礦床學(xué)的一些基本名詞（Some basic terms of ore deposits）

1、礦床學(xué)的一些基本名詞（Some basic terms of ore deposits）Mineral: useful mineral resources produced by natureOre deposit: a geological body that is formed by geological action in the earths crust and contains the quality and quantity of useful mineral resources, which can be exploited and used under certain econ

2、omic and technological conditionsAccording to the mineral output state can be divided into gas liquid and solid mineral mineral mineral, three, according to the mineral properties and major industrial uses, and can be divided into metal minerals, non-metallic minerals, combustible organic mineral an

3、d groundwater resources four.Syngenetic deposit: the ore body and surrounding rock are formed in the same geological process at the same time or at the same timeEpigenetic deposit: a type of ore deposit whose formation is obviously later than that of surrounding rockOre body: it is the main componen

4、t of ore deposit, the object of mining and utilization, and a deposit is often composed of several ore bodiesThe shape of ore bodies can be divided into equiaxed ore bodies, plate shaped ore bodies and columnar orebodiesEquiaxed orebody refers to ore bodies in the three dimension is roughly balanced

5、 extension of the three axis, according to their size and have different names, the diameter of tens of meters above the mine called tumor, only a few meters in diameter known as the nest, the smaller is the bag and the bag. If the ore ore ore in a squareTo the short, and webbing thin, as Tu mirror

6、or lens.Plate: extended to larger orebody (length and width), and the third direction (thickness) of smaller orebody, called a vein or lode. Ore is produced in various rock fissures in the plate body, are typical epigenetic deposits. Ore deposits generally refers to the plate like bodiesThe ore body

7、 and the rock layer are formed simultaneously under the same geological action, so the two are identical in appearanceColumnar orebody: refers to a direction (mostly vertical) that extends deep and extends in two other directions, a smaller, usually cylindrical, tubular or tubular orebodyOccurrence

8、of ore bodies:The space position is generally composed of 1. ore bodies: direction, orientation and inclination, namely the orebody occurrence factors to determine. But for the Tu mirror body, lenticular and columnar bodies, but also measure the angle of their lateral trending and plunging angle. Pi

9、tch is the largest extension of orebodyThe angle of inclination is the angle between the maximum extension of the orebody and its horizontal projection line. The dip angle is the angle between the true dip line of the orebody and its projection on the horizontal plane2., the burial of the ore body:

10、most of the ore body exposed to the ground surface, or because of shallow production, after stripping can be mined, known as open pit mine, while completely hidden known as concealed ore, also known as blind ore3., the spatial relation between ore body and igneous rock is whether the ore body is pro

11、duced in the rock mass or in the contact zone or in the surrounding rock of the intrusive body4. orebody and wall rock bedding, schistosity relationship: the orebody is along the bedding schistosity, is integration output, or cut bedding or foliation.5., the spatial relation between ore body and geo

12、logical structure is the location of ore body in the structure, the connection with fold and fracture in space, etc.Surrounding rock: refers to the rock around the ore body. For the epigenetic ore deposits, the chemical composition and physical properties of the surrounding rock have a great influen

13、ce on the enrichment of useful minerals in the process of mineralizationParent rock: the rock that provides the main ore-forming material during the formation of ore deposits. It is closely related to the deposit in space and in GenesisOre: a mineral aggregate that is extracted from an ore body and

14、can be extracted from a useful component. The ore is usually composed of two parts: ore, mineral and gangue mineralsOre mineral: a metallic or nonmetallic mineral that can be used, also called a useful mineralGangue minerals: minerals that are not available in ores, also called useless mineralsGangu

15、e: general refers to the useless substances in the ore body, including the surrounding rock fragments, pinch stone and gangue mineralsStone: the rock that does not meet the requirements of the industry within the ore body, and whose thickness exceeds the permissible range, must be removed from the o

16、re bodyThe structure of an ore: the characteristics of the mineral aggregate that makes up the ore, namely, the shape of the mineral aggregate, its relative size, and its spatial association with each otherThe ore structure refers to the characteristics of mineral particles in the ore, the mineral p

17、article morphology, combined with morphological characteristics of relationship reflects the mutual relative size and space, also including the combination of morphological characteristics of the mineral grains and mineral aggregates.Banded structure: when the mineral aggregates are elongated, they

18、are banded with the silicate minerals, and banded structuresEuhedral granular structure: mineral particles are mostly euhedral.Sideronitic texture: in silicate mineral particles or metal mineral silicate mineral cementation filling, forming sideronitic texture.The fabric of a mineral: the structure

19、and structure of the ore can be collectively referred to as the fabric of the ore.Grade: the percentage content of useful components in ore is called grade. It is generally expressed by the percentage of weight. The ore taste is the chief sign of the quality of the ore.Boundary grade: the minimum gr

20、ade used to distinguish between ore and non ore boundariesIndustrial grade: the minimum average grade of ore or ore bodies that can be exploited and exploited at present. Only when the average taste reaches industrial grade can the industrial reserves be calculatedThe industrial grade of the ore is

