新目標人教版初中八年級上冊英語語法匯總

1、 新目標人教版初中八年級上冊英語語法匯總1) leave的用法1.“l(fā)eave+地點”表示“離開某地”。例如When did you leave Shanghai?你什么時候離開上海的 2.“l(fā)eave for+地點”表示“動身去某地”。例如 Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五愛麗斯要去倫敦了。 3.“l(fā)eave+地點+for+地點”表示“離開某地去某地”。例如 Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?你為什么要離開上海去北京2) 情態(tài)動詞should“應該”學會使用 should作為情態(tài)動詞用常

2、常表示意外、驚奇、不能理解等有“竟會”的意思 例如 How should I know? 我怎么知道 Why should you be so late today?你今天為什么來得這么晚 should有時表示應當做或發(fā)生的事例如 We should help each other.我們應當互相幫助。 我們在使用時要注意以下幾點 1. 用于表示“應該”或“不應該”的概念。此時常指長輩教導或責備晚輩。例如 You should be here with clean hands. 你應該把手洗干凈了再來。2. 用于提出意見勸導別人。例如 You should go to the doctor if

3、 you feel ill. 如果你感覺不舒服你最好去看醫(yī)生。3. 用于表示可能性。should的這一用法是考試中常常出現(xiàn)的考點之一。例如 We should arrive by supper time. 我們在晚飯前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她隨時都可能來。3) What.? 與 Which.?1. what 與 which 都是疑問代詞都可以指人或事物但是what僅用來詢問職業(yè)。如 What is your father? 你父親是干什么的 該句相當于 What does your father do? What is your father

4、s job? Which 指代的是特定范圍內(nèi)的某一個人。如-Which is Peter? 哪個是皮特-The boy behind Mary. 瑪麗背后的那個男孩。2. What.?是泛指所指的事物沒有范圍的限制而 Which.?是特指所指的事物有范圍的限制。如What color do you like best? 你最喜愛什么顏色 ( 所有顏色)Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? 你最喜愛哪一種顏色(有特定的范圍)3. what 與 which 后都可以接單、復數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。如Which pictures are

5、 from China? 哪些圖片來自中國4) 頻度副詞的位置 1.常見的頻度副詞有以下這些 always總是一直 usually通常 often常常經(jīng)常sometimes有時候never從不2.頻度副詞的位置 a.放在連系動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。如 David is often arrives late for school. 大衛(wèi)上學經(jīng)常遲到。 b.放在行為動詞前。如 We usually go to school at 7:10 every day. 我們每天經(jīng)常在710去上學。 c.有些頻度副詞可放在句首或句尾用來表示強調(diào)。如 Sometimes I walk home, some

6、time I rides a bike. 有時我步行回家有時我騎自行車。3.never放在句首時主語、謂語動詞要倒裝。如Never have I been there. 5) every day 與 everyday 1. every day 作狀語譯為“每一天”。如 We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我們每天710去上學。 I decide to read English every day.我決定每天讀英語。 2. everyday 作定語譯為“日常的”。 She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.她

7、晚飯后在電視上看日常英語。 Whats your everyday activity? 你的日?；顒邮鞘裁?) 什么是助動詞1.協(xié)助主要動詞構(gòu)成謂語動詞詞組的詞叫助動詞Auxiliary Verb。被協(xié)助的動詞稱作主要動詞Main Verb。助動詞自身沒有詞義不可單獨使用例如He doesnt like English. 他不喜歡英語。doesnt是助動詞無詞義like是主要動詞有詞義2.助動詞協(xié)助主要動詞完成以下功用可以用來a. 表示時態(tài)例如He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。b. 表示語態(tài)例如He was sent to England

8、. 他被派往英國。c. 構(gòu)成疑問句例如Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學過英語嗎d. 與否定副詞not合用構(gòu)成否定句例如I dont like him. 我不喜歡他。e. 加強語氣例如Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。3.最常用的助動詞有be, have, do, shall, will, should, would7) forget do

9、ing/to do與remember doing/to do1.forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做) The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關了燈了。( 已做過關燈的動作) Dont forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做) 典型例題- The light in t

10、he office is still on.- OhI forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著即關燈的動作沒有發(fā)生因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示燈已經(jīng)關上了而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。 2.remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post

