外文文獻及翻譯：模具熱處理及其導(dǎo)向平行設(shè)計

1、畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 heat treatment of die and mould oriented concurrent designli xiong,zhang hong-bing,ruan xueyu,luo zhonghua,zhang yanabstract: many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongs to serial pattern. it is well known that heat treatment is highly im

2、portant to the dies. a new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die and mould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatment process. heat treatment cad/cae was integrated with concurrent circumstance and the relevant model was built. these investig

3、ations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of r and d for products.key words:die design; heat treatment; mouldtraditional die and mould design,mainly by experience or semiexperience，is isolated from manufacturing process.before the design is finalized，the scheme of die

4、and mould is usually modified time and again，thus some disadvantages come into being,such as long development period,high cost and uncertain practical effect.due to strong desires for precision,service life,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectl

5、y.therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied,for example,concurrent engineering,agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborative design,etc.heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on

6、manufacture，assembly and service lifedesign and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind themas die and mould industry develops，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are good state of manufacture，assembly and wearresistant properties by

7、 request. impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such as overhard andsoft and assemblytraditionally the heat treatment process was made out according to the methods and properties brought forward by designerthis could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatme

8、nt diverge from each other，for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties，and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought. these divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great e

9、xtent. accordingly，if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the early designing stage，the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of development pattern from serial to concurrent will be realizedconcurrent engin

10、eering takes computer integration system as a carrier,at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid the errorthe concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern,which bring about a

11、revolution against serial patternin the present workthe heat treatment was integrated into the concurrent circumstance of the die and mould development，and the systemic and profound research was performed1 heat treatment under concurrent circumstancethe concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the

12、 serial pattern(see fig1).with regard to serial pattern，the designers mostly consider the structure and function of die and mould，yet hardly consider the consequent process，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwardsmeanwhile，the design department rarely communicates with the assembling，

13、cost accounting and sales departmentsthese problems certainly will influence the development progress of die and mould and the market foregroundwhereas in the concurrent pattern，the relations among departments are close，the related departments all take part in the development progress of die and mou

14、ld and have close intercommunion with purchasersthis is propitious to elimination of the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce the costheat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out not after blueprint and workpiece taken but during die and mould designi

15、ngin this way，it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment process and making full use of the potential of the materials2 integration of heat treatment cadcae for die and mouldit can be seen from fig2 that the process design and simulation of heat treatment are the core of integration frameafter

16、 information input via product design module and heat treatment process generated via heat treatment cad and heat treatment cae module will automatically divide the mesh for parts drawing，simulation temperature field microstructure analysis after heattreatment and the defect of possible emerging (su

17、ch as overheat,over burning)，and then the heat treatment process is judged if the optimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic vision technologymoreover tool and clamping apparatus cad and cam are integrated into this systemthe concurrent engineering based integration fram

18、e can share information with other branchthat makes for optimizing the heat treatment process and ensuring the process sound2.1 3-d model and stereoscopic vision technology for heat treatmentthe problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould can be discovered as soon as possible by 3-

19、d model for heat treatment based on the shape of die and mouldmodeling heating condition and phase transformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment are workable，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phase transformation thermodynamics，phase transformation kinetics

20、，phase stress,thermal stress，heat transfer，hydrokinetics etcfor example，3-d heatconducting algorithm models for local heating complicated impression and asymmetric die and mould，and m arc software models for microstructure transformation was usedcomputer can present the informations of temperature，m

21、icrostructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entire transformation procedure in the form of 3-d by coupling temperature field,microstructure field and stress fieldif the property can be coupled,various partial properties can be predicted by computer2.2 heat treatment process designdue

22、to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness and distortion during heat treatment for die and mould，the parameters including quenching medium type，quenching temperature and tempering temperature and time，must be properly selected，and whether using surface quenching or chemical hea

23、t treatment the parameters must be rightly determinedit is difficult to determine the parameters by computer fullysince computer technology develops quickly in recent decades,the difficulty with largescale calculation has been overcomeby simulating and weighing the property，the cost and the required

24、 period after heat treatmentit is not difficult to optimize the heat treatment process2.3 data base for heat treatmenta heat treatment database is described in fig3the database is the foundation of making out heat treatment processgenerally，heat treatment database is divided into materials database

