不定式作定語的用法

1、不定式作定語的用法不定式及其短語作定語，與其他短語作定語一樣，一般都放在被修飾的詞之后，通常表示一個將來 的動作，有時也可以表示某一過去的特定動作。一些名詞后常用不定式作定語，如：chance(機(jī)會)，way(方法)，time(時間)等；另外，the first,the seco nd,the last,the only等作名詞或者它們作形容詞用來修飾代詞，它們或它們所修飾的代詞后，也常用不定式作定語。不定式作定語時，不定式與被修飾詞之間存在的關(guān)系復(fù)雜，有的是主謂關(guān)系；有的是動賓關(guān)系；有 的是動狀關(guān)系，還有的不存在主謂、動賓、動狀關(guān)系。1、主謂關(guān)系的(1)We must find a pers

2、on to do the work.(2) There is no one to take care of her.(3) In my family,my mother is always the first one to get up.(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(5) We n eed some one to go and get a doctor.2、動賓關(guān)系的如果不定式與被修飾的詞在邏輯上存在動賓關(guān)系，不定式里的動詞必須是及物動詞。注意：是及物動詞的，后面不要再加賓語，因為前面的被修飾詞是它的賓語；是

3、不及物動詞的， 要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞讓它變成及物動詞，只有這樣，它才能帶上前面的賓語。(1) He has a lot of books to read.(2) I would like a magazine to look at.(3) Here is some advice for you to follow.(4) Do you have any thi ng else to say?(5) There is no one to take care of.(6) She has nothing to worry about.3、動狀關(guān)系的 被修飾詞如果是不定式里動詞的狀語，應(yīng)多用介詞短

4、語。由于被修飾詞前沒有介詞，所以只能在不定式里的動詞后加介詞。(1) Please give me some paper to write on.(2) Lets find a room to put these thi ngs in (3) I have no house to live in.(4) He has no pen to write with.(5) There are five pairs to choose from.4、 不存在主謂、動賓、動狀關(guān)系的被修飾詞與不定式里的動詞不存在主謂、動賓、動狀關(guān)系的，被修飾詞多是些抽象名詞。(1) I have no time to g

5、o to the movie.(2)Theres no need to send for a doctor. (3) Wheres the best place to meet?(4) Is that the way to do it?(5) Im not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語狀語的用法現(xiàn)在分詞在句中起形容詞和副詞的作用。現(xiàn)在分詞用定語時相當(dāng)于一個定語從句； 作狀語表示時間、原因、條件等時相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。然而，我們在使用現(xiàn)在分詞時 應(yīng)注意兩方面的問題。一、作定詛現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語逋常置所修馀的名詞

6、或代詞Z后，現(xiàn)在分詞短語作方置定語 時，應(yīng)注意下列三點(diǎn)：1. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作和謂語動詞表示的動作是一先一后發(fā)生而不是同時發(fā)生時， 不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，應(yīng)使用定語從句表示。如：The teacher criticized the stude nt hav ing broke n the win dow.The teacher criticized the stude nt who had broke n the win dow.Do you know anyone hav ing lost a car ? Do you know anyone who have lost a car ?2.

7、 be ing可用狀語或補(bǔ)語，但不可作定語。如：Anybody being outside after ten o clock will be criticized. T)Anybody who is outside after ten o clock will be criticized.3表示經(jīng)常性或已完成的非進(jìn)行動作的時候，不用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。例如：供） The boy bringing us milk everyday is my brother.T） The boy who brings us milk everyday is my brother.二、作狀詛現(xiàn)在分詞作狀詛,我心必須

8、注意以下阿點(diǎn):1現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語與謂語動詞的時間關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞所表小-的動作與謂語動近表小的動作同時發(fā)生時，現(xiàn)在分詞用一般式。女口：The secretary worked late into the ni ght, prepari ng a long speech for the preside nt. He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.現(xiàn)在分詞所表小的動作先:謂詛動詞的動作時，現(xiàn)在分同要用完成式。如：Havi ng suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor W

9、hite has to take some medici ne with him whe never he goes.Having fini shed his homework, the boy went out to play football.2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語與主語的關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語與句子主語必須 保持一致。如果不一致，分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Look ing out of the win dow of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains around.They came into the

10、 classroom, talking and laughing.Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.It being a fine day, we all wan ted to go out ing.3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，前面可用連詞whe n, while, once等。如：Whe n talk ing to you, I always feel happy.Be careful while crossing the street.4. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時與主語之間不能有并列連詞or, and, but等,因為并列連詞

11、連接 的是兩個并列的成分，而分詞短語只是全句的一個狀語部分，但分詞與主語之間可用逗號。如：Having been told many times, but he still couldn t understand it.-下 Having been told many times, he still couldn t understand it.過去分詞的主要用法非謂語動詞除了包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞之外，還包括過去分詞。過去分詞又 稱-ed分詞，在句中可以構(gòu)成句子的謂語和復(fù)合賓語，也可以用作句子的表語、定語和狀 語。一、過去分詞構(gòu)成謂語和作表語的情況1. 和某些助動詞一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語：

