marktwain(英文簡介)

1、Mark TwainMark Twain (1835 - 1910) is a great literary giant of America, whomH. L. Mencken considered “the true father of our national literature. ” With works like Adventure of Huckleberry Finn (1884) and Life on the Mississippi (1883) Twain shaped the world s view of America and madea more extensi

2、ve combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done.1. Brief Introduction to the AuthorMark Twain, Pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was born on November 30, 1835,in Missouri, and grew up in the river town of Hannibal. After his father died, hebegan t

3、o seek his own fortune .He once worked as a journeyman printer, a steamboatpilot, a newspaper colunist and as a deadpan lecturer. Twains writing took theform of humorous journalism of the time, and it ennabledhim to master the techniqueof narration.Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided

4、the setting for HuckleberryFinn and TomSawyer. After an apprenticeship with a printer, he worked as a typesetters newspaper. He later becameand contributed articles to his older brother Oriona riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada.He referred humorously

5、 to his singularlack of success at mining, turningtojournalism for the Virginia City TerritorialEnterprise. In 1865, his humorous story,The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” was published, based on a storyhe heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp California where he had spent some time as r

6、oyalty.a miner. The short story broughtinternational attention, even beingtranslated toclassic Greek. His wit and satire,in prose and in speech, earned praisefrom criticsand peers, and he was a friend topresidents, artists, industrialists,and EuropeanThough Twain earned a great deal of money from hi

7、s writings and lectures, heinvested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige Compositor, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision.In the wake of thesefinancial setbacks he filed for protection from his creditors via a bankruptcy filing, and with the help of Henry

8、Huttleston Rogers eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his pre-bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no responsibility to do this under the law.Twain was born shortly after a visitby Halley s Comet, and he predicted thathe would “go out with it, ” too. He died the

9、 day following the comets subsequent return. He was lauded as the “greatest American humorist of his age,” and Will iam Faulkner called Twain “the father of American literature.”2. Mark Twain s major worksIn l865, he pub1ished his frontier tale “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, ” whi

10、ch brought him recognition from a wider public. But his full literary career began to blossom in 1869 with a travel book Innocents Abroad, an account of American tourists in Europe which pokes fun at the pretentious, decadent and undemocratic Old World in a satirical tone. Mark Twains best works wer

11、eproduced when he was in the prime of his life. All these masterworks drew upon the scenes and emotions of his boyhood and youth. The first amongthese books is Roughing It (1872), in which Twain describes a journey that works its way farther west. Life on the Mississippi tells a story of his boyhood

12、 ambition to become a riverboat pilot. Two of the best books during this period are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boys book s

13、pecially written for the adults, is Twains most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim. Their episodic set of encounters presents a sample of the social world from the bank of the river that runs through the heart of the country.His s

14、ocial satire is The Gilded Age, written in collaboration with Charles DudleyWarner. The novel explored the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gave its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post- Civil War era. Twain s dark view of the society beca

15、me more self -evident in the works published later in his life. In A Connecticut Yankee in King Arth ur s Court (1889), a parable of colonialization. A similar mood of despair permeates The Tragedy of Pudd nhead Wilson (1894), which shows the disastrous effects of slavery on the victimizer and the v

16、ictim alike and reveals to us a Mark Twain whose conscience as a white Southerner was tormented by fear and remorse. By the turn of the century, with the publication of The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (l900) and The Mysterious Stranger (1916), thechange in Mark Twain from an optimist to an almost

17、despairingpessimist could be felt and his cynicism and disillusionment with what Twain referred to regularly as the“ damned human race” became obvious.3. The Characteristics of Mark Twain s Writing Style1) Twain as a local coloristTwain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present soc

18、ial life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on. Consequently, the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became the endless resources fo

19、r his fiction, and the Mississippi valley and the West became his major theme. Unlike James and Howe1ls, Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class people, because they were the people he knew so we1l ancl their 1ife was the one he himself had lived. Moreover he successfully used local color and histori

20、cal settings to i1lustrate and shed light on the contemporary society.2) His use of vernacularAnother fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are col1oquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simp1e, even ungrammatic

21、al, which is typical of the spoken 1anguage. And Twain skillfully used the colloquialism to cast his protagonists in their everyday life. What s more, his characters, confined to a particular region and to a particular historical moment, speak with a strong accent, which is true of his 1ocal coloris

22、m. Besides, different characters from different literary or cultural backgrounds talk differently, as is the case with Huck, Tom, and Jim. Indeed, with his great mastery and effective use of vernacular, Twain has made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable 1iterary medium in the literary history

23、 of the country. His style of language was later taken up by his descendants, Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway, and influenced generations of letters.3) His humorMark Twain s humor is remarkable, too. It is fun to read Twain to begin with,for most of his works tend to be funny, containing some

