maggie雅茹小姜老師公開課的筆記完整版

1、目錄outline of lecture 221.讀題注意的問題32.抽象詞:命題時有大量抽象詞33.絕對用語44.情態(tài)用語6outline of lecture 371.上節(jié)課復(fù)習(xí)82. 表程度和數(shù)量的詞83.什么是對比元素104.什么是評價標準115.什么是未聲明的假設(shè)12outline of lecture 413 q1: 新gre issue如何讀題（總結(jié)）？131.1抽象詞131.2絕對用語131.3表情態(tài)的詞131.4表數(shù)量程度的詞131.5表對比的詞141.6評價標準141.7未聲明假設(shè)14 q2: issue如何布局？15 q3: issue如何開頭？16寫引子 hook16主

2、旨句 thesis statement17 q4: issue如何展開？17 q5: issue如何結(jié)尾？18outline of lecture 518 q2: 如何限定題目討論范圍？19 q3: 什么叫題目背景?20 q4: 如何有效地舉例子？21舉例子用語21 q5: 如何使用因果展開？22因果展開：除了because of還可以用變換用詞22 q6: 如何讓步展開？23outline of lecture 624q1: issue如何展開？ （回顧） ？24 q2: 如何提出批判性問題？：用提問方法豐富句式26 q3: 如何提出其他意見?：出現(xiàn)only 和best27q4: 升華題目觀

3、點？:必須要有28 q5: 什么是具體情況具體分析？（寫作要求consider ways）29outline of lecture 730 q1: 如何攻擊對立觀點？（重要）30 q2: 如何權(quán)衡利弊?32 q3: 怎樣評價邏輯關(guān)系？claim: reason: 33 q4: 什么是推演結(jié)果？34 q5: issue如何展開？ （回顧總結(jié)） ？34分析幾道高頻題目35outline of lecture 837 q1: issue如何讀題（回顧）？37 q2: issue文章如何確定立場？39 q3: issue如何展開（回顧）39 q4: issue如何論點布局？39 q5: 從讀題到論點布

4、局（總結(jié)）。40outline of lecture 941寫作要求特點關(guān)鍵詞第一類寫作要求考慮具體情況consider ways第二類寫作要求反擊對立論點address/ challenge第三類寫作要求分析建議利弊advantageous第四類寫作要求分析邏輯鏈claim/ reason第五類寫作要求觀點選擇some/ others第六類寫作要求推演政策結(jié)果policy/ consequencesoutline of lecture 2 q1: issue讀題注意什么？ q2: 什么是抽象詞？ q3: 什么是絕對用語? q4: 什么是情態(tài)用語？ q5: 什么是否定用語？1. 讀題注意的問題

5、2. 抽象詞:命題時有大量抽象詞從公平性角度考量，為保證所有考生都能夠有話可說，考生會發(fā)現(xiàn)ets在命題時盡量在使用抽象詞，這樣不管來自什么專業(yè)背景的學(xué)生都可以從自己的角度探討?！拘?1題】the primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase peoples efficiency so that they have more leisure time.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree wit

6、h the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain科技的確可以節(jié)省時間，閑暇時間?？萍歼M步導(dǎo)致身體健康發(fā)展，壽命延長，更多生命去休閑。更多科技技術(shù)為了迎合娛樂休閑需求，例如愛迪生。但并不是完全的題目觀點過于絕對?！笆滓繕恕币欢ㄊ菫榱诵蓍e時間嗎？

7、基礎(chǔ)研究為了好奇，推動人類科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展，例如伽利略，maxwell在通信領(lǐng)域的推動作用。（升華）確實技術(shù)讓人民有更多閑暇，但也有更多繁忙?？萍紝?dǎo)致人與人之間隔閡，人與自然的隔閡【新18題】the well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoni

8、ng for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.民眾的質(zhì)疑對社會的發(fā)展、人類的發(fā)展都有重要的意義。很多信息稂莠不齊，民眾要質(zhì)疑，不盲從。南非選舉權(quán)，婦女選舉權(quán)，通信婚姻?？萍急毁|(zhì)疑所推動，哥白尼質(zhì)疑地心說。如果題目沒有限定用哪種形式

