完整word版語(yǔ)言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)試題及參考答案word文檔良心出品

1、語(yǔ)言學(xué) 復(fù)習(xí)試題及參考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?10A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure,refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member

2、sof a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by thus making the two phones .copying ”a feature oafl aphsoenqeumenet,iA. identicalB. same C. exactly alike D. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a se

3、quence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called .A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsD. semantic featuresC. suprasegmental features5. The morphemevision ” in the common wordtelevisionis a(n)D. free morphemeA. lexical B.

4、morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules haveproperties.A. recursive B. grammaticalC. social D. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are A. large B. small C. finite D. infinitein number.9. “ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.This statement representsA. the c

5、onceptualist viewC. the naming theoryB. contexutalismD. behaviourism10. “ Alive ” and “ dead ” areA. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesA. bound morpheme B. bound formC. inflectional morpheme 6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme isD. None of the aboveC. complementary antonymswhet

6、her in the study of meaning11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics isis considered.A. referenceD. context12.B. speech actC. practical usageis the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, orthe change brought about by the utterance.A. A locuti

7、onary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change isA. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and

8、systematic, but not universal and continuous” were pronounced, but in modern14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word“ knightEnglish, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as B. sound lossA. sound additionC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The

9、 most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is itsA. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morp hemes16.means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speechvariety, standardize it and sp read the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language

10、interferenceB. Language changesC. Language pl anningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely dep ends on the structure and dynamics ofA. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most impo rtant part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, calledA. the n

11、euronsB. nerve p athwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The developmentof linguistic skills involves the acquisition ofrules rather than the merememorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behavior20. According to theD. p ragmatic,the acquisition of a second language invol

12、ves, and is dep endent on, theacquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conce ptualist view得分II. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False (10 x1)21. People can utter a sentence he has n ever heard

13、or used before .In this sen se, huma n Ian guage iscreative.22. In En glish both aspi rated and unasp irated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless asp irated stops p 1門(mén)時(shí) J and the voiceless unasp irated stops 回 山幻 occur in the same phon emic con textor environment.23. Parameters are syn tactic op tio

14、 ns of UG that allow gen eral principles to op erate in one way orano ther and con tribute to sig ni fica nt lin guistic variati ons betwee n and among Ian guages.24. Syn tactic moveme nt occurs to all senten ces, therefore, the dee p structure and surface structureof every sentence look differe nt

15、at its two levels of rep rese ntati on.25. The An glo-Sax ons were migra nts from the n orther n p arts of Euro pe, so the words that theyoriginally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from otherIan guages are regarded as loa n words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction be

16、tween what he called“constatives” andperformatives” .27. Most of the Ian guages of Europe, P ersia (Ira n), and the n orther n part of In dia bel ong to thesame In do-Eur opean Ian guage family. The Ian guage, which no Ion ger exists, is calledP roto-I ndo-Eur opean, a term reflect ing the earlier l

17、in guistic distributi on of the sp eakers of thisIan guage family from In dia to Europe.28. In Black En glish, whe n the verb is n egated, the in defi nite pronounssomethi ng, somebody, andsome become the n egative in defi nites nothing, no body, and none, as in :He don t know nothing.He don t likeo

18、body.He ain t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decisi on-mak ing orga n of the body, receivi ng messages from all thesen sory orga ns and in itiati ng all volun tary actions.3O.During the two-word stage of Ianguage acquisition, two-word expressions are absent ofsyn tactic or morp hological ma

19、rkers.得分III. Define Six of the following ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morp heme33. sema ntics34. reference35. synonymy,36. p redicatio n an alysis,37. critical p eriod hypo thesis 38. li nguistic comp ete nee39. bili ngualism 4O.p sycholi nguistics得分IV. Answ

20、er the following questions as com prehensively as po ssible, giving exam pies if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you un dersta nd that Ian guage is arbitrary?2. How are sema ntics and p ragmatics differe nt from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the followi ng stateme nts:1 ) The people live a p ea