24、practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall ta1es. By considering his experience as a newspaperman, Mark Twain shared the popu1ar image of the American funny man whose punning, facetious, irreverenl articles filled the newspapers, and a great deal of his h

25、umor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration, repetition, and anti-climax, let alone tricks of travesty and invective. However, his humor is not only of witty remarks mocking at small things or of farcical elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the

26、 social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.4. Huckleberry Finn1) What is the book aboutHuckleberry Finn, by general agreement, is Twains finest book and an outstanding American novel. Its narrator is Huck, a youngster whose carelessly recorded vernacular speech is admirably adapted to de

27、tailed and poetic description of scenes, vivid representations of characters, and narrative renditions that are both broadly comic and subtly ironic.Huck, son of the village drunkard, is uneducated, superstitious, and sometimes credulous; but he also has a native shrewdness, a cheerfulness that is h

28、ard to put down, compassionate tolerance, and an instinctive tendency to reach the right decisions about important matters. He runs away from his persecuting father and, with his companion, the runaway slave Jim, makes a long and frequently interrupted voyage floating down the Mississippi River on a

29、 raft. During the journey Huck meets and comes to know members of greatly varied groups, so that the book memorably portrays almost every class living on or along the river. Huck overcomes his initial prejudices and learns to respect and love Jim.The books pages are dotted with idyllic descriptions

30、of the great river and the surrounding forests, and Hucks exuberance and unconscious humor permeate the whole. But a thread that runs through adventure after adventure is the theme of mans inhumanity to man- -of human cruelty. Children miss this theme, but adults who read the book with care cannot f

31、ail to be impressed by an attitude that was to become a reiterated theme of the author during his later years.2) The significance of the novelThe book marks the climax of Twains literary creativity. Hemingway oncedescribed the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.” The

32、 book is significantin manyways. First of all, the novel is written in a languagethat is totally different from the rhetorical language used by Emerson, Poe, andMelville. It is not grand, pompous,but simple, direct, lucid, and faithful to the colloquial speech. This unpretentious style of colloquial

33、ism is best described as“ vernacular ” . Speak ing in vernacular, a wild and uneducated Huck, running awayfrom civilization for his freedom, is vividly brought to life. Secondly, the great strength of the book also comes from the shape given to it by the course of the raft s journey down the Mississ

34、ippi as Huck and Jim seek their different kinds of freedom. Twain, who knew the river intimately, uses it here both realistically and symbolically. Thirdly, the profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature. The novel begins with

35、 a description of how Widow Douglas attempts to civilize Huck and ends with him deciding not to let it happen again at the hands of Aunt Sally. The climax arises with Huck s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head, between h

36、is affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape.Huck s final decisi on - to follow his own good - hearted moral impulse rather tha n conven ti onal village morality amounts to a vin dicati on of what Mark Twaincalled ” the damned human race, ” damned for its com

37、fortable hypocrisies, its thoroughgoing dishonesties, and its pervasive cruelties. With the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows.5. Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter 3l of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1) The storyThis novel begins with Huck under the

38、motherly protection of the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. When his father comes to demand the boy s fortune,Huck pretends that he has transferred the money to Judge Thather, so his father catches him and puts him into a lonely cabin. One night, after his father is drunken, Huck escapes t

39、o Jackson s island and meets Miss Watson s runaway slave, Jim. Theystart down the river on a raft. After several adventures, the raft is hit by asteamboat and the two are separated. Huck swims ashore and is saved by the Grangerford family, whose feud with the Sheperdsons causes bloodshed. Later, Huc

40、k discovers Jim and they set down again, giving refuge to a gang of frauds: the “Duke” and “King, ” whose dramatic performances culminate in the fraudulent exhibition of the“RoyalNonesuch.” Huck also witnesses the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard byan Arkansas aristocraton the shore. Whenh

41、e findsthat some rogues intend to claimlegacies as Peter Wilks s brother, Huck interfereson behalf of the three daughters,and the scheme is failed by the arrivalof the real brothers.Then he discovers thats Aunt Sally. At the Phelpsthe “King ” has sold Jim to Mrs. Phelps, Tom Sawyer farm, Huck and To

42、m try to rescue Jim. In the rescue, Tom is accidentally shot andJim is recaptured. Later, Tom reveals that therescue is necessary only because he“wanted the adventures of it.” It is also disclosed at the end of the novel thatHucks father has died, so Hucks fortune is safe.2) The novel s theme, chara

43、cterization of “Huck” and the novel s social significanceTheme: The novel is a vindication of what Mark Twain called “the damned human race. ” That is the theme of man s inhumanity to man- -of humancruelty, hypocrisies, dishonesties, and moral corruptions. Mark Twains thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twains wonderful characterization of “Huck,” a typical American boy whomits creator descr