9、進行質(zhì)疑，社會有可能會混亂（question此詞不具完備性），例如用以牙還牙。好的非暴力方法：圣經(jīng)中一句，發(fā)展此方法甘地，昂山素季深刻升華：不是為了質(zhì)疑而質(zhì)疑，是為了真理。為了保證社會進步，民眾要培養(yǎng)獨立思考，不盲從3. 絕對用語以下詞重要【新13題】universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree

10、 or disagree with the claim. in developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.攻擊對立觀點 二類學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)以外的問題有好處：學(xué)科交叉，相互借鑒。解析幾何，物理化學(xué)，地球化學(xué)，很多問題需要用各種學(xué)科知識解決。例如溫室效應(yīng)：氣候?qū)W，經(jīng)濟學(xué)的合作解決從個人生活角度：如果選修更多課程，壓力會更大。但也可以使課外選修課找到自

11、己的興趣所在，讓自己生活更豐富多彩，結(jié)交朋友。學(xué)校不能要求學(xué)生選擇怎樣的課。剝奪選擇的自由，增加了學(xué)生的學(xué)費負擔(dān)。課堂教學(xué)有缺陷，知識的獲得不僅只能在課堂上【新10題】nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and

12、explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.梭羅 國家公園定義一下wilderness areas有助于保護自然資源：黃石，黃山，加拿大banfu（荒原法出現(xiàn)后有利于國家公園出現(xiàn)，所以wilderne

13、ss areas可以認為是國家公園，抽象詞）資源的保護是為了更好的開發(fā)利用自然資源升華：從世界角度，原生態(tài)的保護也并沒有解決自然生態(tài)問題：美國把自然資源負擔(dān)給了發(fā)展中國家。原生態(tài)保護是人類的短淺認識【新6題】a nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the

14、recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.國家統(tǒng)一的課程存在合理性：大學(xué)前的通識教育，有助于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)基本競

15、爭力，即使是來自落后地方。有助于學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)，對于學(xué)校教授減少負擔(dān)反擊：雖然保證教育公平性。真正教育應(yīng)該以人為本，因材施教。各個地區(qū)都有亞文化，統(tǒng)一文化會有損亞文化的傳承。即便不談其弊端，題目還是過于極端?！癮ll”：不太可能包括聾啞兒童，天才兒童，殘障兒童?！居^點曖昧？】先讓步，但還是批判部分。大背景小部分批判【新28題】the surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general w

16、elfare of its people.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and e

17、xplain how these considerations shapeyour position.國民的安樂的確體現(xiàn)了國家的強大。可以用中國古代思想家的語句。民以食為天，民眾如果食不果腹即便如此，很多偉大的國家，還是留下很多軍事科技政治上面的成就：文藝復(fù)興意大利，亞歷山大大帝，成吉思汗，雅典升華：民眾安樂保障科技藝術(shù)成就。一些極端的情況：日本軍國主義，德國納粹主義4. 情態(tài)用語require 比較極端【新1題】as people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to thin

18、k for themselves will surely deteriorate.（有官方范文）write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might o

19、r might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.核武器 克隆研究：調(diào)整人類底線【新8題】claim: in any fieldbusiness, politics,education, governmentthose in power shouldstep down after five years.reason: the surest path to success for anyenterprise is revitalization through newleadership.w

20、rite a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim and thereason on which that claim is based.有很多政界成功人士，例如撒切爾夫人，普京等等都是政界的常青樹。任期過短的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)會有很多弊端，會導(dǎo)致政策不穩(wěn)定，浪費資源，長期任務(wù)不了了之。會把很多好的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)拒之門外【新2題】to understand the most importantcharacteristics of a society, one must study it

21、smajor cities.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or mightnot hold true and explain how t

22、hese considerationsshape your position.城市發(fā)展：古代多數(shù)是城市的發(fā)展興起，古羅馬等等。推動了文化交流。但是西方文化成為主流之后，把亞文化侵蝕了。在高度發(fā)達的城市很難找到自己城市的特征，反而在鄉(xiāng)村可以找到很多重要的文化?！拘?題】a nation should require all of itsstudents to study the same national curriculumuntil they enter college.outline of lecture 3 q1: issue讀題注意什么（回顧）？ q2: 什么是表程度和數(shù)量的詞？ q3

