好譯文的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1、好譯文的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ：The theory and practice is an important part of this one as the core respectively. Due to the theory and practice of the inseparable connection ， therefore ， only for English translation work standards ， characteristic and classification， in order to combine the translation and the art tog

2、ether well. Translation as a work with specific characteristic ， which meansa good translation would be more scrupulous and preciser， however ， it has being at sixes and sevens to define the standards of a good translations at home and abroad. Hence， the following chapter mainly links the preceding

3、theoretical knowledge to come to the conclusion that my own new cognition on the standards of a good translation ， referencing other experts daily experience and perspective on the norms of a good translation. The Definition of a Good Translation 1. Translation Translation is the expression way that

4、 one language to another one. Translation is consisted of two main forms as interpretation and translation. And translation can undertake not only between two different nations in the same language ， but the standard language to the local dialect or even for two different dialects translation. From

5、the basic theory ， translation is the conversion of language form. So-called the form of language is the vocabularies ， phrases ， sentences and paragraphs and so on both in the written and verbal forms.These forms are usually referred to as the surface structure of language. 1.1 Definition of Transl

6、ation Translation is with great variety. In terms of the way of working ， it divided into the translation and interpretation. What is the translation？ It is the fundamental communication method in such modern society ， translators or interpreters should convert their information and perception into

7、another language in an accurate and quick way. In laymans eyes ， translation is a kind of passive ， single ， mechanical language expression. Otherwise ， translation is a positive ， complicated and a creative reproduced activity which not only for the literal meaning but for the derived meaning， ling

8、uistic style ， cultural feature and the spirit of speakers. From this level ， translation ， a multi-comprehensive communication context activity of the information of linguistics culture and custom as well as psychology.Required two languages and cultural background information at least ， both trans

9、lators and interpreters work on this. However， a bilingual without any training courses may not be a qualified translator or an interpreter ，which maydose on the contrary. A good translator or interpreter is based on their natural ability of bilingual acknowledge ， grammatical structure ， informatio

10、n conversion. In general ， accumulating courses for their professional competence and skills and actual experience to enhance ego reaction ， memory， expression ， cultural background etc ， a bilingual is apt to become a translator or interpreter. 1.2 The Characteristic of Translation Translation is a

11、 special language communicative activity ，because it contains some specific characteristic. First of all ， translation is a bilingual consecutive activity with unpredictability. Translators and interpreters should be in the right situation especially when they interpret on the spot before making ade

12、quate preparation. On some occasion like the press conference or business negotiation ， it is not easy to predict the daedal theme. Interpreters ， perhaps ， can forecast the topic of both parties through the predetermined contents. Nonetheless ， it is quit insufficient for interpreters to capture th

13、e dialogue ， and the subjective forecasting without the stability. In addition， there are no interlocutors do not like to elaborate their stand in continuous and rapid way. But， it is the information transmitter between the different language who affects the continuity and rapidity to some extent. I

14、t is for this reason that both parties hope the interpreters as the medium could try their best to be efficient as soon as possible instead of spending too muchtime ， which requires interpreters with great ability of extempore adaptability and fluent expression. Field pressure is another characteris

15、tic for translation. Inexperienced translators or interpreters always suffer from the formal occasion as international conference or diplomatic negotiation， thanks to the serious and solemn atmosphere could affect the translators or interpreters confidence and even the better performance. Hence，no m

16、atter howwarmor cold ，serious or eased，which would not to be the factor to influence interpreters behavior ， and their spirit is supposed to inflect the situation according to the fact， neither surpass nor deviate the live atmosphere. Responsibility ， a duty ， is for both translators and interpreter

17、s whose job with apparent independence. Normally ， translators and interpreters must address various challenges in the course of translation. Some for language related to bilingual acknowledge ， some for traditional culture related to social technology ，and some for grammatical structure related to

18、the syntax analysis ， which concerned with translators and interpreters knowledge of society ， culture ， national condition， foreign affairs and so on. As we all know that translators or interpreters can not avoid any trouble， and the only way for them is to face and overcome in time. Translation co

19、vers a range of observation ， listening ， speaking ， reading ， writing and stenography. Contents ， contains all grounds and fields ， profound and extensive. It is no doubt that translation， a highly professional occupation ， demands translators or interpreters possess the solid linguistic knowledge，

20、 fluent bilingual expression skills ， adept conversion technique ， and the nimble stenographic aptitude. If you want to be a professional translator or an interpreter ， it reminds me of an old saying goes like Rome is not build in one day. As a result ， translators and interpreters should become the