11、office after school. 記著放學后去趟郵局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎? 8) Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點表示客觀形式的形容詞如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等Its very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格品德表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞如good, kind,

12、nice, clever, foolish, right。Its very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我你真是太好了。3.for 與of 的辨別方法用介詞后面的代詞作主語用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語造個句子。如果道理上通順用of不通則用for。如You are nice. (通順所以應用of)。He is hard. (人是困難的不通因此應用for。)9) 對兩個句子的提問新目標英語在命題中有將對句子劃線提問這一題型取消的趨勢現(xiàn)在采取的作法是對一個句子進行自由提問。例如句子The boy in blue has three pens.提問1.Who has three

13、 pens? 2.Which boy has three pens? 3.What does the boy in blue have?4.How many pens does the boy in blue have?很顯然學生多了更多的回答角度也體現(xiàn)了考試的靈活性。再如句子He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.提問1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 2.Where does he usually go wi

14、th his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday? 5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday? 6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends?10) so、such與不定冠詞

15、的使用1.so與不定冠詞a、an連用結(jié)構(gòu)為“so+形容詞+a/an+名詞”。如 He is so funny a boy. Jim has so big a house. 2.such與不定冠詞a、an連用結(jié)構(gòu)為“such+a/an+形容詞+名詞”。如 It is such a nice day. That was such an interesting story.11) 使用-ing分詞的幾種情況1.在進行時態(tài)中。如 He is watching TV in the room. They were dancing at nine oclock last night.2.在there be結(jié)

16、構(gòu)中。如 There is a boy swimming in the river.3.在have fun/problems結(jié)構(gòu)中。如 We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.4.在介詞后面。如 Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball. 5.在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中 enjoy doing sth 樂于做某事 finish doing sth 完成做某事 feel like doing

17、sth 想要做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 forget doing sth 忘記做過某事 go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做某事 remember doing sth 記得做過某事 like doing sth 喜歡做某事 keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事 find sb doing sth 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做某事 see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/聽到/觀看某人做某事 try doing sth 試圖做某事 need doing sth 需要做某事 prefer doing sth 寧愿做某事 mind doing sth 介意

18、做某事 practice doing sth 練習做某事 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 cant help doing sth 禁不住做某事 miss doing sth 錯過做某事12) 英語中的“單數(shù)”1.主語的第三人稱單數(shù)形式即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如 he, she, it my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Marys uncle 2.名詞有單數(shù)名詞和復數(shù)名詞。如 man 單數(shù)-men復數(shù) banana單數(shù)-bananas復數(shù)3.動詞有原形第三人稱單數(shù)形式-ing分詞過去式過去分詞。如 go-goe

19、s-going-went-gone work-works-working-worked-worked watch-watches-watching-watched-watched 當主語為第三人稱單數(shù)的時候謂語動詞必須用相應的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如 The boy wants to be a sales assistant. Our English teacher is from the US. Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself. 13) 名詞的復數(shù)構(gòu)成的幾種形式名詞復數(shù)的構(gòu)成可分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。I 名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化

20、 1.一般在名詞詞尾加-s。如pear-pears hamburger-hamburgers desk-desks tree-trees 2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x結(jié)尾的名詞詞尾加-es。如 class-classes dish-dishes watch-watches box-boxes 3.以字母-o結(jié)尾的某些名詞詞尾加-es。如 potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes Negro-Negroes hero-heroes 4.以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的名詞將-y變?yōu)?i,再加-es。如 family-families dictionary-diction

21、aries city-cities country-countries 5.以字母-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞將-f或-fe變?yōu)?v再加-es。如half-halves leaf-leaves thief-thieves knife-knives self-selveswife-wives life-lives wolf-wolves shelf-shelves loaf-loaves但是scarf-scarves(fes) roof-roofs serf-serfs gulf-gulfs chief-chiefsproof-proofs belief-beliefs II 名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1

22、.將-oo改為-ee。如foot-feet tooth-teeth 2.將-man改為-men。如man-men woman-women policeman-policemen postman-postmen3.添加詞尾。如child-children 4.單復數(shù)同形。如sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish people-people5.表示“某國人”的單、復數(shù)變化。即“中日瑞不變英法變其它國把-s加后面”。如Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-Swiss Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Fr