23、: 什么是對比元素? q4: 什么是評價標準？ q5: 什么是未聲明的假設(shè)？1. 上節(jié)課復(fù)習(xí)2. 表程度和數(shù)量的詞【新132題】some people believe that our ever increasinguse of technology significantly reducesour opportunities for human interaction. other peoplebelieve that technology provides us with new andbetter ways to communicate and connect with oneanoth

24、er.write a response in which you discuss which view moreclosely aligns with your own position and explain yourreasoning for the position you take. in developing andsupporting your position, you should address both of theviews presented.significantly reduces：why not gently.兩類觀點題：是否矛盾？complex thinking

25、/critical thinking 交流有很多種：人與社會，人與自然。兩種觀點提到的交流的定義不必局限住statement 新的交通交流技術(shù)前所未有地改變我們的交流方式，促進整個人類文化的融合。但不得否認的是，人與人深刻的交流變得單薄段一：新的通訊給人們帶來前說未有的交流方式：3g手機等等。點擊之間發(fā)現(xiàn)世界的美，收到來自世界每個地方的信息。載體豐富：聲音文字圖片視頻。technology可以說交通技術(shù)：飛機，衛(wèi)星通信使人們的距離日益拉近段二：新技術(shù)促進人類文化的交融。微博，世界資訊。地方?jīng)_突都是來自信息不通，和平段三：新的技術(shù)使節(jié)奏變得越來越快，不愿意和真實的人交流。更重要的是人與人的交流，

26、人與自然的交流在不斷地分離。人的本性是自然的（這是最后升華一下）【新9題】in any field of endeavor, it is impossible tomake a significant contribution(抽象) without first beingstrongly influenced by past achievements(抽象) within thatfield.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement and

27、explain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these considerations shapeyour position.段一：很多學(xué)科的確需要站在前人的肩膀上：例如牛頓站在哥白尼 又如瓦特，是蒸汽機的改進者。又如愛迪生，了解別人的專利，學(xué)習(xí)別人的經(jīng)驗，避免前人的錯誤。段二

28、：但很多成就是受到別的學(xué)科的影響，特別是交叉學(xué)科。笛卡爾：解析幾何。經(jīng)濟學(xué)+心理學(xué)。段三：還有很多學(xué)術(shù)是開拓了新的領(lǐng)域的，前無古人后無來者。愛因斯坦相對論，牛痘的疫苗。達爾文物種起源，推出嶄新的領(lǐng)域?！拘?題】claim: in any fieldbusiness, politics,education, governmentthose in power should stepdown after five years.reason: the surest path to success for anyenterprise is revitalization through new leade

29、rship.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim and thereason on which that claim is based.雖然我們不得不承認但是有失段一：題目出發(fā)點好，長期任職導(dǎo)致體制僵持，任人唯親，有失公平。段二：但題目過于絕對。為什么是五年？不是四年三年？很多政界的常青書。任期過短的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不好。很多有能力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人可以連任的。如果領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層頻繁的更迭，會導(dǎo)致人心渙散，任務(wù)不連續(xù)新手3. 什么是對比元素新手vs專家 【新93題】unfo

30、rtunately, in contemporary society,creating an appealing image has become moreimportant than the reality or truth behind that image.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and

31、supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these considerations shapeyour position.【哪一個更重要？】段一：快節(jié)奏使人們注重外在：整形plastic surgry ，包裝，過度包裝的禮品（中國的傳統(tǒng)拿出來）。但不代表內(nèi)在不重要段二：對于一個企業(yè)來說，如果注重包裝的話，他的本質(zhì)很快就會被識破。不注重質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)品服務(wù)的企業(yè) 又如政客。又如個人：路遙知馬力日久見人心（英語是）

32、交友的時候認識不到朋友的內(nèi)心段三升華：真正流芳百世的藝術(shù)，人。好的音樂，billiboard ，命運交響曲。書籍：暢銷榜上的，真正的好書，莎翁的悲喜劇，戰(zhàn)爭與和平。人：好的政客并不是油嘴滑舌甘地（穿破布），海倫凱勒要看書的人物資料【新123題】the best way for a society to prepare itsyoung people for leadership in government, industry,or other fields is by instilling in them a sense ofcooperation, not competition.write