21、 eclectic ， not just an expert in language. 1.3 The Criteria of Translation Tan Zaixi ， a professor of English and translation and chairman of foreign language department， summarized the four principles for translation according to E.A.Nidas Concept of Translation. First ， contextual agreement has s

22、uperiority over verbal agreement. The meaning of words refers to different semantic domain instead of literalness. Due to the fact that one word with multiple meaning， relevant semantic domain is not all in common ， supposing that you should select the proper words for translation ， in different lan

23、guage ， the order of the day is to consider an agreement in the context rather than literalism. Secondly ，dynamics ，viz. functional equivalence ，has superiority to formal correspondence. Eugene A Nida， a renowned linguist and translator ， has studying translation from the angle of the readers ， and

24、attaching importance to readers understanding of translation. The criteria of translation is not to emphasize whether the word used in the translation can be understood ， sentences are in accordance with grammar or not， but pay attention on what readers reflect and impression of the translation is.

25、So-called dynamic equivalence indicates that readers response to translation is equivalent to readers reaction to originals. This kind of response ，of course ，is in basic agreement not absolute agreement ，because there ever exist great differences between the translations and the originals for cultu

26、re and history background respectively. Thirdly ， verbal form above written form in linguistics ， and these two are not all the same. Some language is for written， and some for spoken. For this reason ， translatorsor interpreters should lay stress on the points as followed. Rules one， to utilize cou

27、nterwords and misapprehensive translation as less as possible ；rules two ， do not use misleading pronunciation andword order ； rules three ， no coarse or vulgar words in translations ； rules four ， do your best to be concise and precise instead of tediousness and over-length. Fourthly ， readers requ

28、est for translation is superior to the traditional linguistic form. 2.The Norms of Translation The concept of norms， the inevitable phenomenain the research and development in translation， is one of the significant academic tasks in last 1980s， and as a symbol of the turn point of the research and d

29、evelopment in translation. Ithas been said that norms ， the production from social process and the criteria of social behavior， can facilitate the interpersonal relationship and communication so as to enable human behavior to be predictable. Predictability has close relations to the concept of expec

30、tation pointed by Theo Hermans having an influence in study of translation style. At the same time ， norms is also categorized as another idea of social science. The word of translation quoted on the concept of translation with the aim of a study of social activity. Norms reflects the shared values

31、or an ideological orientation ， like the right-and-wrong issue ， of one category. All that norms is not strategy ， but can lead to a choice of some tactics ， or a reasonable explanation for some strategy. Norms not only restrict selection function ， but simplify the selection procedure. 2.1 The Defi

32、nition of Translation Standards What is the norm ？ And how do you treat it？ The word of norms in the Ci Hai of a Comprehensive Chinese Lexical-Encyclopaedic Dictionary with some meanings as followed. First one ， the standards ， such as the moral criterion ， technical regulation ， or linguistic speci

33、fication and so on； second one ， it for the quintessence or the paragon. Concise Encyclopaedia Britannica translates this word as a kind of norms which is the standards of behavior that are typical of or accepted within a particular group or society. The word of standards is equivalent to the word o

34、f norms， hence ， they can be translated mutually. Now ， lets share some idea from famous translators and interpreters for the definition of the word of norms. From the existing datum and materials， it was these two scholars Jiri Levy and James S. Holmes who has quoted the word of norms from the conc

35、ept of the sociology into the study of translation. And the new concept of that translation work can be affected by two factors as the copy standards and the aesthetic norms have played an important role in translation so far. In 1967， it is not hard to find it from the standpoint of the generative

36、scheme raised by Jiri Levy that the characteristics of the translation are still a decision-making process throughout. This statement contains a subtext of that translators or interpreters has to make a decision finally no matter which level the translation is， including the textual selection， the o

37、rientation towards translation strategy or even the selection of wording and phrasing. Though different translators or interpreters have diverse opinions on translation ， in general ， the decision or choice are not chaotic or confused. So， this thought from Jiri Levy could be viewed as the earliest

38、argument for the study of the translation norms.There is no accepted definition of the norms in the domain of translation， at present ， there are three representatives as follows. First ， the concept of the norms is a correct cognition of social reality raised by Bartsch in 1987. Second， Toury in 19

39、80 definite the norms as a category of descriptive analysis on translation， which is the shared values and perception in the scope of a certain language community ， for instance ， what is the right and what is the wrong； what is the appropriate and what is the inappropriate. Third ， Hermans in 1996

