司法制度論文國際貿(mào)易中銀行獨立擔保的制度研究

1、國際貿(mào)易中銀行獨立擔保的制度研究 國際貿(mào)易中銀行獨立擔保的制度研究 【摘要】 為了有效地控制國際貿(mào)易的交易風險,一種新型的獨立于基礎(chǔ)交易的擔保方式銀行獨立擔保出現(xiàn)了。該業(yè)務(wù)通過簽發(fā)銀行獨立保函或備用信用證,在實現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)擔保功能的基礎(chǔ)上,吸收了商業(yè)信用證的獨立性原則,形成了集擔保、融資與支付功能為一體的業(yè)務(wù)運作機制。它與傳統(tǒng)的從屬性擔保有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。20世紀70年代以來,銀行獨立擔保在支持各種交易的同時,自身也取得了迅速發(fā)展。銀行獨立擔保以其獨有的獨立性、效率性、快捷性以及對債權(quán)人利益的保護性而在國際貿(mào)易中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。銀行獨立擔保在銀行實踐的普遍應(yīng)用中形成了一套完整的體系制度,具有獨特的法

2、律性質(zhì)和法律關(guān)系。銀行獨立擔保最本質(zhì)的法律特性是獨立性原則,即銀行獨立擔保中銀行的付款義務(wù)獨立于業(yè)務(wù)申請人與受益人之間的基礎(chǔ)交易合同。獨立性原則在實踐中體現(xiàn)為銀行付款條件的單據(jù)化。獨立性原則是銀行獨立擔保制度的基石,其在銀行實踐中所體現(xiàn)出來的業(yè)務(wù)功能的多樣性、強有力的付款保障、交易的高效性都源于此。目前包括我國在內(nèi)的世界上絕大多數(shù)國家對這種新型的擔保方式都沒有做出明文規(guī)定,只有國際商會和聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會先后制定了合同擔保統(tǒng)一規(guī)則、見索即付擔保統(tǒng)一規(guī)則、合同保函統(tǒng)一規(guī)則和聯(lián)合國獨立擔保和備用信用證公約等三個國際慣例和一個國際公約來調(diào)整這種擔保方式。在這種情況下,各國的判例和學理對此也有不同

3、的見解,還存在許多有爭議、尚未解決的問題,因此有必要對此問題進行研究。本文運用比較分析的方法,以各國的法律實踐為核心,結(jié)合有關(guān)的成文立法,全面深入地研究了國際貿(mào)易中的銀行獨立擔保制度。全文共分為五章。第一章專門探討了銀行獨立擔保的內(nèi)涵、歷史背景及作用,以明確銀行獨立擔保的法律性質(zhì)和特點。重點研究了獨立擔保的內(nèi)涵,其中最基本的有兩點:第一,擔保人付款的條件僅依擔保合同規(guī)定的條款與條件,如在見索即付擔保下,只要求受益人提交索款要求與受益人對債務(wù)人違約的單方聲明,并不要求受益人出示充分的證據(jù)證明債務(wù)人違約;第二,擔保人不能援引債務(wù)人對債權(quán)人的抗辯來對抗受益人。第二章研究了銀行獨立擔保的表現(xiàn)形式。根據(jù)

4、不同的分類標準,銀行獨立擔保有多種表現(xiàn)形式。如根據(jù)獨立擔保的付款條件劃分,其表現(xiàn)形式可分為見索即付獨立擔保、根據(jù)提交第三方單據(jù)付款的獨立擔保以及根據(jù)提交法院判決或仲裁裁決付款的獨立擔保。此外,也可根據(jù)獨立擔保的用途進行若干分類。第三章介紹了銀行獨立擔保的規(guī)范形式。具體包括銀行獨立擔保對國內(nèi)法關(guān)于保證擔保的突破、國際慣例和國際公約對銀行獨立擔保的規(guī)范和調(diào)整等。第四章分析了擔保責任的排除原因“欺詐例外”原則。由于銀行獨立擔保的付款條件要求的是單據(jù)化交易,尤其是在見索即付擔保中,受益人只要提出索款要求并提出申請人違約的單方聲明,銀行就負絕對付款的責任,這就為受益人實施欺詐大開方便之門。為了制止受益人

5、濫用其權(quán)利,各國都承認只要申請人能夠在銀行付款時證明“受益人的欺詐對于銀行是明顯的”,銀行就應(yīng)拒絕付款。本文通過比較分析各國有關(guān)欺詐的立法和實踐,總結(jié)出銀行獨立擔保中構(gòu)成欺詐的各種可能情況及其救濟措施。文章在這部分研究了欺詐的實體法問題與程序法問題。實體法問題主要是關(guān)于欺詐的認定問題:程序法問題涉及對受益人實施欺詐的救濟,主要介紹了三種救濟措施,即法院禁令、保全措施命令與馬利華禁令。第五章歸納分析了我國現(xiàn)有銀行獨立擔保的立法和實踐,并就完善我國有關(guān)的立法和實踐提出了初步的建議。從法律理論及國家金融秩序穩(wěn)定等不同的角度揭示我國現(xiàn)行銀行獨立擔保實踐中存在的種種弊端和潛在的金融風險,對我國銀行獨立擔