33、 a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim. indeveloping and supporting your position, be sure toaddress the most compelling reasons and/or examplesthat could be used to challenge your position.競爭與合作段一：成功的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)需要競爭，競爭無處不在。達爾文物種競爭。競爭的前提是有平等參與的機會。段二：成功的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)也必須有

34、合作的精神。合作無處不在。人多，更多的方法，取得更大的成功。企業(yè)間的合作，綠色環(huán)保汽車，通用與奔馳。政府間的合作，破案，跨國犯罪，反恐領(lǐng)域段三升華：兩者都不可或缺。競爭是為了更好的合作，只。合作是為了更好的競爭。 全球艾滋病的通力研究，為了與病魔競爭，4. 什么是評價標準事物好壞優(yōu)缺【新28題】the surest indicator of a great nation isrepresented not by the achievements of its rulers,artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of itspeop

35、le.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these consid

36、erations shapeyour position.great nation 的評價標準是什么？民眾安樂，藝術(shù)家的成就？段一：中國的名言：民為貴，社稷次之，君為輕。the people are the most important element of the nation, the spirit of the land and the grain are the next, the sovran is the lightest. 民以食為天 the food is the first necessarily for man. 民可載舟，亦可覆舟。the water that bear t

37、he boat is the same that %&*&* 段二：很多國家留下了精彩的文明。亞歷山大大帝，拿破侖，文藝復(fù)興事情的意大利。只有國民安居樂業(yè)才：【新30題】teachers salaries should be based ontheir students academic performance.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim. indeveloping and supporting your position, be su

38、re toaddress the most compelling reasons and/or examplesthat could be used to challenge your position.評價老師的薪水段一：有其合理性?？梢哉{(diào)動教師積極性，學(xué)生成績也代表老師的教學(xué)的段二：單一地以成績評價是有風(fēng)險的。助長高分低能的應(yīng)試，不利益素質(zhì)教育。其實并不提高老師的質(zhì)量，不愿意分析合作交流氣氛段三：更好更綜合的方法：貢獻，學(xué)歷，家長評價，peer review5. 什么是未聲明的假設(shè)【新15題】educational institutions should activelyencourage

39、 their students to choose fields of studythat will prepare them for lucrative careers.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim. indeveloping and supporting your position, be sure toaddress the most compelling reasons and/or examplesthat could be u

40、sed to challenge your position.我：choose=learn？老師：有人調(diào)查了什么領(lǐng)域就一定學(xué)了就賺錢了嗎？段一：熱門領(lǐng)域變冷門了，就變得不賺錢了。即便可以被預(yù)測，也不應(yīng)鼓勵，學(xué)校是民族良知，不染塵俗。電磁學(xué)雖然開頭不被看好，后來卻推動了整個【新90題】educators should take students interestsinto account when planning the content of thecourses they teach.write a response in which you discuss the extent to wh

41、ichyou agree or disagree with the recommendation andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, describespecific circumstances in which adopting therecommendation would or would not be advantageousand explain how these examples shape your position.uns

42、tated assumption:學(xué)生都清楚自己的興趣？老師可以并有精力去發(fā)現(xiàn)嗎？有能力去滿足？（類argue）outline of lecture 4 q1: 新gre issue如何讀題（總結(jié)）？ q2: issue如何布局？ q3: issue如何開頭？ q4: issue如何展開？ q5: issue如何結(jié)尾？400+ 500+ 600+詞 q1: 新gre issue如何讀題（總結(jié)）？先讀寫作要求 引用書上reference 換個說法1.1抽象詞ets命題盡量使用抽象詞來保證公平。定義抽象詞并討論它的范圍，可以完成30min的作文高度的限定1.2絕對用語所有？每一位？ 要對立場絕對進

43、行批判1.3表情態(tài)的詞will 有100%的確定性；“應(yīng)該”也有強烈的情感1.4表數(shù)量程度的詞significant way；strongly1.5表對比的詞morethan:兩者可能不是對立的，是相輔相成的1.6評價標準什么是偉大的人？偉大的國家？成績怎么衡量？1.7未聲明假設(shè) take it for granted 觀點搖擺vs觀點明確【新18題】the well-being of a society is enhancedwhen many of its people question authority.write a response in which you discuss the

