中考必備語法動詞的被動語態(tài)

1、中考必備語法 動詞的被動語態(tài)二、考點跟蹤解讀 1.理解動詞的語態(tài)在不同語境中的應用和結(jié)構(gòu)變化。2.掌握相應的謂語動詞變化形式和常用結(jié)構(gòu)。3.掌握主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化。4.掌握一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時以及一般現(xiàn)在時帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的用法。三、要點精講全解語態(tài)表明主謂之間的關系。英語的語態(tài)有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)之分。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：he opened the door.他打開了這扇門。（主動語態(tài)）the door was opened.這扇門被打開了。（被動語態(tài)）（一）被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

2、助動詞be有人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化：時態(tài)謂語動詞構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時am/ is /arep.p.（vt.)（及物動詞的過去分詞）一般過去時was/were一般將來時will be現(xiàn)在完成時have/has been現(xiàn)在進行時am/is are+being過去進行時was/were+ being1.一般現(xiàn)在時：be（am/ is/ are）+ 及物動詞的過去分詞english is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的許多人都說英語。2.一般過去時：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞my bike was stolen. 我的自行車被偷了。3

3、.現(xiàn)在完成時：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞 two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，已經(jīng)種了二百棵樹了。4.一般將來時：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞a speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一個演講。5.現(xiàn)在進行時：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞uncle wang is mending my bike now. my bike is being repaired by tom now.6.過去進行時：was/w

4、ere+及物動詞的過去分詞this road was being built this time last year. 這條路去年這個時候還在修建。7.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞your homework must be handed in tomorrow. 明天必須交上你的作業(yè)。被動語態(tài)的一般疑問句，須將第一個助動詞移至主語之前構(gòu)成。否定句須在助動詞之后加not。如：肯定句：the letter is written in english.否定句：the letter isnt written in english.一般疑問句：is the let

5、ter written in english?（二）被動語態(tài)的用法1. 不知道或沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：the bridge was built last year.這座橋是去年建造的。2.當更加強調(diào)動作的承受者時。此時動作的執(zhí)行者由by引導置于謂語動詞之后，不需要時可以省略。如： the room hasnt been cleaned yet.房間還沒有打掃。（三）主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)1主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的步驟分清主句主謂賓，賓變主來主by賓。謂變be done 時不變，注意數(shù)格抄其余。即：（1）將主動句的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。如果主動句的賓語是代詞，將其由賓格變?yōu)橹鞲?。bruce w

6、rites a letter every week. a letter is written by bruce every week. tom killed him. he was killed by tom. （2）將動詞改為“be+過去分詞”。根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式。they held a meeting yesterday. a meeting was held by them yesterday.he has written two novels so far.two novels have been written by

7、him so far.lucy is writing a letter now.a letter is being written by lucy now. they will plant ten trees tomorrow.ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.you must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave.（3）將主動語態(tài)的主語改為被動語態(tài)的by的賓語。如果原主語是代詞，則應由主格變?yōu)橘e格。如：he sang a song. a son

8、g was sung by him. 2主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的注意事項（1）無to的要加to對于感官動詞（see, watch, hear等）和使役動詞（make等），它們用不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，我們要把不帶to的動詞不定式前加上to。即：禿頭帶帽。如：i saw him make a face just now. he was seen to make a face just now.mother made her stay at home last sunday.she was made to stay at home last sunday. （2）雙賓語要

9、變?nèi)?，變物要加to 或for。有些動詞有雙賓語，間接賓語（指人）和直接賓語（指物）。在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，一般要把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語；但要把直接賓語的變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語時，在間接賓語前要添加介詞to或for。（buy, make, draw, sing等用for, 其它一般用to）如：i gave him a book yesterday.he was given a book yesterday.a book was given to him yesterday. she bought me a bike last week.i was bought a bike last week.

