完整版定語從句語法詳解

1、定語從句語法專題(Attributive Clauses )教案一. 定語從句的概述:在句中做定語， 由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代 相當于形容詞，1. 定語從句：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。 修飾的名詞或代詞，叫做先行詞。從句通常放在先行詞之后,詞或關(guān)系副詞)引導(dǎo)。其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分, 所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。eg She is the girl （who got the first prize.）girlgirl先行詞 who充當從句主語，從句做定語修飾This is the boy who broke the window. 這就

2、是打破窗子的孩子。the boy是先行詞，who broke the window是限制性定語從句，明確指出theboy是打破窗子的那個孩子,who在從句中充當主語That is the house where he lived ten years ago.He is the man who/that lives next door.He is the man who I want to see.先行詞關(guān)系詞定語從句復(fù)合句：是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子，復(fù)合句中的主句和從句都具有完整的的主語和謂語，主句是復(fù)合句的主體，可以獨立存在，從句需要有一個連 詞引導(dǎo)，是修飾說明主句的，不

3、能獨立存在，根據(jù)在句中的不同作用，從句可以分為三 類：定語從句，名詞性從句，狀語從句。二. 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有兩大類:1.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞,關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞 :that, who, whom, whose, which , as （主，賓，定） _ 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why.（狀語）2. 關(guān)系詞的作用：(1)引導(dǎo)定語從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用;(2 )代替先行詞在句中充當成分。三. 定語從句的分類:限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句1.限定性定語從句:限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不

4、完整或者失去意義。從句和主句的關(guān)系 十分密切，不可用逗號隔開，也不可省略。eg She has found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago.That代替先行詞necklace，在從句中充當lost的賓語The man who spoke last was Dr Li.Who代替先行詞 man在從句中充當主語2. 非限制性定語從句：從句和主句的關(guān)系不是十分密切，從句只是對先行詞作些附加的說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清 楚完整，這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，一般不 that引導(dǎo)。eg Lijiang, (where I was born) ,

5、 is very beautiful.關(guān)系副詞 where代替先行詞Lijiang，在從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語，如果去掉從句，主句依然完整，這就稱為非限制定語從句I , who am your friend, will share the work with you.我是你的朋友，將與你分擔這項工作。I是先行詞，who am your friend是非限制性定語從句，對先行詞I起附加說明的作用，如果去掉，主句依然清楚完整四. Which與that的用法1.只用that的情況:當先行詞是不定代詞時，女0everything,anything, nothing, none, the one（someth

6、ing除外）all, little , much,few 等,或被不定代詞修飾時。egThis is all that I want to say .He did everything that he could to help me .他盡他所能來幫助我。Is everything _we need to do _.Yes,You needn t worry about it.A. Which,has done B. which ,do ing C.that,has done D.that,do ne去掉疑問句變成everythi ng is done 般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài)Everything

7、that we need to do我們所需要做的每一件事情I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me.我必須記住老師教給我的一切知識。先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞，副詞的最高級修飾，或先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞，副詞最高級時This is the most interesting film that I have seen。He was the first stude nt that got to school today.他是今天第一個到學(xué)校的學(xué)生。He worked out the most d肝icult p roble

8、m that I had see n.他解答出我所見過最難的題目。當先行詞被the only , the last, the very （正好，恰?。瑃he just等修飾時The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice。我們能做的唯一的一件事就是給你們一些建議。I need the same dietionary that you have.我需要同你一樣的字典。 m waiting for .This is the very bus that IThis is the very good dictionary that I

9、 want to buy.先行詞中既有指人的名詞又有指物的名詞時He told us many in terest ing things and persons that we had n ever heard.他給我們講了許多我們從來沒有聽說過的有趣的人和事。The film star and her films that you have just talked about are really well -known。你們剛剛談?wù)摰哪莻€明星和她的電影非常有名。當主句是以who, which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時（先行詞前有who，which等疑問代詞時）Who is the man that

10、 you sp oke to just now?你剛才跟他說話的那個人是誰?Which is the bike that you lost ？Who is the boy that won the gold medal ？句中有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which時，另一個宜用 thatThey secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution。當先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語Shan ghai is no Ion ger the city that it

11、 used to be 。He is no Ion ger the boy (that) he used to be口訣:That用法真有趣，兩個地方它不去；逗號后面它不去，介詞之后不考慮;that 就把 which 踹;that，which代替物，區(qū)別聽我來敘述；先行若是不定代,先行詞前有序數(shù)，用上 that定無誤；先行詞前最高級，還用that定無疑;句中若有there be，that應(yīng)把which替；多背誦，多操練，that用法要牢記。關(guān)系副詞when/where/why，從中作狀莫懈怠;時用when因用why , where地點經(jīng)常在;關(guān)系副詞可互換，介詞加上關(guān)系代;關(guān)系代，關(guān)系代，th

12、at與who要除外。挑選介詞要聰明，必看動詞和先行2.只用which的情況(1)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞且指物時只用whichThis is the house in which I lived two years ago。(2)引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句時Football ， which is a very interesting game， is played all over the world 。先行詞本身就是that，those時常用whichI have that ( which)you gave me。This is that which he bought yesterday 。that，另一