44、 extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these considerations shapeyour position.well-being:民眾成就？

45、軍事？question：口頭質(zhì)疑？暴力質(zhì)疑？non violate:甘地，曼德拉，昂山素季authority:政治的，信仰的。 統(tǒng)治現(xiàn)代民眾的三大類枷鎖宗教、科學(xué)（科學(xué)烏托邦科學(xué)技術(shù)可以解決一切）、政法（強制性的約束）【新13題】universities should require every studentto take a variety of courses outside the students fieldof study.write a response in which you discuss the extent to whichyou agree or disagree w

46、ith the claim. in developing andsupporting your position, be sure to address the mostcompelling reasons and/or examples that could be usedto challenge your position.段一：專業(yè)選修課好處段二：“should”?為什么一定要要求？放權(quán)給每個學(xué)生decision making；大學(xué)的民主精神?！癳very”身體上的殘疾學(xué)生要區(qū)別對待。英國的議論文喜歡在結(jié)尾concession，美國喜歡在開頭?！拘?題】as people rely mo

47、re and more ontechnology to solve problems, the ability ofhumans to think for themselves will surelydeteriorate.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your posi

48、tion, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or mightnot hold true and explain how these considerationsshape your position.technology:好的技術(shù)，不好的技術(shù)=關(guān)于issue的題目分析部分完= q2: issue如何布局？you are free to organize and develop your response(形式任意) inany way that you think will effectively communicate

49、your position(明確立場：同意題目的背景，同意題目的出發(fā)點，理解背景，不同意他的絕對用語，不能說同意同意，不同意什么，摳每個字眼) on the issue and address the specifictask instructions(非常重要，要先看，應(yīng)對專門寫作要求，不能隨便寫). your response may, but need not,incorporate particular writing strategies learned inenglish composition or writing-intensive collegecourses. gre re

50、aders will not be looking for aparticular developmental strategy or mode ofwriting(太扯); in fact, when gre readers are trained, theyreview hundreds of analyze an issue responses that,although highly diverse in content and form, displaysimilar levels of critical thinking and persuasivewriting. (from e

51、ts)you should use as many or as few paragraphs as youconsider appropriate for your argumentfor example,you will probably need to create a new paragraphwhenever your discussion shifts to a new cluster ofideas. what matters is not the number of examples,the number of paragraphs, or the form your argum

52、enttakes but, rather, the cogency of your ideas about theissue and the clarity and skill with which youcommunicate those ideas to academic readers.(from ets) q3: issue如何開頭？開頭段落（opening paragraph）包括兩部分內(nèi)容：“hook”和“thesis statement”正文段落（body paragraph）通常包括兩部分內(nèi)容：“topic sentence”和“supporting evidence(deve

53、lopment)”（+表過渡和表總結(jié)的）結(jié)尾段落（concluding paragraph）包括兩部分內(nèi)容：“reminder of thesis statement”和“final remarks”readers will see, for example, some analyze an issueresponses at the 6 score level that begin by brieflysummarizing the writers position on the issue andthen explicitly announcing the main points to b

54、eargued. they will see others that lead into the writersposition by making a prediction, asking a series ofquestions, describing a scenario, or defining criticalterms in the quotation. (from ets)寫引子 hook假想場景（describe a scenario）:想象一下未來幾年描述背景（introduce the background）：學(xué)生定義關(guān)鍵詞（define key terms）：題中的tec

55、hnology在我眼里是xxoo提問題（ask questions）:不是隨便提，是后面要解決的問題引用（offer a quotation）：牛頓說xxoo；寫作參考有1000句名言，有介紹人物評價題目（qualify an issue statement）：哪個詞，絕對用語不好講故事（tell a story）：不善用提出反面論點（raise opposing points）money makes the world go round. sadly, thisfamous quotation frequently rings all-too-true.quotathe statements accuracy depends on the category.legitimate political leadership must, by definition, servethe citizenry, but the same cant be said for business ormilitary leadership.很好，評價，一看就知道是分類討論，case by case主旨句 thesis sta