23、enchmen American-Americans Australian-Australians Canadian-Canadians Korean-Koreans Russian-Russians Indian-Indians6.其它。如mouse-mice apple tree-apple trees man teacher-men teachers 14) 雙寫最后一個字母的-ing分詞初中階段常見的有以下這些 1.letletting 讓 hithitting 打、撞 cutcutting 切、割 getgetting 取、得到 sitsitting 坐 forgetforgetti

24、ng 忘記 putputting 放 setsetting 設置 babysitbabysitting 臨時受雇照顧嬰兒2.shopshopping 購物 triptripping 絆 stopstopping 停止 dropdropping 放棄 3.traveltravel(l)ing 旅游 swimswimming 游泳 runrunning 跑步 digdigging 挖、掘 beginbeginning 開始 preferpreferring 寧愿 planplanning 計劃15) 肯定句變否定句及疑問句要變化的一些詞1.some變?yōu)閍ny。如 There are some bi

25、rds in the tree. There arent any birds in the tree. 但是若在表示請邀請、請求的句子中some可以不變。如 Would you like some orange juice? 與此相關的一些不定代詞如something, somebody等也要進行相應變化。2.and變?yōu)閛r。如 I have a knife and a ruler. I dont have a knife or a ruler.3.a lot of (=lots of)變?yōu)閙any或much。如 They have a lot of friends.可數(shù)名詞 They don

26、t have many friends. There is lots of orange in the bottle.不可數(shù)名詞 There isnt much orange in the bottle. 4.already變?yōu)閥et。如 I have been there already. I havent been there yet.16) in與afterin 與 after 都可以表示時間但二者有所區(qū)別。1.in 經(jīng)常用于將來時的句子中以現(xiàn)在為起點表示將來一段時間。如 He will leave for Beijing in a week. 一周后他會動身去北京。2.after 經(jīng)常

27、用于過去時的句子中以過去為起點表示過去一段時間。如 He left for Beijing after a week. 一周后他動身去了北京。不過如果after后跟的是具體的時刻它也可用于將來時。如 We will finish the work after ten oclock. 十點后我們會完成工作的。 3.注意區(qū)分以下的in的用法。 Ill visit him in a week. 一周后我會去拜訪他。 Ill visit him twice in a week. 一周內(nèi)我會去拜訪他兩次。17) 不定冠詞a與an的使用1.a 用在以輔音音素開頭的單詞前。如 There is a b in

28、 the word book. 單詞book中有個字母b。 類似的字母還有c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。 She has a small knife. 她有一把小刀。2.an 用于以元音音素開頭的單詞前。如 There is an i in the word onion. 單詞onion中有個字母i。 類似的字母還有a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。 Do you have an umbrella? 你有一把雨傘嗎3.以元音字母開頭的單詞前面不一定都用an以輔音字母開頭的單詞前面也不一定都用a。如a useful bo

29、ok a universe a one-letter word an hour an uncle an umbrella an honest person 18) 如何表達英語中的“穿、戴”英語中表示“穿、戴”的表達方法有好幾種常見的有以下這些1、put on 主要表達“穿”的動作。如 He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。 Youd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的狀態(tài)。如 The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴著一副眼鏡。 The girl is wearing

30、 a red skirt.那女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。3、dress 可作及物動詞有“給.穿衣”的意思后接“人”而不是“衣服”。如 Please dress the children right now.請立即給孩子們穿上衣服。 dress 也可作不及物動詞表示衣著的習慣。如 The woman always dresses in green.那位婦女總是穿綠色的衣服。4、be in 表示穿著的狀態(tài)。如 John is in white today.約翰今天穿白色的衣服。 The man in black is a football coach.19) a little, a few 與 a b

31、it (of)a little, a few 與 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意義。他們的區(qū)別在哪里呢1. a little 意為“一些、少量”后接不可數(shù)名詞。如 There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一點水。 還可以接形容詞。如 He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。2. a few 意為“一些、少數(shù)”后接復數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞。如 There are a few people in the room. 房間里有一些人。3. a bit 意為“一點兒”后接形容詞。如 Its a bit cold. 有點冷。 a bit of

32、 后接不可數(shù)名詞。如 He has a bit of money. 他有一點兒錢。 4. a little 表肯定意義little 表否定意義a few 表肯定意義few 表否定意義。如 There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一點兒汽水。 There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里幾乎沒有汽水了。 I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中國朋友。 Few people like him. 幾乎沒有人喜歡他。5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可數(shù)名詞 a little

