a company should do before entering a completely strange market, introduce us a method by evaluating the certain region of its currency stability, political stability and discrimination&controls. each par worth a certain percentage. add up a

51、ll the points and comparing them. for example, if you want invest in asia, comparing china and india, then the basic infrastructure in china may get some point while india may have more advantage in law.12.world economics world economy introduces mainly the economy situations of some representative

52、countries in the world. this course divides the world economy into five categories. there are developed economy countries, such as america and japan, quick developing economy countries, like latin america, like argentina, brazil. economy system reforming country, the soviet union changes to russia,

53、for example, after the disintegration of the soviet union, a very few people get the wealthy of former national corporations, which cause the massive gap between poor people and wealth people. and there are economy develops stably, such as norway and switzerland. the countries whose economy is still

54、 growing, such as china and india. one is the world important manufacturing area and another is world it support center. they are both searching for their own developing roads.13. transnational corporation this is a course introducing many aspects of transnational corporation, such as the environmen

55、t analyze of target market, that means when a corporation intend to enter a completely strange market, it needs to do some research about the environment of that country, which includes politic environment, cultural environment, and the most important one, economic environment. for example, if my co

56、rporation want develop my business in africa, i need to .and i learned international corporation marketingand i learned the research and development of international corporation, it has many forms, such as buying 14.econometrics i learned a very popular and useful application to solve statistic prob

57、lems in finance. first of all, i learned there are three types of data, time-series data, cross-sectional data, and panel data. for example, time-series data is something like the inflation of a country from 2002 to 2010. cross-sectional data are like all citizens income in shenzhen in 2010. panel d

58、ata contains both of them, like all citizens income in sz from 2002 to 2010.after this we learned how to build a econometric model.economic or financial theory(precious study)formulation of an estimable theoretical modelcollection of datamodel estimationtestify is the model statistically work?if no

59、then reformulate model, if yes then interpret model and use for analysis.for example, i can build up a econometric model about the relationship between 15.computer theory and practice this course mainly introduced how to use many popular and useful software, for example, the more professional way of using word, excel and ppt, which really build up a solid foundation to my future study like management information syst