Synecdoche提喻的概念及示例

1、Synecdoche提喻的概念及示例5、蘊涵新意的Synecdoche（提喻）Synecdoche（提喻） 是英語中常用的一種修辭格，Synecdoche 來自希臘語，是“共同擔(dān)起”（GK “taking up together”）的意思。Websters Third International Dictionary對Synecdoche的定義講得很明確:l A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for the part, species for genus, the genus for the s

2、pecies or the name of the material for the thing made.這個定義的意思是：Synecdoche是一種修辭格，它包括以部分代替整體，以整體代替部分，以某種事物代替某類事物，以某類事物代替某種事物，或者以原材料的名稱代替由其制成的東西。Websters New World Dictionary的解釋是：Synecdoche還包括“以個體代替一類”。A figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for thi

3、ng, or reverse of any of these.兩者相比較，后者增加了一項，即Synecdoche還包括“以個體代替一類”。使用Synecdoche可以使語言富于新鮮感，變換一個說法，也可以使語言生動活潑。例如：大學(xué)英語精讀第四冊四單元課文中有這樣一個句子：As a Sac and Fox, Jim had the colorful Indian name Wa-Tho -Huck 作為袋與狐的成員，吉姆有一個生動的印第安名字Sac and Fox本指一印第安人部落，這里是用一個部落來代這個部落中的某一個人，即用整體來代替部分，The western wave was all a

4、-flame;The day was well nigh done!Almost upon the western waveRested the broad bright Sun;When that strange shape drove suddenlyBetwixt us and the Sun. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the ancient Mariner)白天即將過去，在西方波浪燃起紅光。就像在西方的波浪之上，坐落著光輝的太陽。突然在太陽和我們之間，駛來那奇怪的形狀。此例以波浪代替大海，突出表現(xiàn)了大海的特征，使詩歌的語言更生動形象，

5、更富表現(xiàn)力。No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot. (Samuel Lover: The Death of a Great President)沒有人看見他?？墒?，一秒鐘以后每個人都聽到了一聲槍響。此例是以人的部分的器官eye 或ear來代替人本身。Synecdoche大體上可分為6類：以部分代全體，以全體代部分，以一種事物代替一類事物，用一類事物代替一種事物，用原材料代替其制品，以個體代替一類。下面一一舉例說明：1、以部分代全體They were short of hands at harvest time.

6、收獲季節(jié)他們?nèi)鄙賱诹ΑＪ质侨梭w的一部分，因此人們常用它來代替各種各樣的人。這里以 Hand（手）代替 worker, labourer（工人）。Still, if all hands had been got together, they would not have more than half filled the room. (Charles Dickens: The Uncommercial Traveller)即使全體人員集合起來，也裝不滿半個房間。此句中的hands代替做某項工作的全體人員（staff，personnel）。This newspaperand probably th

7、e countrywill wait its time and see how the new faces perform before judging them.這家報紙大概全國也一樣要等待一段時間，以便看一看這些新人物如何行事，然后再判斷他們。這里以face（臉、面孔）代替person（人）。大學(xué)英語精讀第二冊第2單元課文中有一個句子使用提喻修辭格，屬于部分代替整體這一類型：I will count three hundredthats five minutesand not one of you is to move a muscle. (Mona Gardner: The Dinner

8、 Party)我數(shù)三百下也就是五分鐘你們誰都不許動一動。這個句子中的作為身體組成部分的muscle（肌肉）代替的是整個身體。Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. (Old

9、 Testament: Matt. 27:3)這時候，出賣耶穌的猶大看見耶穌已經(jīng)定了罪，就后悔，把那三十個銀幣拿后來給祭司長和長老，說：我出賣了無辜之人是有罪的。此例以innocent blood（無辜人的血）代替無辜的人Jesus（耶穌）。The broken wall, the burning roof and towerAnd Agamemnon dead. (Yeats)坍塌的城垣，燃燒著的房屋和塔樓還有死去的阿伽門農(nóng)。此例以roof（屋頂）代替這個house（房屋）。2、以全體代部分England won the football game.英格蘭隊贏了足球賽。這里以England（

10、英格蘭）代替England Football Team（英格蘭足球隊）。Then the surgeon cut me open and take out the appendix and stitched me up again.醫(yī)生切開我的腹部，割除了闌尾，又把我腹部縫好。這是以me（我）代my abdomen（我的腹部）。He told the distance, “I am armed for war.”The next machine that has the power to pass.Will get this plasma in its goggle glass.” (Robe

11、rt Frost: The Egg and the Machine)他向遠處喊著：“我已全副武裝準備打仗。下次機車再膽敢過來，血漿就將在它車窗玻璃上濺開?！盡achine是一個涵蓋內(nèi)容非常廣泛的詞，包括各種機器，汽車，自行車，機動車輛等，在這首詩里，作者用它具體指火車。是用全體代替部分。All the plants in this cold country become green in the smiling year.在這個寒冷的國家，植物都在溫暖的季節(jié)變綠了。 Smiling year 代替spring （春天）。Selma stuck her head out the car wind

12、ow and rolled her eyes. “Safe with US Army. Dont do anything I wouldnt do.” (Harry Mazer: Furlough 1944)塞爾瑪把頭伸出窗外，已經(jīng)骨碌碌轉(zhuǎn)。“跟美國大兵在一起很安全。別做任何我不愿做的事。”此例中的美國軍隊（US Army）實際指一個美國士兵杰克（Jack），以全體代替部分。3、以一種事物代替一類事物Oh, the spring should vanish with the rose!That Youths sweet-scented manuscript should close! (Edw

13、ard Fitzgerald: The Bubaiyat of Omar Khayyam of Naishapur)哦，春天隨著花兒的調(diào)零而消逝！青年芬芳的書卷也要關(guān)閉。這里用rose玫瑰代替flowers（花）。He manages to earn his bread.他設(shè)法謀生。這里以bread（面包）代food（食物）。But the horse didnt want itthey swerved apart; the earth didnt want it, sending up rocks through which riders must pass single file; the temples, the tank, the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion, the Guest House: they didnt want it, they said in their hundred voices, “No, not yet,” and the sky said, “No, not there.” (Edward Morgan Forster: A Passage to India)但是馬不要，它們逸出驛道；大地不要，它噴出巖石，騎者只能單行通過；廟宇，水槽，監(jiān)獄，宮殿，飛鳥，腐肉，賓館它們不要，它