電大衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)重點精簡并排版小抄參考

1、專業(yè)好文檔一.衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)真正建立的標志是arrow在1963年發(fā)表的經(jīng)典論文“不確定性與衛(wèi)生保健的福利經(jīng)濟學(xué)”.1952年世界衛(wèi)生組織紀事美國人馬爾達的論文衛(wèi)生的經(jīng)濟方面,被認為是衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)的第一篇著作。1958年,s.j.麻希金在華盛頓出版的公共衛(wèi)生報告上發(fā)表了題為衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)定義的論文，明確提出衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)的定義是“研究健康投資的最優(yōu)使用的科學(xué)”二.什么是衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué) 衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)(health economics)是經(jīng)濟學(xué)領(lǐng)域一個分支科學(xué)。它是應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟學(xué)的理論和方法研究醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域中投入與產(chǎn)出的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系和經(jīng)濟規(guī)律的學(xué)科。目的是揭示經(jīng)濟主體之間的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系和經(jīng)濟活動中的經(jīng)濟規(guī)律，以解決衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域中的經(jīng)

2、濟問題，并為制定相關(guān)的衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟政策提供信息。研究對象：衛(wèi)生服務(wù)過程中的經(jīng)濟活動和經(jīng)濟關(guān)系.三.衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究內(nèi)容 1.衛(wèi)生費用研究 2.衛(wèi)生保健制度 3.市場理論 4.健康效益的衡量 5.基本理論：衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求、需要、與衛(wèi)生資源配置等四.衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的性質(zhì)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)過程是生產(chǎn)的三要素：即勞動者、勞動資料和勞動對象的有機結(jié)合，創(chuàng)造有使用價值的產(chǎn)品的過程。 我國衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的性質(zhì)是政府實行一定福利政策的社會公益事業(yè)。五.衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需要：從消費者健康狀況出發(fā)，在不考慮實際支付能力的情況下，由醫(yī)學(xué)專家分析判斷消費者是否應(yīng)該獲得衛(wèi)生服務(wù)及衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的數(shù)量。衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求：在一定時期、一定價格水平下，消費者愿意并實現(xiàn)購買

3、的衛(wèi)生服務(wù)總量。衛(wèi)生服務(wù)供給：衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的提供者在一定時期內(nèi)、一定的價格水平下愿意并且能夠提供的衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的數(shù)量。須具備兩個條件：1、提供者有提供衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的愿望2、提供者有提供衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的能力六. 衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求的特點1、消費者醫(yī)療信息的缺乏和需求的被動性2、衛(wèi)生服務(wù)利用的效益外在性3、衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求的不確定性4、衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求受衛(wèi)生服務(wù)費用支付方式的影響七 衛(wèi)生服務(wù)供給的特點 1、壟斷性2、不確定性3、公益型4、外部性（正外部性 外部經(jīng)濟正效應(yīng) 供給不 足 負外部性 外部經(jīng)濟負效應(yīng) 供給過量）5、同時性或即時性6、主導(dǎo)性（誘導(dǎo)需求）7、技術(shù)性八.影響衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求的主要因素1、健康狀況2、經(jīng)濟文化因素3、

4、人口年齡等社會問題4、衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的供給者因素5、衛(wèi)生費用支付因素九.影響衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求和供給的因素1、衛(wèi)生服務(wù)成本與衛(wèi)生服務(wù)價格2、衛(wèi)生資源3、衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的技術(shù)水平4、政治、經(jīng)濟、文化等社會因素十.衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求（價格）彈性的概念衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求（價格）彈性 是指衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求量對價格變動的反應(yīng)程度。衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求價格需求彈性系數(shù)edp=該種衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求變動率/該種衛(wèi)生服務(wù)價格變動率 一般：價格與需求呈負性相關(guān) 價格上升，需求減少 價格下降，需求增加 所以:彈性系數(shù)一般為負值，表示價格與需求反 向變動，以其絕對值表示彈性大小，絕對值大表示彈性大衛(wèi)生服務(wù)需求彈性的種類 根據(jù)需求價格彈性系數(shù)絕對值的大小 edp1

5、 富有彈性 需求曲線平坦 edp1 缺乏彈性 需求曲線陡峭 edp=1 單一彈性 雙曲線 反比例 edp 0 完全無彈性 edp 完全彈性 (均衡價格支付價格等于供給價格)價格彈性與銷售收入之間的關(guān)系提示：這取決于該商品的需求價格彈性。|ep| 1時，價格變化的百分比低于需求量變化的百分比； |ep|3%的增幅時我們稱為inflation，就是通貨膨脹； 而當cpi5%的增幅時，我們把他稱為serious inflation，就是嚴重的通貨膨脹。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final wi

6、n over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their

7、 first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most

8、interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line thi

9、s weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomor

10、row and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president

11、of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mis

12、sion aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will

13、 move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the strat

14、osphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they go

15、t caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that

16、 could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-

17、chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.it is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.in johnathan thurston, cooper cronk, cameron smith and either billy slater or greg inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. they have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into