13、個用 which。(4) 一個句子中有兩個定從時，為避免重復(fù)，一個用Let me show you the novel that I have borrowed from the library which was newly openedto us.巧記that和which用法異同That，which可互換，下列情況勿照辦That情況比較多，先來對你說一說不定代詞這一伙，全用that準沒錯先行詞前有修飾，千萬不要用which要用which別著急，介詞提前逗隔離五. 介詞+which/whom結(jié)構(gòu)用法介詞+which 物whom 人1. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定從時，介詞的賓語只能用which或

14、whom介詞+which在定從作時間，地點，原因狀語，相當于 when , where , why。She still remembers the day on which(when) she won the prize。Potatoes can be grown in places in which (where)it is too cold to grow rice.有些地方太冷不能種水稻，但可以種馬鈴薯。2.This is the reason why he came late。This is the reason for which he came late ?！敖樵~（短語）+whic

15、h ”在定語從句中作目的，方式狀語。There is a big window in my room through which I can see the railway station.3.4.介詞+which/whom 在含有被動結(jié)構(gòu)的定從中作狀語，表示動作的執(zhí)行者The rascal by whom the little boy was beate n was arrested this morning .The little boy was beate n by the rascal.不定代詞，數(shù)詞或名詞 +of which /whom在定從中作主語Here are the ques

16、tions ， some of which I think are difficult for you 。Some of questi ons are difficult for you 5.根據(jù)定從中的謂語動詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇介詞Mr li ,for whom I was working ，was very generous about overtime payments(力口班費)。Work for為工作六.As和which引導(dǎo)非定從的區(qū)別1. as和which引導(dǎo)的非定從，都可用來代替整個主句或主句中的一部分內(nèi)容，有時兩者可互換，在定從中做主語或賓語。(He failed once

17、more in the match) , which/as was a great pity.as和which代替前面一整句話，在從句中充當主語They won the game , as we had expected。as 充當賓語正如我們所期望的，我們贏得了比賽As is well known , he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 眾所周知As有“正如，像”的含義，可放在主句前，也可以放在后面Which引導(dǎo)從句只能放在主句之后，并無正如的意思2. as做關(guān)系代詞時，在其所引導(dǎo)的限制性定從句既可作主，賓，又可作表語This book is not

18、 such as I expect。這本書并不是我期望的那樣。3. as多與such ,the same連用，它代替的先行詞既可以是人，也可以是整個句子。Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatlyresp ected.4.在the same.as結(jié)構(gòu)中，as表示的是同一類，指同類異物；在 the same .that結(jié)構(gòu)中，that表示的是同一個，指同類同物。She has found the samen ecklace as she lost last week。同一類不是同一個She

19、 has found the same necklace that she lost last week。就是原來的那個the same .as同類異物 the same .that 同類同物七. Way和time后面的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1. 先行詞是way , “方式，方法”，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式:in whichI don t understand the way that 二 they worked out the problem.不填2.先行詞是time，若表示“次數(shù)”時，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)從句，that可省略;若表示“一段時間”時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/durin

20、g+which弓I導(dǎo)定從且不能省略。This is the sec ond time that the p reside nt has visited the country .This was a time whe n/duri ng which there were no radios ,no tele phones or no TV sets.Time 次數(shù)，用that引導(dǎo)（可省略）時間，用 when或/at /during which引導(dǎo)（不可省略）定語從句圖表總結(jié)I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引 導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系

21、代詞和關(guān)系副詞，它的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔當一個成分，并與先行詞保持數(shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成 分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語1. Do you know the man who is talk ing with your mother?whom, which 禾R that在從句中做 賓語時，常可以省 略，但介詞提前時 后面關(guān)系代詞不 能省略，也不可以 用 thatwhom人賓語1. Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am work ing.2. The boy (whom) she loved died in t

22、he war.whose人，物定語1. I like those books whose topics are about history.2. The boy whose fatherworks abroad is my desk mate.that人，物主語， 賓語1. A plane is a mach ine that can fly.2. She is thepop star (that) I want tosee very much.which物主語， 賓語1. The book (which) I gave you is worth$10.2. The p icture whic

23、h was about the accide nt was terrible.as人，物主語， 賓語1. He is such a person as is resp ected by all of us.2. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做賓語一般不 省略關(guān)系副詞whe n時間時間狀語I will n ever forget the day whe n we met there.可用 on whichwhere地點地點狀語This is the house where I was born.可用 in whichwhy原因原因狀 語I

24、 can t imagine the reason why he turned down m offer.y可用 for whichII. that 與 which, who, whom 的用法區(qū)別:情況用法說明例句只用that的情況1. 先行詞為 all, everyth in g, anything, nothing, little, much, 等 不定代詞時。2. 先行詞被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修 飾時。3. 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序 數(shù)詞修飾時。4. 先行詞既指人又指物時。5. 先行詞被 the on

25、ly, the very 修飾時。5.句中已經(jīng)有 who或which時, 為了避免重復(fù)時。1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered has been give n out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a sp eech?只用 which, who,whom的情況1. 在非限制性定語從句中，只 能用which指代物，用who/whom 指人2. 在由介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的 定語從句中，只能用 which指 物，whom指人。3 .先行詞本身是that時，關(guān)系 詞用which,先行詞為those, one, he 時多用 who。