6、保制度進行了檢討。同時,借鑒各國的法律實踐和國際社會的有關(guān)公約與慣例,并聯(lián)系全球金融危機的背景及我國實際情況,提出可行的完善獨立擔保制度的建議?！綼bstract】 in order to control international trade risk effectively, a new form of bank guarantee which is independent of underlying transactions has come into being. upon issuance of bank independent bond or standby letter of c

7、redit, bank independent guarantee integrate all the functions as guarantee, financing and payment under an uniformed business system, which is based on the traditional undertaking nature and independent principals of documentary credits. as a new kind of guarantee, it differs from the traditional gu

8、arantee in nature. since the 1970s, the system of bank independent guarantee has supported various kinds of transaction and at the same time gained a rapid self-development. bank independent guarantee has been put into application in the international trade because of its independence, efficiency, c

9、onvenience and protection for the credit or benefit.as a novelty developed in bank practice, bank independent guarantee has set up a complete business system with unique legal natures and legal relations. the basic nature of bank independent guarantee is the independence, which means the payment obl

10、igation of the bank under bank independent guarantee is independent from the underlying transaction contract between the applicant and the beneficiary. the documentary nature of the payment conditions can fully displayed the independent nature of bank independent guarantee in bank practice. as the f

11、oundation of it, the principal of independence ensures the various functions, the powerful payment guarantee and efficient transaction in the practice.at present, most countries including china have not made formal stipulations about bank independent guarantee. so far, only three international usuag

12、es, icc uniform rules for contract guarantees, icc uniform rules for demand guarantees and uniform rules for contract bond, and one international convention, united nations convention on independent guarantees and standby letters of credit, are files that specially regulate such guarantees. so, the

13、legal precedent and the scientific theory or principals in various countries also have diferent opinions in the regard, and many disputes have not yet been solved. therefore a study of this question is necessary. though comparative and analytical approach, based on every countrys legal parctice and

14、statute law in bank independent guarantee, this article makes a comprehensive and profund study of the legal problems on bank independent guarantee in international trade. this article consists of five parts:chapterspecializes bank independent guarantees definition, history, origin and use for clari

15、fying its quality and characters. the emphasis is to study the definition of it. such guarantee includes two basically characters: first, the only condition of the guarantor exercising his obligation of payment is that the documents presented by beneficiary conform to the provision of contract of ba

16、nk independent guarantee. second, the guarantor can not invoke demur of obligor in primary contract to resist the obligee.chapterstudies classification of bank independent guarantee. according to different principals, it can been divided into several types. such as according to the conditions of pay

17、ment exist in international usuage and convention, they are payment of first demand, payment upon submission of third-party documents and payment upon submission of on arbitral or court decision. in addition, bank independent guarantee can be classificated by the use way.chapterintroduces the source

18、s of law of bank independent guarantee, including domestic law, international usuage and international convention.chapter iv studies a principal of fraud exception. this article attempts to examine a number of specific factual situations that constitute fraud bank independent guarantee and their rem

19、edies on the basis of comparing and analyzing the concept of fraud of every country. first, the article studies the determination offraud. then the article introduces three kinds of remedial measures-courtinjunction, conservatory attachment orders and marava injunction.chapte v presents a brief summ

20、ary and analysis of chinas current legislation and practice of bank independent guarantee. giving an over view of curtent judicial practice of bank independent guarantee and uncovers disadvantages and potential financial risks in terms of both law theories and financial order. refering to foreign le

21、gal practices, related international conventions and commercial practices, put forward the authors preliminary proposals for perfecting the relevant legislation and practice in our country.【關(guān)鍵詞】 國際貿(mào)易; 銀行獨立擔保; 欺詐例外; 制度研究 【key words】 international business; bank independent guarantee; fraud exception;

22、 study of system 國際貿(mào)易中銀行獨立擔保的制度研究中文摘要 5-7 英文摘要 7-8 前言 9-13 第一節(jié) 研究背景及論文意義 9-10 第二節(jié) 研究范圍和方法 10-11 第三節(jié) 研究思路 11-13 第一章 銀行獨立擔保的內(nèi)涵和特性 13-21 第一節(jié) 銀行獨立擔保的內(nèi)涵 13-14 第二節(jié) 銀行獨立擔保產(chǎn)生的特定背景和功能 14-16 一、銀行獨立擔保產(chǎn)生的特定背景 14-15 二、銀行獨立擔保的功能 15-16 第三節(jié) 銀行獨立擔保的法律關(guān)系和法律特性 16-21 一、銀行獨立擔保的法律關(guān)系 16-18 二、銀行獨立擔保的法律特性 18-21 第二章 銀行獨立擔保的表現(xiàn)形式 21-28 第一節(jié) 表現(xiàn)形式概述 21-23 第二節(jié) 基于運行機制不同而產(chǎn)生的獨立擔保 23-25 一、直接獨立擔保 23 二、間接獨立擔保 23-25 第三節(jié) 基于付款條件不同而產(chǎn)