安哥拉的胡志明大道

1、卜門我!Ho Chi Minh Avenue In Luanda, AngolaIn December 1956, in Portuguese Angola the Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merged with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) to form the Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola with Viriato da Cruz, the President of the PCA, as Sec

2、retary Genera1During 1975, before the official Portuguese withdrawal, the civil war in Angola intensifies In fighting for control of the capital city, Luanda, the MPLA succeeds in driving out both its rivals UNITA, which claims to enjoy wider popular support than the other groups, argues that Portug

3、al must fulfil its last colonial duty and supervise electionsBut the Portuguese, eager to leave as quickly as possible, abandon the country without formally handing over control to any succeeding government The MPLA, in possession of the capital and with guaranteed support from the USSR and Cuba, de

4、clared itself the government of independent Angola Agostinho Neto, a distinguished poet who had led the MPLA since 1962, became presidentThe Soviet Union supported the MPLA-PT as a liberation movement before independence and formalized its relationship with the MPLAPT government through the Treaty o

5、f Friendship and Cooperation and a series of military agreements beginning in 1975 Once it became clear that the MPLA-PT could, with Cuban support, remain in power, the Soviet Union provided economic and technical assistance and granted Angola most-favored-nation status In 1976 MPLA adopted Marxism-

6、Leninism as the party ideology. It maintained close ties with the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc, establishing socialist economic policies and a one-party stateFor the first decade after independence, trade with communist states was not significant, but in the late 1980s dos Santos sought expan

7、ded economic ties with the Soviet Union, China, and Czechoslovakia and other nations of Eastern Europe as the MPLA-PT attempted to diversify its economic relations and reduce its dependence on the West In October 1986, Angola signed a cooperative agreement with the Council for Mutual Economic Assist

8、ance (Comecon), a consortium dedicated to economic cooperation among the Soviet Union and its allies As part of the Comecon agreement, Soviet support for Angolan educational and training programs was increased In 1987 approximately 1, 800 Angolan students attended institutions of higher education in

9、 the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union also provided about 100 lecturers to Agostinho Neto University in Luanda, 112卜門我!and a variety of Soviet-sponsored training programs operated in Angola, most with Cuban instructors Approximately 4, 000 Angolans studied at the international school on Cuba, s renown

10、ed Isle of Youth More Angolan students were scheduled to attend the Union of Young Communists School in Havana in 1989 Cubas presence in Angola was more complex than it appeared to outsiders who viewed the Soviet Unions Third World clients as little more than surrogates for their powerful patron. Th

11、e initiative in placing Cuban troops in Angola in the mid-1970s was taken by President Fidel Castro as part of his avowed mission of Cuban internationa 1 ism Facing widespread unemployment at home, young Cuban men were urged to serve in the military overseas as their patriotic duty, and veterans enj

12、oyed great prestige on their return. Castro also raised the possibility of a Cuban resettlement scheme in southern Angola, and several hundred Cubans received Angolan citizenship during the 1980s Cuban immigration increased sharply in 1988 In addition to military support, Cuba provided Angola with several thousand teachers, physicians, and civili