21、mainly determined by the following factors: 1. the size of the ore deposit; 2. the possibility of comprehensive utilization of the ore; and the technological conditions of the 3. oreGrade of ore: determined mainly by the grade of ore and the content of beneficial and harmful componentsThe factors th

22、at determine the industrial value of deposits: the characteristics and nature of the deposits themselves; the requirements of the national economy and national defense for the minerals; and the economic factors of the mining areasClark values: the abundances of elements in the earths crust are also

23、called the Clark valuesThe 7 elements in the crust and upper mantle are o, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, MgGeochemical classification of elements, classification of gold Schmidt: siderophile elements, chalcophile elements, lithophile elements, atmophile element biophile element.Migration of elements: content

24、of elements in the crust and upper mantle is not fixed, they are always in a constant state of motion, movement, or cause the dispersed elements, or is the result of element concentration, the movement of elements in turnThe act or process of shifting, referred to as the migration of elementsClark:

25、that is a value of the concentration of elements concentration Clark value ratio of Clark and its average content in a geological body in value, it represents some elements in the rock or mineral deposits, concentrated in degree.The concentration of elements in the earths crust to the extent that th

26、ey can become deposits can be expressed in terms of concentration coefficients. The so-called concentration factor is the ratio of the industrial grade to the Clark value of the elementThe elements that aggregate into ore minerals are crystallization, chemical action, metasomatism, ion exchange and

27、isomorphous replacementMineralization: in the course of the evolution of the earth, the chemical elements dispersed in the crust and upper mantle are enriched in a certain geological environment to form depositsEndogenic mineralization: a variety of geological processes that lead to the formation of

28、 deposits, mainly caused by the thermal energy of the earths interiorExogenous mineralization: refers to the solar energy under the influence of the upper part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere interactions in various geological processes lead to the formation of ore deposits

29、 in the crust of the earth.Metamorphic mineralization: a rock or deposit formed by endogenic or exogenic action. As a result of the change of geological environment, their mineral composition, chemical composition and other changes have taken place, forming a new ore deposit, known as.Classification

30、 of ore deposits:Endogenetic deposits: magmatic deposits, PEGMATITE DEPOSITS, contact metasomatic (skarn) deposits, hydrothermal deposits, and volcanic ore depositsExogenic deposits: weathering deposits, sedimentary deposits and flammable organic depositsMetamorphic ore deposits: contact metamorphic

31、 deposits, regional metamorphic ore deposits and mixed ore depositsSuperimposed deposits: stratabound depositsMagmatic deposits: by all kinds of magma deep in the crust, after fractionation and crystallization, the ore-forming material dispersed in the magma accumulation and the formation of the dep

32、osit, the deposit is formed in the orthomagmatic stage, so it is also called the orthomagmatic deposit.Characteristics of magmatic deposits:1., mineralization and diagenesis are basically simultaneous, that is, the formation of magmatic deposits and the condensation crystallization process of the mo

33、ther rock are approximately the same in time2. ore bodies are mainly found in igneous rocks3., disseminated ore bodies and the mother rock generally show gradual or rapid transition relationship, and the penetration type ore bodies have clear and clear boundaries4. the mineral composition of the ore

34、 is basically the same as that of the parent rock. Only the ore minerals in the ore are relatively enriched5. because the mineralization is occurring in the magma melt at the same time, the ore-forming temperature of most magmatic deposits is higher, and the formation temperature of sulfide deposits

35、 is lowThe formation of magmatic deposits is dominated by magmatic conditions and geotectonic conditionsPegmatite deposit: when a useful component of pegmatite is enriched and meets industrial requirements, it becomes a pegmatite deposit. It is an important source of some rare elements and rare eart

36、h mineralsThe characteristics of PEGMATITE DEPOSITS: chemical elements in PEGMATITE DEPOSITS, mainly oxygen and oxygen. There are common minerals in pegmatite: silicate minerals, rare and radioactive minerals, rare earth minerals. The structure of the pegmatite:The giant crystal structure, the struc

37、ture, coarse grain structure and graphic structure, fine structure. In PEGMATITE DEPOSITS, banded structure is the most common. Pegmatite bodies vary in size, thickness from a few centimeters to tens of meters, a few long along the strikeMeters to hundreds of meters, or even kilometersHydrothermal o

38、re depositGas water hydrothermal: refers to a certain depth (a few tens of kilometers -) under the certain temperature (- tens of hundreds of degrees) and pressure (hundreds of thousands of hundreds of millions of - PA) solution of gas and liquid. Because of its composition is mainly dominated by wa

39、ter, andLiquid, so called gas water heat, referred to as hot liquidIn the process of mineralization, the deep hydrothermal mineral and ore-forming elements dispersed in the rock extracted, initial concentration, carry them to a certain structural rock, through filling metasomatic metallogenic mode,