25、and process databaseit is an inexorable trend to predict the property by materials and processalthough it is difficult to establish a property database，it is necessary to establish the database by a series of teststhe materials database includes steel grades,chemical compositions，properties and home

26、 and abroad grades parallel tablesthe process database includes heat treatment criterions，classes，heat preservation time and cooling velocitybased on the database，heat treatment process can be created by inferring from rules2.4 tool and equipment for heat treatmentafter heat treatment process is det

27、ermined，tool and equipment cadcae system transfers the information about design and manufacture to the numerical control devicethrough rapid tooling prototype，the reliability of tool and the clamping apparatus can be judgedthe whole procedure is transferred by network，in which there is no manmade in

28、terference3 key technique3.1 coupling of temperature，microstructure，stress and propertyheat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature-microstructurestress interactionthe three factors can all influence the property (see fig4)during heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will come

29、into being when microstructure changes.transformation temperature-microstructure and temperaturemicrostructureand stress-property interact on each otherresearch on the interaction of the four factors has been greatly developed,but the universal mathematic model has not been builtmany models fit the

30、test nicely，but they cannot be put into practicedifficulties with most of models are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method is employed so that the inaccuracy of calculation existseven so，comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heat treatment simulation by computer makes grea

31、t progress3.2 establishment and integration of modelsthe development procedure for die and mould involves design,manufacture，heat treatment，assembly，maintenance and so onthey should have own database and mode1they are in series with each other by the entityrelation modelthrough establishing and empl

32、oying dynamic inference mechanism ，the aim of optimizing design can be achievedthe relation between product model and other models was builtthe product model will change in case the cell model changesin fact，it belongs to the relation of data with die and mouldafter heat treatment model is integrate

33、d into the system，it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close to other models in the systemafter searching，calculating and reasoning from the heat treatment database,procedure for heat treatment，which is restricted by geometric model,manufacture model for die and mould and by cost and

34、 property，is obtainedif the restriction is disobeyed， the system will send out the interpretative warningall design cells are connected by communication network3.3 management and harmony among membersthe complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating among item groupsbecause each member is

35、 short of global consideration for die and mould development，they need to be managed and harmonizedfirstly,each item group should define its own control condition and resource requested,and learn of the request of up-and-down working procedure in order to avoid conflictsecondly，development plan shou

36、ld be made out and monitor mechanism should be establishedthe obstruction can be duly excluded in case the development is hinderedagile management and harmony redound to communicating information， increasing efficiency，and reducing redundancymeanwhile it is beneficial for exciting creativity，clearin

37、g conflict and making the best of resource4 conclusions(1) heat treatment cadcae has been integrated into concurrent design for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed,which can increase efficiency，easily discover problems and clear conflicts(2) die and mould development is performed on the same

38、 platformwhen the heat treatment process is made out，designers can obtain correlative information and transfer self-information to other design departments on the platform(3) making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time can enormously shorten the development period and reduce cos

39、t模具熱處理及其導(dǎo)向平行設(shè)計李雄，張鴻冰，阮雪榆，羅中華，張艷摘要： 在一系列方式中，傳統(tǒng)模具設(shè)計方法存在許多缺點。眾所周知,熱處理對模具起著非常重要的作用。為了克服模具熱處理工藝存在的缺點，一種新的模具熱處理工藝并行設(shè)計方法已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來了。熱處理cad/cae技術(shù)是集成了并行環(huán)境和有關(guān)模型而建立的。這些調(diào)查研究可以顯著提高效率，降低成本，并保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量達到r和d級。關(guān)鍵詞：模具設(shè)計；熱處理；模具傳統(tǒng)模具設(shè)計主要是依照自身實踐經(jīng)驗或依照部分實踐經(jīng)驗，而不是制造工藝。在設(shè)計完成之前，模具方案通常要被一次又一次的改進，于是有些缺點便出現(xiàn)，例如開發(fā)時期長，成本高和實際效果不明顯。由于對精確性、使用

