機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯--工藝規(guī)程制訂

1、機械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯-工藝規(guī)程制訂 Process PlanningThe product design is the plan for the product and its components and subassemblies.To convert the product design into a physical entity ,a manufacturing plan is needed .The activity of developing such a plan is called process planning .It is the link between prod

2、uct design and manufacturing . Process planning involves determining the sequence of processing and assembly steps that must be accomplished to make the product .In the present chapter ,we examine processing planning and several related topics.b5 At the outset ,we should distinguish between process

3、planning and production planning ,which is covered in the following chapter. Process planning is concerned with the engineering and technological issues of how to make the products and its parts. What types of equipment and tooling are required to fabricate the parts and assemble the product ? Produ

4、ction planning is concerned with the logistics of making the product .After process planning is concerned with ordering the materials and obtaining the resources required to make the product in sufficient quantities to satisfy demand for it.p1Process Planning Process planning involves determining th

5、e most appropriate manufacturing and assembly processes and the sequence in which they should be accomplished to produce a given part or product according to specifications set forth in the product design documentation.The scope and variety of processes that can be planned are generally limited by t

6、he available processing equipment and technological capabilities of the company of plant .Parts that cannot be made internally must be purchased from outside vendors. It should be mentioned that the choice of processes is also limited by the details of the product design.This is a point we will retu

7、rn to later.DX Process planning is usually accomplished by manufacturing engineers .(Other titles include in industrial engineer.) The process planner must be familiar with the particular manufacturing processes available in the factory and be able to interpret engineering drawings .Based on the pla

8、nners knowledge,skill,and experience ,the processing steps are developed in the most logical sequence to make each part .Following is a list of the many decisions and details usually include within the scope of process planning :RT .Interpretation of design drawings. The part of product design must

9、be analyzed (materials,dimensions,tolerances ,surface finished,etc.) at the start of the process planning procedure.5P .Process and sequence. The process planner must select which processes are required and their sequence.A brief description of processing steps must be prepared.jL .Equipment selecti

10、on . In general , process planners must develop plans that utilize existing equipment in the plant .Otherwise ,the component must be purchased ,or an investment must be made in new equipment .xH .Tools ,dies,molds,fixtures,and gages. The process must decide what tooling is required for each processi

11、ng step.The actual design and fabrication of these tools is usually delegated to a tool design department and tool room ,or an outside vendor specializing in that type of tool is contacted.LD Methods analysis . Workplace layout ,small tools ,hoists for lifting heavy parts ,even in some cases hand an

12、d body motions must be specified for manual operations .The industrial engineering department is usually responsible for this area.Zz .Work standards. Work measurement techniques are used to set time standards for each operation .dv .Cutting tools and cutting conditions. These must be specified for

13、machining operations ,often with reference to standard handbook recommendations.rq Process Planning for parts For individual parts,the processing sequence is documented on a form called a route sheet .(Not all companies use the name route sheet ;another name is “operation sheet .)Just as engineering

14、 drawings are used to specify the product design ,route sheets are used to specify the process plan .They are counterparts,one for product design ,the other for manufacturing .A typical route sheet ,illustrated in Fig.21.1,includes the following information: (1) all operations to be performed on the

15、 work part ,listed in the order in which they should be performed ; (2) a brief description of each operation indicating the processing to be accomplished,with references to dimensions and tolerances on the part drawing; (3) the specific machines on which the work to be done; and (4) special tooling

16、 such as dies molds ,cutting tools,jigs or fixtures ,and gages.Some companies also include setup times ,cycle time standards,and other data.It is called a route sheet because the processing sequence defines the route that the part must follow in the factory .Some of the guidelines in preparing a rou

17、te sheet are listed in Table 21-1.Em Decisions on process to be used to fabricate a given part are based largely on the starting material for the part .This starting material is selected by the product designer.Once the material has been specified ,the range of the possible processing operation is r

18、educed considerably .The product designers decisions on starting material are based primarily on functional requirements ,although economics and manufacturability a role in the selection.SiA typical processing sequence to fabricate an individual part consists of : (1) a basic process,(2)secondary pr