40、the mineral precipitationIn the process of mineralization, the interaction with the surrounding rock results in the alteration of the surrounding rock and may form the primary halo of the deposit,Become an important prospecting indicatorThere are four main sources or causes of hydrothermal fluids: m

41、agma, groundwater, seawater, and metamorphismThe reason of gas water hydrothermal migration: 1. due to seepage caused by migration of.2. hydrothermal solution due to the pressure difference caused by the migration of.3. hydrothermal solution due to deep heat induced migration of.4. hydrothermal hydr

42、othermal fluid migration due to cooling of the magma release dissolved caused.The channel of gas water hydrothermal migration can be divided into two types: primary and secondaryPrimary pores are: the gap between the grains, the rock forming minerals level gap, eruptive rock geode and empty.Secondar

43、y fractures can be divided into two types: non structural fracture and structural fractureA fissure formed by the expansion of a rock, such as dissolved voids, cracks in the volume of a rock, or crystallization or recrystallization of minerals.Tectonic fracture mainly refers to the fracture produced

44、 by crustal movement and a series of fractures associated with it, such as interlayer and interlayer stripping spaces, general structural fractures of rocks, individual faults and so onHydrothermal activity and tectonic movements are inseparable, the tectonic mineralization is often some kind of sim

45、ple fractures, but in the process of hydrothermal activity in the development and transformation of significant, such as the formation of breccia zone, fracture zone, the fracture complex.There are two kinds of mineralization methods of gas hydrothermal deposit, filling and metasomatismFilling: hydr

46、othermal flow in the surrounding rock, if there is no mutual exchange of obvious chemical reaction and material and the surrounding rock, while the precipitation of ore-forming hydrothermal solution, mainly due to temperature, pressure changes or other factors, directlyIt is deposited in the pores o

47、r fissures of the surrounding rock, which is called filling actionMetasomatism: the mineral solution is produced by chemical reaction or displacement with surrounding rock under certain temperature and pressure, which results in the accumulation of mineralsAlteration: under the action of gas, water

48、and hydrothermal fluid, a series of old minerals replace the replacement of new and stable minerals, which is called alterationRock alteration: because the surrounding rock gas water hydrothermal deposit around, in the process of mineralization alteration occurred frequently, because called rock alt

49、eration. The alteration is not confined to ore flow, can include a range of hot fluid flows, it is farThe area is beyond the distribution of the orebodyThe change of surrounding rock by the altered not only the chemical composition and mineral composition, also have different degrees of physical pro

50、perty changes, such as color, weight, hardness, porosity and other changes.Alteration surrounding rock is an important ore prospecting indicator. Because the distribution of altered rock is larger than that of ore body, it is easy to be found in ore prospecting. Therefore, it has long been regarded

51、as an important prospecting indicatorMain types of wall rock alteration:1. skarn: skarn is a rock composed of garnets, pyroxene, and some other calcium, iron and magnesium silicates2. GREISENIZED: is a kind of important high temperature hydrothermal alteration, mainly produced in granite, altered th

52、e greisen are gray, gray, gray green and yellow, medium and coarse grain structure, particle size of 1-5mm is the most common.3.: k-feldsparization k-feldsparization including microclinization, AMAZONITIZATION, through long petrochemical, petrochemical and adularization is long, because of the diffe

53、rence between these minerals is difficult, its components are almost identical, so called k-feldspathization. Related metasomatic K-feldspar of theThe main rocks are potassium feldspar, albite feldspar, quartz potassium feldspar and biotite K-feldspar4.: albitization is a widespread and significant

54、alteration. The alteration occurred from the temperature of gasification temperature can occur, the different nature of the rock can also occur in albite, but in Mafic igneous rocks, sodiumFeldspar is more common. In granite related to mineralization, albite often occurs after potassium mineralizati

55、on, but it is often developed after albite5. propylitization (also known as meta andesitization): refers to the basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite in part, in low temperature hydrothermal process, especially carbon dioxide in a hot liquid, an erosion of sulfur and water under the action of the ch

56、ange, propylite alteration oreIn pyrite, carbonate, chlorite, epidote and albite. Propylite greenish brown, dark green, green and other colors, appearance can keep the original characteristics of igneous rocks, palimpsest is obvious.6.: sericite is a medium low temperature hydrothermal alteration is

57、 very extensive and important change, in all types of igneous rocks, acidic igneous rocks, the sericite feldspar. Aluminum silicate minerals are most easily explained as sericite. In addition, marl and calcareous shaleAnd clay shale is also easy to sericite, sericite is often accompanied by quartz a

58、nd pyrite production7.: chloritization is a kind of common chloritization, important and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration. And chloritization of original rocks is various. Associated with mineralization chloritization and other hydrothermal alteration of symbiosis, rarely aloneChlorite is an altered mineral that is mainly altered by iron rich magnesium silicate minerals,Such as biotite, hornblende, pyroxene and so on8. clay: Clay refers to the formation of clay mine