10、a bike was bought for me last week.（3）動詞詞組是整體，不可省去任何詞。不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，但有些不及物動詞加上適當?shù)慕樵~或副詞構(gòu)成動詞詞組后，能有自己的賓語，故有被動語態(tài)。在由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，要把動詞詞組看作是一個整體，不可省去其介詞或副詞。she often takes good care of the babies.the babies are often taken good care of by her.he listens to the radio every day. the radio is listened to by him

11、every day.（四）使用被動語態(tài)應注意的幾個問題：1.主語是表示地點的名詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)主語是表示地點的名詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，此名詞不能變?yōu)椤癰y”的賓語，應在前面加介詞“in，on”或“at”。 如：the factory makes cars. cars are made in the factory. the farm grows rice. rice is grown on the farm.2. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。不及物動詞沒有賓語，若將其用于被動語態(tài)則沒有主語，故不能用于被動語態(tài)。有些英語中的不及物動詞，譯成漢語時卻可能是“及物”的，很容易出錯，如：take place(發(fā)生)

12、，happen(發(fā)生)， appear(出現(xiàn))，disappear(消失)，last(持續(xù))，等。what will happen in 100 years？一百年以后將會發(fā)生什么呢？3.主動形式表示被動意義。英語中有些詞語或句型可以用主動形式表示被動意義，而且這種情況還比較常見。如果我們不注意就有可能會用錯，所以有必要把這種情況做個了解。下面是主動形式表示被動意義的一些典型形式。（1）want, need, require等詞后用主動形式表被動意義。this shirt needs washing/to be washed.這件襯衣該洗了。（2連系動詞 look, feel, smell,

13、taste, sound,等后加形容詞也表示被動意義。it tastes sweet.這有甜味。（3）be worth doing something句型中用主動形式表示被動意義。the idea is well worth considering.這個想法很值得考慮。（4）不定式做后置定語，且與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上是動賓關系，與句子主語在邏輯上是主謂關系時，不定式常用主動形式表示被動意義。they have a lot of work to do this week.他們這周有很多工作要做。（5）當不定式前有g(shù)ood, easy, difficult, hard, comfortable,

14、heavy, light, dangerous, safe等形容詞修飾且與句子的邏輯主語是動賓關系時用主動表示被動意義。 these shoes are not very comfortable to wear.這雙鞋穿起來不太舒服。（6）有些及物動詞和及物動詞短語(多表示“靜態(tài)”)不能用于被動語態(tài)，常見的有have, cost, last, own, hold, fit, agree with等。the party lasted for two hours last night. 晚會昨天晚上持續(xù)了兩個小時。（五）初中教材中與被動語態(tài)相關的句型有： 1. be covered with被覆蓋

15、 2.be made of由制作（發(fā)生物理變化）be made from由制作（發(fā)生化學變化） be made in由（某地）制造 be made by被（某人）制造 3. be used for被用來 be used as被當作（作為）來使用 be used to do sth被用來做某事 4. be filled with 被裝滿5.it is said that據(jù)說 it is well known that眾所周知四、思維誤區(qū)警示（一）考查主動形式，被動意義【例題解析】1.（孝感市） these apples _ well because they _ nice. a. are sol

16、d, lookb. sell, lookc. sell, are looked d. are sold, are looked 答案：b。本題考查主動形式，被動意義。sell和連系動詞look沒有被動語態(tài)。2. the library needs , but itll have to wait until sunday. a. cleaning b. be cleaned c. clean d. being cleaned答案：a. need (實意) +（to do）sth.，need (情態(tài))+ do；當表示“需要被做某事”用need doing sth. 本題考最后一種用法，選a。如有t

17、o be cleaned 則也為正確答案?！疽族e知識點解析】look, smell, taste, feel等表示感覺的連系動詞；sell作“銷量（好壞）”；be worth doing意為“值得做”；happen / take place; belong to（屬于）等動詞的主動形式表被動意義。（二）考查被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)【例題解析】1.（寧波）waiter, id like some ninbo dumplings. sorry, sir. ninbo dumplings_ only for lunch and dinner. a. serve b. served c. are served d

18、. are serving 答案：c.本題考查一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，be (am/is/are)+p.p.2.（天津） did you go to jacks birthday party? no, i _. a. am not invited b. wasnt invited c. havent invited d. didnt invite 答案：b。本題考查一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。 was/were+p.p.【易錯知識點解析】被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是“be及物動詞的過去分詞（p.p.）.被動語態(tài)的不同時態(tài)是通過be的變化而實現(xiàn)的，其人稱和數(shù)要和主語一致。（三）考查主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)【例題解析】1

19、. （四川）the children ate up all the apples.（改為被動語態(tài)） all the apples _ _up by the children.2. （遼寧）people use computer widely in the world. （改為同義句） computers _widely _in the world 答案：1. were eaten 2. are, used 【易錯知識點解析】首先把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，再把謂語動詞變?yōu)椋篵e+p.p.,并通過be的變化來表達不同的時態(tài)，最后把主動句中的主語改為介詞by的賓語。（四）考查短語動詞被動語