33、= a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容詞意為“有點兒”。20) 關于like的用法like 可以作動詞也可以作介詞。1、like 作動詞表示一般性的“愛好、喜歡”有泛指的含義。如 Do you like the color?你喜愛這種顏色嗎 like 后可接不定式like to do sth也可接動詞的-ing分詞like doing sth有時意思不盡相同。如 She likes eating apples.她喜愛吃蘋果。習慣 She likes to eat an apple.她喜愛吃一粒蘋果。平常不喜歡吃 like 與 would 連用后接不定式表示

34、愿望或客氣的請求。如 Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶嗎 “喜歡某人做某事”可以用結(jié)構(gòu)“l(fā)ike sb to do sth/doing sth”。如 They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他們都喜歡我唱英文歌。2、like 作介詞可譯成“像.”。如 She is friendly to us like a mother.她對我們友好就像母親一樣。 It looks like an orange.它看起來像個桔子。3、區(qū)分以下句子 A. What does he look like? B. What is

35、 he like? A句譯為“他長相如何”指一個人的外貌特征而B句譯為“他人怎么樣”指人的性格特點。C. The boy like Peter is over there. D. A boy like Peter cant do it.A句指外貌相似而D句指性格相似。21) stop to do sth 與 stop doing sth1. stop to do sth 意為“停下來去做某事”。如 The students stop to listen to their teacher. 學生們停下來去聽他們老師講話。 2. stop doing sth 意為“停止做某事”。如 The stu

36、dents stopped talking. 學生們停止了談話。 與它們相反的句式是go on to do sth “繼續(xù)做某事與剛才一事不同”和 go on doing sth “繼續(xù)做某事與剛才同一件事”。如He finishes his homework and goes on to study English. 他完成了作業(yè)接著繼續(xù)去念英語。They went on playing games. 他們繼續(xù)玩游戲。22) tell, speak, say 與 talk 1. tell 意為“告訴、講述”指某人把某一件事、一條信息傳送給別人或講述一件事。如 He tells me that

37、 he wants to be a teacher. 他告訴我說他想成為一位教師。 Father always tells interesting stories to us. 爸爸總是給我們講有趣的故事。 tell sb sth 意為“告知某人某事”。如 He told me something about his past. 他告訴我一些他的往事。 tell sb to do sth 意為“告訴某人去做某事”。如 David told his son to do the homework. 大衛(wèi)要他的兒子去做作業(yè)。 2. speak 意為“說話、講話”后面主要接語言。如 He can sp

38、eak English and a little Chinese. 他能講英語和一點漢語。 speak to 意為“和.講話、談話”。如 Can I speak to Mr Zhang? 我能和張先生講話嗎 speak of 意為“提到、說起”。如 The book speaks of my hometown. 那本書提到我的家鄉(xiāng)。 3. talk 意為“談話、講話”如果只有一方對另一方說話時一般用 talk to如果雙方或多方交談多用 with。如 Please talk to him right now. 請立即同他談話。 He is talking with his friend. 他在

39、和朋友交談。 talk about 意為“談論.”。如 They are talking about the movie. 他們在談論那部電影。 have a talk with 意為“與.交談”。如 Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交談嗎 4. say 意為“說”。如 Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英語再說一遍嗎 say to 意為“對.說”。如 He said to his students that they would have a test. 他對他的學生說他們將有一個測試。 It is said t

40、hat. 意為“據(jù)說”。如 It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time. 據(jù)說他能呆在水里很長時間。 23) Excuse me! 與 Im sorry! 1. Excuse me! 意為“打攪了對不起”一般是為了與陌生人搭話或者要打斷對方所說做的事。如 Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood? 請問附近有旅館嗎 Excuse me, could I say something? 打攪一下我能說一些嗎 2. Im sorry! 意為“對不起”表示道歉。如 Im

41、 sorry, Mr Zhang. I wont do it again. 對不起張先生。我不會這么做了。 24) 表示時間的 in、on 與 at in, on 與 at 都可以和表示時間的詞組連用。 1. in 表示時間的一段或較長的時間。如 in the morning 在上午 in May, 2004 在2004年五月 in a week 在一周之內(nèi)后 Its Sunday, I can finish it in two days. 現(xiàn)在是星期天我能在兩天后完成。星期二 Rome was not built in a day. 羅馬不是在一天內(nèi)建起來的。 2. on 主要指在具體的一天