40、壽命、開發(fā)期和費用的嚴(yán)格要求，先進的模具要求設(shè)計和制造得十分完善。因此越來越先進的技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新方法被應(yīng)用其中，例如并行工程、敏捷制造業(yè)、虛擬制造業(yè)、協(xié)同合作設(shè)計等。模具的熱處理與模具設(shè)計，制造和裝配同樣重要。因為它對模具的制造裝配和使用壽命又及其重要的影響。模具設(shè)計與制造發(fā)展十分迅速，但是熱處理發(fā)展卻嚴(yán)重滯后它們。隨著模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展，熱處理必須保證模具有良好的制造裝配和磨損耐熱性能。不切實際的熱處理將導(dǎo)致模具材料過硬或過軟，同時影響模具裝配性能。傳統(tǒng)的熱處理工藝是按照設(shè)計師提出的方法和特性制作出來的。這樣會使模具設(shè)計師和熱處理工藝師意見產(chǎn)生分歧，而模具設(shè)計師卻不能充分地了解熱處理工藝和材料的性能

41、，相反熱處理工藝師卻很少了解模具的使用環(huán)境和設(shè)計思路。這些分歧將在很大程度上影響模具的發(fā)展。因此，如果把熱處理工藝設(shè)計放在設(shè)計階段之前，則縮短開發(fā)周期，減少花費和保證質(zhì)量等目標(biāo)將會被考慮，而且從串行到并行的發(fā)展模式也將會實現(xiàn)。并行工程是以計算機集成系統(tǒng)作為載體，在開始以后，每個階段和因素都被看作如制造、熱處理、性能等等，以避免出現(xiàn)錯誤。并行模式已經(jīng)摒除了串行模式的缺陷，由此帶來了一場對串行模式的革命。在當(dāng)前的工作中，熱處理被集成到了模具開發(fā)的并行環(huán)境中，同時也正在進行這種系統(tǒng)性和深入性的研究。1.熱處理下的并行環(huán)境并行模式與串行模式存在根本的不同（見圖1）。對于串行模式，設(shè)計者大多考慮的是模具

42、的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能，但很難考慮相關(guān)的工藝，以致前者的錯誤很容易蔓延到后面。與此同時，設(shè)計本門很少與裝配，預(yù)算會計和銷售部門溝通。這些問題當(dāng)然會影響模具的開發(fā)進度和市場前景。然而在并行模式中，不但以上部門關(guān)系聯(lián)系密切，所有參加模具開發(fā)的部門都與買家有密切的交流。這有助于協(xié)調(diào)各部門消除矛盾，提高工作效率，同時降低成本。(a)(b)(a)串行模式 （b）并行模式圖1.基于摸具開發(fā)的串行工程與并行工程系統(tǒng)框架示意圖并行環(huán)境下的熱處理工藝不是在方案和工件確定以后，而是在模具設(shè)計的時候制定出來的。這樣的話，將有利于優(yōu)化熱處理工藝，充分利用材料。2.模具熱處理cad/cae一體化從圖2中可以看出，熱處理工藝的設(shè)計

43、與模擬是一體化模式的核心。在信息輸入產(chǎn)品模塊中后，經(jīng)熱處理工藝過程產(chǎn)生的熱處理cad和熱處理cae模塊將對于零件圖，熱處理以后模擬溫度場的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析和可能出現(xiàn)的缺陷（例如過熱，燒傷）自動劃分網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如果優(yōu)化是根據(jù)立體視覺技術(shù)的結(jié)果重新出現(xiàn)，則這項熱處理工藝已經(jīng)被審核。而且工具與夾具的cad和cae也集成于這種系統(tǒng)中。圖2.并行工程熱處理cad/cae一體化系統(tǒng)框架示意圖以并行工程為基礎(chǔ)的集成模式可以與其它類似模式共享信息。這樣使熱處理工藝得到優(yōu)化，并確保改工藝準(zhǔn)確。2.1采用三維模型和立體視覺技術(shù)的熱處理在形成模具的基礎(chǔ)上，材料，結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸的問題能通過熱處理三維模型盡快發(fā)現(xiàn)出來。在熱處理過程中，模具加熱條件和相變條件是切合實際的，因為通過計算相變熱力、相變動力、相應(yīng)力、熱應(yīng)力、傳熱速度、流體動力等已經(jīng)取得重要突破。例如，能進行局部復(fù)雜表面和不對稱模具的三維熱傳導(dǎo)模型計算，和能進行微觀結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變的marc軟件模型。計算機能夠在任何時間提交溫度，微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和應(yīng)力的信息，并通過連接溫度場微觀結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域和力場來顯示三維形式的全部