20、態(tài)【例題解析】1. （廣東）a neighbor helped to keep our dogs. it _while we were on holiday.a. was taken care b. took care of c. is taken care of d. was taken care of 答案：d. take care of是一個詞組，在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，應該看作一個整體。 2. （鹽城）she will take good care of the children（變被動語態(tài)） the children will _ _ _ _ _ （by her）答案： be taken

21、good care of【易錯知識點解析】短語動詞在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，要將短語動詞視為一個整體，其后的介詞或副詞不能省去。（五）考查雙賓語的被動語態(tài)【例題解析】1. （黔江）her mother gave her a new pen. （改為被動語態(tài)）a new pen _ _ _by her mother. 2. she bought me a bike last week. （改為被動語態(tài)） a bike _ _ _me by her. 答案：1. was given to 2. was bought for 【易錯知識點解析】含雙賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，有兩種方法：將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z

22、，直接賓語保持不變； 將直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，間接賓語用介詞to或for引導。（六）考查含有復合賓語動詞的被動語態(tài)【例題解析】1. （雞西）the poor man was made_in the fields. . to work b. work c. working 答案：a。 make sb. do sth.的被動語態(tài)是：be made to do sth. 2. （濟南）the young man was often seen _by the lake. a. to draw b. to drawing c. draw d. drew答案：a。see sb. do sth.的被動語態(tài)是：b

23、e seen to do sth. 3. （河北）we _to close the window before we left the lab.a. tell b. told c. are told d. were told 答案： d。 tell sb. to do sth. 的被動語態(tài)是be told to do sth. 【易錯知識點解析】 一些動詞能有自己的賓語和賓語補足語，構(gòu)成 “svo+oc”。動詞用何種語態(tài)，關鍵取決于動詞后是否有賓語，一般有賓語就要用主動語態(tài)，沒有賓語就要用被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)中, hear, see , feel等感官動詞及l(fā)et, make, have等使役動

24、詞后接不帶to的不定式作賓補。但這些詞在作謂語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，to 要還原。【中考演練】i. 單項選擇。1. english _ in canada, australia and new zealand as well as america and britain. a. speaks b. is speaking c. is spoken d. spoke2. what should we do first if we want to develop our village?a lot of new roads _, i think. a. must build b. have to buil

25、d c. must be built d. have built3. please say “i am here” when your name_, will you? yes, mr. hu.a. will be called b. calls c. is called d. is called4. the boy _ to get supper ready after school a. was told b. is telling c. were told d. tells5. your coat looks niceis it _ cotton？yes. its shanghai.a.

26、 made of；made by b. made of；made in c. made for；made by d. made for；made in 6. the telephone _by alexander graham bell in 1876. a. was invented b. has been invented c. is invented d. will be invented7. a talk on developments in science and technology _ in the school hall next week. a. given b. will

27、be given c. has been given d. gives8. this kind of food _ cool, clean and dry according to the instruction. a. should be carried b. must be put c. should be taken d. must be kept9. the flowers _ every day. or theyll die. a. must water b. can be watered c. should water d. must be watered10. great cha

28、nges _ in china during the past 20 years. a. have happened b. happened c. have been happened d. were happenedii.用動詞的適當形式填空.1. these pictures (take) in beijing last spring.2. both english and french (speak) in canada.3. these things cant (put) in this room.4. our time should (make) good use of.5. he

29、(tell) to do the work just now.6. i (make) to wash clothes yesterday.7. the glass (break) by my sister this morning.8. the sports meeting (hold) in our school next sunday.9. dont worry about her. she (meet) by her friends as soon as he arrives.10. the bridge (build) in 2000.iii. 按要求轉(zhuǎn)換下列各句，每空一詞。 1.te

30、achers must take good care of the students（改為被動語態(tài)） the students must _ _good care of. 2. was he made to stay at home by his parents yesterday? （改為主動語態(tài)） did his parents make_ _at home yesterday?3. people plant trees in spring.（改為被動語態(tài)） trees _ _in spring.4. a famous american writer wrote the book years ago.（改為被動語態(tài)） the book _ _by a famous american writer years ago. 5. ken is often h