19、ocesses ,(3) operations to enhance physical properties,and (4)finishing operations.The sequence is shown in Fig.21.2. A basic process determines the starting geometry of the workpart.Metal casting ,plastic molding ,and roling of sheet metal are examples of basic processes.The starting geometry must

20、often be refined by secondary processes,operations that transform the starting geometry (or close to final geometry ).The secondary geometry processes that might be used are closely correlated to the basic process that provides the starting geometry.When sand casting is the basic processes,machining

21、 operations are generally the second processes .When a rolling mill produces sheet metal,stamping operations such as punching and bending are the secondary processes.When plastic injection molding is the basic process ,secondary operations are often unnecessary,because most of the geometric features

22、 that would otherwise require machining can be created by the molding operation.Plastic molding and other operation that require no subsequent secondary processing are called net shape processes.Operations that require some but not much secondary processing (usually machining ) are referred to as ne

23、ar net shape processes.Some impression die forgings are in this category .These parts can often be shaped in the forging operation(basic processes)so that minimal machining (secondary processing )is required .6e Once the geometry has been established ,the next step for some parts is to improve their

24、 mechanical and physical properties .Operations to enhance properties do not alter the geometry of the part;instead,they alter physical properties .Heat treating operations on metal parts are the most common examples .Similar heating treatments are performed on glass to produce tempered glass.For mo

25、st manufactured parts ,these property-enhancing operations are not required in the processing sequence ,as indicated by the alternative arrow path in Fig.21.2.ka Finally finish operations usually provide a coat on the work parts (or assembly )surface. Examples inclued electroplating ,thin film depos

26、ition techniques ,and painting.The purpose of the coating is to enhance appearance ,change color ,or protect the surface from corrosion,abrasion ,and so forth .Finishing operations are not required on many parts ;for example, plastic molding rarely require finishing .When finishing is required ,it i

27、s usually the final step in the processing sequence .Table 21-2 presents some typical processing sequences for common materials used in manufacturing .y6 In most cases,parts and materials arriving at the factory have complete their basic process.Thus ,the first operation in the process plan follows

28、the basic process that has provided the starting geometry of the part .For example ,machined parts begain as bar stock or castings or forgings,which are purchased from outide vendors.The process plan begains with the machining operations in the companys own plant .Stempings begin as sheet metal coil

29、s or strips that are bought from the rolling mill.These raw materials are supplied outside sources so that the secondary processes,property-enhancing operations ,and finishing operatios can be performed in the companys own factory.M2 In addition to the route sheet ,a more detailed description of eac

30、 operation is usually prepared. This is filed in the particular production department office where the operation is performed.It lists specific details of the operation ,such as cutting conditionsand toolings(if the operation is machining )and other instructions that may be useful to the amchine ope

31、rator.The desciptions often include sketches of the machine setup.0YProcessing Planning for Assemblies The type of assembly method used for a given product depends on factors such as : (1) the anticipated production quantities ;(2) complexity of the assembled product ,for example ,the number of dist

32、inct components ;and (3)assembly processes used ,for example ,mechanical assembly versus welding .For a product that is to be made in relatively small quantities ,assembly is usually performed on manual assembly lines .For simple products of a dozen or so components,to be made in large quantities ,a

33、utomated assembly systems are appropriate .In any case ,there is a precedence order in which the work must be accomplished .The precedence requirements are sometimes portrayed graphically on a precedence diagram.eU Process planning for assembly involves development of assembly instructions,but in mo

34、re detail .For low production quantities,the entire assembly is completed at a single station .For high production on an assembly line ,process planning consists of allocating work elements to the individual stations of the line, a procedure called line balancing.The assembly line routes the work un

35、it to individual stations in the proper order as determined by the line balance solution.As in process planning for individual components ,any tools and fixtures required to accomplish an assembly task must be determined ,designed,and built;and the workstation arrangement must be sQlaid out.工藝規(guī)程制訂 產(chǎn)