12、I have n t bee n out much rece ntly我最近沒太出門。分析:過去分詞been和have的否定形式haven t 起構(gòu)成句子的謂語（完成否定形 式）have n t bee n。It was said that he had bee n arrestee據(jù) 說他被捕了。分析:過去分詞arrested和 be的完成形式had beer一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語（用了被動語 態(tài)）。2. 在句中用作表語:I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill.我很著急，我爸爸病了。分析： 過去分詞worried作表語，和am 一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。二、過去分詞和它所補(bǔ)

13、充說明的名詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語這種用法又可分為兩種情況：1. 過去分詞和名詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。 例如 :She didnt want her daughter taken out after dark.她不希望天黑后女兒被帶出門。分析：過去分詞短語taken out作名詞短語her daughter的補(bǔ)語，并和該名詞短語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。2. 介詞 with 后有時也可以跟這類復(fù)合賓語。例如 ：He sat with his arms clasped round his knees. 他雙手抱膝坐著。That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也沒解決

14、就結(jié)束了。分析:在這兩句話中,過去分詞clasped和settled分別作his arms和nothing的補(bǔ)語， 并一起構(gòu)成介詞的復(fù)合賓語。三、過去分詞用作定語修飾名詞1. 表示情緒的過去分詞可以作定語 ,這些過去分詞主要有satisfied,frightened,worried,pleased,confused,embarrassed,surprised,astonished, agitated,puzzled等。例女口 :Marti n s con fused sorrows turned to optimism馬 丁煩亂的悲哀情緒轉(zhuǎn)而變成樂觀情 緒。He did n t notice

15、the surprised look on her face他 沒有注意到她臉上驚訝的表情。分析:在這兩個例句中，過去分詞confused和surprised均作定語,分別修飾名詞 sorrows 和 look。2. 一些過去分詞用作定語并與其修飾的名詞構(gòu)成固定搭配。例如:boiled water開水canned food 罐頭食品 required courses必修課 united front 統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線3. 過去分詞和名詞、形容詞、副詞等一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞。例如 :a simply-fur ni shed apartme nt套陳設(shè)簡單的房間a cautiously-worded stat

16、eme nt措辭謹(jǐn)慎的聲明stro ngly-motivated stude nts學(xué)習(xí)動力很強(qiáng)的學(xué)生4. 帶有完成意義的一些過去分詞也可以作定語。例如 :the rise n sun ( = the sun that has just rise初 升的太陽vani shed jewels消失了的珠寶an exploded bomb (a bomb that has explode爆 炸了的炸彈 returned stude nts歸國留學(xué)生注:有些以-ed結(jié)尾的詞，并不是過去分詞，而是由名詞變來的形容詞。例如：armored cars裝 甲車a gifted boy有天賦的孩子 salari

17、ed class工薪階層 a detailed account 詳細(xì)的敘述 a bearded man留絡(luò)腮胡子的男人5. 有些過去分詞短語用在所修飾詞后面作定語,作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。例如 :Sudde nly there appeared a young woma n dressed in gree n 突然出現(xiàn)一個穿綠衣的女 子。分析:過去分詞短語dressed in green放在名詞短語a you ng woman后面作定語,相當(dāng) 于一個定語從句 who was dressed in greenThe play put on by the teachers was a big su

18、cce老.師們上演的戲很成功。分析:過去分詞短語put on by the teachers放在名詞短語the play后面作定語,相當(dāng)于 一個定語從句 that was put on by the teachers6. 單一的過去分詞有時也可跟在名詞后面作定語。例如 :The desig ners decided to cha nge the materials usd設(shè)計者決定改變所用的材料。分析:單一的過去分詞used跟在名詞短語the materials后面作定語，相當(dāng)于一個定語 從句 that were used。7. 過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式作定語表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作 :We must

19、 keep a secret of the things being discussed he我們須對正在討論的問題保密。分析:過去分詞discussed的進(jìn)行形式being discussec作名詞短語the things的定語, 相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 which are being discussed。I knew nothing about the experime nt being con ducted ther我 對在那里進(jìn)行的實驗一 無所知。分析:過去分詞 con ducted的進(jìn)行形式 being con ducted作名詞短語 the experime nt的 定語 ,相當(dāng)于一個

20、定語從句 which was being conducted。四、過去分詞作狀語1. 過去分詞短語作狀語 （多放在句首 , 也可放在句尾或句中 ）:Seen from the hill, thecity looks magn ifice nt.從山上看這座城市非常壯觀。He soon felt asleep, exhausted by thejourney.由于旅途勞頓，他很快就睡著了。分析:過去分詞短語seen from the hill和exhausted by the journey分別放在句首和句尾作狀語，修飾相應(yīng)的主句。2. 單獨(dú)的過去分詞有時也可用作狀語 :Depressed, h