40、pointed that the norms， a entity of mind and society ， a essential factor of communication among the people ， belongs to the one of social evolution and development. Broadly speaking ， norms covers the all the scope of the convention and the laws and decrees. It is not hard to see that translation n

41、orms is the basic rule for translators or interpreters to restrain their behavior ， and the laws and decrees， regulation ， convention etc. for translation are all the translation criteria ， although the force of constrain is different， they should be categorized as translation norms. 2.2 The Academi

42、c Theory and Research in Foreign Translation Occidental translation activity has experienced over two thousands years started far back from when the Septuagint came out in Alexandria of Egypt in 3rd century BC. Various kinds of theories of translation have kept emerging during the four or five decad

43、es in twenty century in particular. Different scholars from different schools of all times illustratedand paraphrased their own idea at a distinct angle respectively， and some of standpoints have been improved and consummated； some without a clear definition have been quoted or appeared very often，

44、and the concept of translation is subordinate to the latter. Almost all the people speaking of the translation would mention the norms more or less especially during the period of the two decades recently. From the panoramic study and research in the translation norms overseas， there are major three

45、 approaches roughly as the traditional linguistics ， the text linguistics and the study of translation. With the development in some fields of the linguistics and the applied linguistics ， in the latter half of the 20th century ， systematic study of the translation has been sprung up gradually. The

46、diversityof translation between the original and the target language both attributes to the diversity of these two essences. The purpose of translation is to find the target-language text that is identical with the original in contents， style and effect. People， thereupon ， began to make a further r

47、esearch based on the comparative analysis of correct linguistic unit and syntactic structures between two languages into the linguistic phenomenon.There has been unceasing development and research into the translation with rise of text linguistics in 1970s. Texts were defined as the elementary commu

48、nicative unit and the key research goal by text linguistics， which signified texts were the basic unit for translation. Translation do not meansthe symbolic conversion but the reconfiguration of original texts ， and the core of translation is the texts production instead of the meaning reproduction.

49、 Scholars from the school of the text linguistics findthat the fundamental assumption for translation is that the diversity between the original and the target language reflects not only the sentence structure generated by linguistic system ， but also some sentence regularity. They classified texts

50、according to different quality ， and set up genre profiles through the comparison between the originals and the target language. Somescholars have been studying at the genre profiles at the angle of translation in the level of both microcosmic and macrocosmic aspects in recent years. The research on

51、 genre profiles is useful for the translation practice and training ， but its effect is limited. Onthe one hand， not all the genre profiles are highly controlled ； on the other hand， some texts contain inconstant and unstable factors. To sum up， the standards research on appliedlinguistics and text

52、linguistics is basically prescriptive. 3.A Good Translation and an Art Theodore Horace Savory ， propounds that translation is an art ， sorts translation into four categories ： perfect translation ，adequate translation ，composite translation and translation of learned， scientific ， technical and prac

53、tical matter. Perfection translation meansof a direct method of transformation like an advertisement or a proclamation and so on. For instance， the notices at an international airport ， the mere information ， utilizing different languages but all the information and function are in the same. Adequat

54、e translation， a free-and-easy form ， concerns its contents which bring into correspondence with the originals， do not emphasize netaphrase. And this kind of translation always attracts those interesting in cause and effect as well as the information itself but the originals. Due to the fact that th

55、e form is as important as the contents ， composite translation with another covering of literary translation is the most difficult of all. The object of the applied translation including some aspects of academic study， science and technology etc. is that the value of experience from others for targe

56、t-language country on literal contents ， instead of the literal value. Therefore ， translation ， either for idioms， adages ， allusions or culture-loaded words ， is an art. It is quite often for translators and interpreters to face some problem of coordinating words varied in lexical gaps in the cour

57、se of lexical conversion. And the process for translators or interpreters is the process of an aesthetic choice. There is another challenge for translators to grasp the author or original style. In face of numerous and complicated choices ， translator and interpreters should overcome ， which is the

58、quintessence of the translation art. The mainstay of translation or interpretation is that translators or interpreters act as artists. When only possessing profound professional background ， extensive acknowledge about the source language ， critical eyes for the source language ， you can be a good t

59、ranslator or interpreter one day. Newmark ever pointed that translation is a skill and art as well as a science ， and that language is divided into two classes as standard language and non-standard language ， and the former ， a correct translation method with regularity， reflecting translation scien

60、ce； the latter ， the variant with irregularity ， presenting an art and technique of translation ，which makes enormous demands on the translators and interpreters aesthetics and judgment. Generalizing all the statements above ， I would like to give myopinion that both translation and interpretation a