36、品設(shè)計是用于產(chǎn)品,及它的部件裝配的方案. 為了把產(chǎn)品設(shè)計轉(zhuǎn)換成一個實際物體 , 這需要一個制造方案.而制訂一個這樣的方案的行動就叫做 工藝規(guī)程制訂 .它是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計和制造之間的連接. 工藝規(guī)程制訂 包括決定加工順序和制造產(chǎn)品所必須完成的裝配步驟.在以下文章中,我們將解釋工藝規(guī)程制訂和他的一些相關(guān)主題.GM 文章開始, 我們應(yīng)該區(qū)別在以下文章中被反復(fù)提到的 工藝規(guī)程制訂 和消費方案. 工藝規(guī)程制訂與 如何制造產(chǎn)品和它的零件等工程技術(shù)問題有關(guān).制造零件和裝配產(chǎn)品需要什么樣的設(shè)備和工具? 工藝規(guī)程制訂 與產(chǎn)品制造物流管理有關(guān)系.它在 工藝規(guī)程制訂后面與原料分類及獲得滿足制造充分?jǐn)?shù)量產(chǎn)品要求的資源有關(guān).

37、TI工藝規(guī)程制訂 工藝規(guī)程制訂包括決定最適當(dāng)?shù)闹圃旒把b配步驟和順序,在這些順序和步驟中他們必須根據(jù)所提出的詳細(xì)的設(shè)計說明書標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完成給定零件或產(chǎn)品制造. 可以被方案的工藝范圍和多樣性通常由于公司車間可用設(shè)備和技術(shù)才能而受到限制.在公司內(nèi)部不可以制造的零件必須到外部市場購置. 工藝規(guī)程制訂所提及的工藝選擇同樣也受到詳細(xì)設(shè)計資料的限制.我們稍后將會回到這一點.7E 工藝規(guī)程制訂通常是由制造工程師完成的.( 工業(yè)工程師擁有其他權(quán)利.) 工藝制訂者必須熟悉工廠中詳細(xì)可用的制造流程并且可以說明工程圖.基于制訂者的知識,技術(shù)和經(jīng)歷, 用于制造每個零件的工藝步驟以最符合邏輯的順序被開展制訂.以下各項是在工藝規(guī)

38、程制訂范圍里的許多決定和詳細(xì)資料 :lz .設(shè)計圖的說明. 在工藝規(guī)程制訂的開始,產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的這一部分 ( 材料,尺寸,公差 , 外表處理 , 等等 ) 必須進(jìn)展分析.zv .工藝和順序. 工藝制訂者必須選擇哪一個工藝是必需的及必需工藝的序列.此外還必須準(zhǔn)備好一個簡短的工藝步驟描繪.Nr .設(shè)備選擇. 大體上,工藝制訂者必須逐步展開利用工廠現(xiàn)有機器的方案.另外,組 件必須被購置或在新設(shè)備上的投資必須被制定.1n .工具,沖模,鑄模,夾具,量具. 工藝必須決定每個工序需要什么工具.這些工具的實際設(shè)計和制造通常通過委派工具設(shè)計部門和工具庫或者聯(lián)絡(luò)專攻那種工具制造的外面廠商來完成.fj .方法分析. 車間規(guī)劃,小工具,提升重物的提升間,甚至在一些人工操作情景中的肢體動作也被指定. .操作步驟. 工作測量技術(shù)被用來為每個操作設(shè)定時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn). .切削工具和切削條件. 這些必須對加工操作通過推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手冊來進(jìn)展詳細(xì)說明.零件工藝規(guī)程制訂 對于單個零件,加工順序通過一種被稱為進(jìn)路表的表格來進(jìn)展文件證明備份. ( 不是所有的公司使用進(jìn)路表這個名字；另外的一個名字是 操作說明書. ) 就如工程圖被用于詳細(xì)說明設(shè)計產(chǎn)品一樣,進(jìn)路表被用于詳細(xì)說明工藝方案. 他們是類似的 , 一個用于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計