21、e went to see his elder sist他情 緒很低沉，于是便去看他的姐姐。He turned away, disappointed他失望地走開了。分析：單 個過去分詞depressed和disappointed分別放在句首和句尾作狀語，修飾主句。3. 過去分詞短語和連詞連用 ,作狀語:I went on talking, though continually interrupted by George我繼續(xù)講我的，盡管一直被 喬治打斷。They would never do this unless compellec除非受到強(qiáng)迫，否則他們決不會做這種事。 分析:上面兩個句子中

22、，過去分詞短語continually interrupted by George和過去分詞 compelled分別和連詞though和unless起作狀語。4. 過去分詞還可引導(dǎo)一個狀語從句 :Provided （that） there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting there如果沒有人反對, 我們將在那里開會。分析:過去分詞provided引導(dǎo)出句子（that） there is no opposition并和該句子一起作狀 語 , 修飾主句 we shall hold the meeting there。真題演練 請按要求將下列句子

23、翻譯成英語：1. 下午四點(diǎn)半主席宣布閉會。（過去分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語）2. 她臉上的愁容加重了。（用過去分詞作定語）3. 最后威爾遜提出的計劃通過了。（過去分詞短語放在所修飾名詞后作定語）4. 你對正在維也納召開的峰會有什么看法？（用過去分詞的進(jìn)行時形式）5. 連續(xù)的暴雨使橋身受損，這座橋已不再安全。（過去分詞短語作狀語）6. 當(dāng)別人對他以友善相待時，他非常和藹可親。（過去分詞和連詞連用作狀語）7. 如果你早上六點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)車站，你就會趕上最早的火車。（用過去分詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句）答案及解析1. At 4:30 p.m. the chairman declared the session closed.分

24、析:過去分詞closed作名詞短語the session的補(bǔ)語,并和該名詞短語一起構(gòu)成謂語 declared的復(fù)合賓語。2. The worried look deepened upon her face.分析:過去分詞worried作定語，修飾主語look。3. In the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted.分析:過去分詞短語offered by Wilson放在名詞pro-gram后面作該名詞的定語，相當(dāng)于 一個定語從句 that was offered by Wilson。4. What do you think of the

25、summit meeting being held in Vienna?分析:過去分詞held的進(jìn)行時形式being held和介詞短語in Vienna 起作名詞短語 the summit meeting的定語，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 which are being held in Vienna。5. Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.分析:過去分詞短語weakened by successive storms放在句首作狀語表示原因，修飾整個 主句。6. When treated with kindness,

26、 he was very amiable.分析:過去分詞短語treated with kindness和連詞when連用,一起作狀語修飾整個主句。7. Provided （that） you arrive at the station at 6:00 a.m., you will catch the earliest train.分析:過去分詞 provided （that）引導(dǎo)出分句you arrive at the station at 6:00 a.m.并和該分 句一起作狀語修飾整個主句。定語從句即在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的從句，定語從句修飾名詞或者代詞放在所修飾名詞或代詞之后， 這種名詞或者

27、代詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)先行詞的有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞： that， which ， who ， whom ， whose .that 指人、物，在從句中做主語（不可以省略）或賓語（可省略）which 指物，在從句中做主語（不可以省略）或賓語（可省略）who 指人，在從句中做主語（不可省略）或賓語（可省略）whom 指人，在從句中做賓語可省略，但在其之前有介詞時不可以省略。 whose 通常指人也可指物，在從句中做定語。that 的用法1. 定語從句的先行詞被 all，some，any，no，little ，few，much，very,only 等修飾時 You should hand in

28、 all that you have.2. 定語從句的先行詞被序數(shù)修飾或在它前面有一個序數(shù)詞時He is the last person（ that） I want to see.It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen.3. 定語從句的先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時 This is the best film that I have ever seen.4. 定語從句的先行詞是不定代詞 everything ， anything ， nothing 等不定代詞時 Is there anything else th

29、at I can do for you?5. 定語從句的先行詞既有人又有物時They talked about the persons and the things that they remebered in the old days.6. 主句中已有一疑問詞 who 或 which 時Which is the bike that you lost.Who is the woman that was was praised at the meetings?7. 有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which ，另外一個宜用 that.Edison built up a factory whi

30、ch produced things that had never been seen before.8. that 不可以用于非限定定語從句。which 的用法1. which 可以用于引導(dǎo)非限定定語從句2. 介詞 +which ，其中的 which 不可以省略，有時候相當(dāng)于 where，when， why 的用法 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞：介詞 +whom ，介詞 +whichwho 的用法1.先行詞是 one,ones,anyone 時用 who。One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.2.先行詞為 tho

31、se 時，關(guān)系代詞用 who 。Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.3. 先行詞有較長的后置定語時用who 。I met a foreiner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese.4. 一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句時，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用that,另一個定語從句 who。關(guān)系副詞： where， when， whywhere 做地點(diǎn)狀語This is the house I was born in the house.=This is

32、 the house I was born there.=This is the house where I was born.=This is the house in which I was born.=This is the house that/which I was born in.where代替先行詞the house在從句中地點(diǎn)狀語， 代替there （副詞）或in the house（介詞短語）,where=in which.when 的用法He came at a time when we needed help.=He came at a time at which we neede