21、ceful life in the coun tryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into?Illustrate them with examples.參考答案及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每題一分1.D 2.C 3.D11D 12.C 13

22、.A4.C 5.D14.B 15. C6. C16.C7. A 8. C17.A 18.C9. B19.B10.C20.AII. True or False (10x1)每題一分21.T 22.F 23.T24.F 25.F26.F27.T 28.T 29.T 30.T每題五分，能夠舉例不舉III. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 例說(shuō)明的扣二分。31. allomorph: Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according t

23、o their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are allomorphs, e.g.Plurality :-s, -es; foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese, etc.32. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word

24、, e.g., -ish in girlish, -mit in transmit, remit, admit.33. semantics:Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.34. reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the

25、 non-linguistic world of experience35. synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.36. predication analysis: Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constitutes-arguments and predicates.37. critical

26、period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.38. linguistic c

27、ompetence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.39. bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used

28、either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.40. psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.IV .Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x

29、10 ): 每題十分，回答不全者酌情扣分。41. The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sou

30、nds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowled

31、ge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.42. Phonetics and phonology are the two fields dedicated to the study of human speech sounds and sound structures. The difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics deals with the physical production of

32、 these sounds while phonology is the study of sound patterns and their meanings both within and across languages. If they still sound like more or less the same thing, read on. We ll discuss each one individually and then compare them side by side, which should clear things up.Phonetics is strictly

33、about audible sounds and the things that happen in your mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs to make those sounds. It has nothing to do with meaning. It description. For example, in order to produce the word“bed, ”ur yliopus tsotagretthoeurt.with yoThen, air from your lungs is forced o

34、ver your vocal chords, which begin to vibrate and make noise. The air then escapes through your lips as they part suddenly, which results in a B sound. Next, keeping your lips open, the middle of your tongue comes up so that the sides meet your back teeth while the tip of your tongue stays down. All

35、 the while, air from your lungs is rushing out, and your vocal chords are vibrating. There s your E sound. Finally, the tip of your tongue comes up to thecat. ” It hashard palate just behind your teeth. This stops the flow of air and results in a D sound as long as those vocal chords are still going

36、.As literate, adult speakers of the English language, we don need a physical description of everything required to make those three sounds. We simply understand what to do in order to make them. Similarly, phoneticists simply understand that when they see /k?t/, its a description of how most America

37、ns pronounce the words not abto do with a furry house pet.In fact, if there were a word in any other language pronounced the same way, the phonetic spelling would be the same regardless of meaning. Again, it meaning. It s strictly physical.Phonology, on the other hand, is both physical and meaningfu

38、l. It explores the differences between sounds that change the meaning of an utterance. For example, the word“ bet ” is very similar toword “ bed ” in terms of the physical manifestation of sounds. The oyndlifference is that at the end of “ bet, ” the vocal chords stop vibrating so that sound is a re

39、sult only of the placement of the tongue behind the teeth and the flow of air. However, the meanings of the two words are not related in the least. What a vast difference a muscle makes!This is the biggest distinction between phonetics and phonology, although phonologists analyze a lot more than jus

40、t the obvious differences. They also examine variations on single letter pronunciations, words in which multiple variations can exist versus those in which variations are considered incorrect, and the phonological “ grammar ” of languages.If you are a native speaker of English, you pronounce the let

41、ter P three different ways. Its true. You may not realize it, but aynodu idf oy,ou were to hear the wrongpronunciation, you might not be able to put your finger on the problem, but you would think it sounded really weird. Say the word -up. ”“Tphoepfirst P has more air behind it than the others, the

42、second is very similar to the first, but it doesn t have much air in it, and the last one is barelypronoun ced at all. The word just sort of ends there whe n your lips close. Now, say it aga in, but put a lot of air in the final P. See? Weird, right? That s becOiusie)tstouaispisanod P (w“ grammatically ” correct at the end of an En glish word. Similarly, Spanish words do not begi n with an “ s ” sound followed by a consonant, which makes it very difficult for Spanistepeakers who are lear