42、。如 on Sunday 在星期天 on May Day 在“五一”節(jié) on a hot afternoon 在一個炎熱的下午 He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004. 他于2004年4月26日到達北京。 3. at 表示時間的一點或比較短的時間。如 at 8:00 在八點 at noon 在中午 I always get up at 6:00 every morning. 我總是每天早晨六點起床。 Its always warm at this time of year. 每年的這個時候總是暖和的。25) Other及其用法Other 及其相近的詞組如

43、others, the other, the others, another, any other 等一直是中學生朋友們比較困擾的問題平常的考試、作業(yè)中經(jīng)常出錯。下面是它們的一些用法1、other 指其余的人或物所有格是 others復數(shù)形式是 othersthe other 指“兩個人或物中的另一個”其復數(shù)形式是 the othersothers 相當于“other + 名詞”所以不能充當定語修飾名詞。others指整體中去掉一部分后剩余的部分但不是全部的即 some.others 一些.其余的人.。the others 強調(diào)整體中除去一部分后剩余的全部即some.the others.2、

44、another 泛指三個以上的不定數(shù)目中的“另外一個”。由 an 和 other 合并構(gòu)成所以不能和冠詞連用。another 修飾單數(shù)名詞比如another pencil. 3、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”后面要用名詞的單數(shù)形式。 26) look 短語 常見的look短語有以下這些 1.look at 朝.看 Please look at the map of China. 請看中國地圖。(look at=have a look at)2.look for 尋找 The old man is looking for his dog. 老人在尋找他的狗。 3.loo

45、k like 看起來像 Nancy looks like her mother. 南希看起來像她母親。 4.look the same 看上去一樣 Li Ping and Li Jing look the same. 李萍和李晶看上去一樣。 5.look up 查找Please look up the word in the dictionary. 請在詞典中查找這個單詞。6.look over 仔細檢查 The doctor looked over Mary carefully. 醫(yī)生仔細檢查了瑪麗。7.look after 照顧照看 You must look after your old

46、 father. 你必須照顧你的老父親。8.look around 到處尋找、查看 We looked around, but we found nothing strange. 我們四處查看但是我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)奇怪的東西。 27) tooalso與either 1.too用于肯定句和疑問句一般放在句尾其前常加逗號。如 We are in the same school, too. 我們也在相同的學校。 Do you play soccer every day, too? 你也每天踢足球嗎 2.also用于肯定句和疑問句一般位于實義動詞前、be動詞后。如 Sandra is also a Kore

47、an student. Sandra 也是一個韓國學生。 3.either用于否定句一般放在句末。如 They dont know the answer, either. 她們也不知道答案。 4.as well as也有“也”的意思。如 We have great mushroom pizza as well as soda. He is a happy boy as well. 28) hard與hardly 1.hard既可作形容詞也可作副詞。如 Its a hard(adj.) question. (=difficult) 這是一個難的問題。 The boy studies very h

48、ard(adv.). 那男孩學習非常努力。 句子結(jié)構(gòu)Its hard for sb to do sth 做某事對某人來說是難的。如 Its hard for him to finish the work. 完成那項工作對他來說很難。 注意區(qū)分hard work 困難的工作 work hard 努力工作 2.hardly是頻度副詞表示否定的意思。=almost not通常用在形容詞、副詞和動詞之前。如 I can hardly see it. 我?guī)缀蹩床坏剿?29) sometime,sometimes,some time與some times 1.sometime是時間副詞指不確定的將來或過

49、去某一點時間某時候或任何時候不指一段時間。如 Well go to Beijing sometime next month. 我們下個月某一時候會去北京。 2.sometimes是頻度副詞指“有時”、“不時”的意思=at times。如 Sometimes I get up very late on Sunday morning. 有時候我在星期天早晨起得很晚。 3.some time是名詞詞組指一段時間一些時間或若干時間。如 It took him some time to finish the book. 她花了一些時間去完成作業(yè)。 4.some times指“幾次”。如 He met the woman some times last month. 上個