初中英語專項練習(xí)：語法專練之簡單句的句子成分及基本句型

1、 語法專練之簡單句的句子成分及基本句型 英語句子與漢語句子一樣，都是由單詞按照一定的規(guī)則所組成的。不同的詞類在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同詞類在句中可充當(dāng)哪些成分，才能正確分析、理解句的子含義，并能準(zhǔn)確地遣詞造句，逐漸達(dá)到流利地說出地道。的英語組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語等。1.主語：是句子要說明的人或事物，是句子的主體，一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式或動名詞等充當(dāng)。如： the car is running fast.(名詞)we are students.(代詞) one of my classmates is fro

2、m shanghai.(數(shù)詞) its bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)eating too much is bad for your health.(動名詞)【注意】若不定式短語作主語常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語(不定式短語)放在句后。2.謂語：說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)，也是句子的主體部分，一般由動詞充當(dāng)。動詞分為實義動詞、連系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。實義動詞單獨作謂語，連系動詞與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語，情態(tài)動詞與省略to的不定式構(gòu)成合成謂語，助動詞與動詞原形共同構(gòu)成謂語部分。如：he works in a factory.(實義動詞)i felt cold

3、.(系動詞表語)how can i get to the station？(情態(tài)動詞實義動詞)do you speak english？(助動詞實義動詞)they are working in a field.(助動詞實義動詞) 【注意】謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要相互照應(yīng)。 3.賓語：是及物動詞所涉及的對象，一般由名詞、代詞、不定式及動名詞等充當(dāng)。如：he is doing his homework.(名詞) they did nothing this morning.(代詞)she wants to go home.(不定式)we enjoy playing football.(動名詞)【注

4、意】有的動詞可接雙賓語，間接賓語指人，直接賓語指物。這類動詞常見的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：he bought me a book.pass me the ball，will you？(間賓直賓) 直接賓語一般放在間接賓語之后，但若把直接賓語放在前面，則要在間接賓語前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~如to或 for等。如：han chen lent some money to li hai.(直賓間賓) xiao liu bought a dictionary for tom.(直賓間賓)有的動詞常用不定式作賓語，而不能用動名詞。這類動詞有：want，wish， ho

5、pe，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：i hope to see you again.有的動詞一般只用動名詞作賓語，而不用不定式。這類動詞有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：do you mind my opening the window？ 有的動詞后接不定式與動名詞含義不同。a)forget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動作”，forget doing表示“已完成的動作”。如： dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒來)i fo

6、rgot returning the book to him.(書已還給他了)b)stop to do(不定式為狀語)表示“停下 原來的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：i stopped to talk with him.(我停下來與他談話。) the students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老師進(jìn)來時學(xué)生們停止談話。)4.定語：用于修飾名詞或代詞，一般由形容詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、不定式等充當(dāng)。如：what a beautiful kite it is！(形容詞) she is a chemistry te

7、acher.(名詞)there are two students in the classroom.(數(shù)詞)we have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)the man in blue is my brother.(介詞短語)【注意】定語一般位于被修飾詞之前，但若修飾不定代詞或不定式等短語作定語，則放在后面。 5.狀語：用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語或從句充當(dāng)。單個副詞作狀語一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語或從句放在句首或句末。如：thank you very much.(副詞)i get up at five in the morn

8、ing.(介詞短語)he is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短語)we were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(從句)【注意】enough作狀語只能放在被修飾詞之后。如： he is old enough to go to school. 6.表語：用于說明主語的身份、特征或感受，一般由名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞等充當(dāng)。常用的連系動詞有：be，look，get，sound(聽起來)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(嘗起來)等。如：they are

9、workers.(名詞)two and three is five.(數(shù)詞)the story is very interesting.(形容詞)m y job(工作)is teaching english.(動名詞) she is at home.(介詞短語) i feel terrible.(形容詞)the dish tastes delicious.(形容詞)7.賓語補足語：用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補”一般由不定式短語、

10、分詞、名詞、形容詞等充當(dāng)。如：we elected him monitor.(名詞)i found it difficult to learn english well.(形容詞)the doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短語)he is going to have his hair cut.(過去分詞) they saw a bird flying in the sky.(現(xiàn)在分詞) 簡單句的五種基本句型1. s+v 此句型的特點是:謂語動詞是不及物動詞,本身能表達(dá)完整的意思,后面不需跟賓語,但有時可跟副詞、介詞短語等作狀語。如: he laugh

11、ed.john has read widely.he lives in london.2. s+v+o 此句型的特點是:謂語動詞是及物動詞,不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須跟有一個賓語。如:our team beat all the others.3. s+v+p 此句型的特點是:謂語動詞是連系動詞,不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個表明主語特征、身份、狀態(tài)的表語。常見的系動詞有:be(是),become(成為),get(變得),turn(變得),grow(變得),look(看起來),feel(感到),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),sound(聽起來),seem(似乎),keep(保持),

12、stay(保持)等。如:the rose smells sweet.4. s+v+ino+do 此句型的特點是:謂語動詞跟有兩個賓語,這兩個賓語都是動作的對象或承受者,其中指人的是間接賓語,指物的是直接賓語。當(dāng)間接賓語放在直接賓語之后時,通常需要加介詞for或to。可跟雙賓語的動詞有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:mr. li told us an interesting story. would you please give this dic

13、tionary to li hua?5. s+v+o+oc此句型的特點是:謂語動詞雖然跟有一個賓語,但意思還不完整,必須加上另外一個成分(賓語補足語)對賓語進(jìn)行補充說明。可以用作賓語補足語的有:名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等。如:we must keep our school clean. they made him their monitor.【注】s=subject(主語); v=verb(謂語動詞);p=predicative(表語); o=object(賓語);ino=indirect object(間接賓語);do=direct object(直接賓語);oc=obj

14、ect complement(賓語補足語) 簡單句句子翻譯專練：1 beth非常擅長游泳。 beth_ _ _ _ _.2 這個箱子裝滿書。 the box _ _ _ books. the box _ _ _ books/3 我媽媽因為我的錯誤很生氣。 my mother _ _ _ _ _ because _ _ _.4 這個小孩怕狗。 _.5 你能遞給我一些鹽嗎？ could you _ _ _ _ me? 6 我們?yōu)槟愕倪M(jìn)步而自豪。 we _ _ _ you for your great progress.7 這部電影讓我對科學(xué)發(fā)生了興趣。 the movie _ _ _ _ scie

15、nce.8 他們都對對這個令人興奮的消息感到興奮。 they _ _ _ _ the _ news.9 下次不要再上學(xué)遲到了。 _ _ _ _ school again.10 我們應(yīng)該對那些動物友好些。 we should _ the animals.11 你們認(rèn)為他聰明嗎？ do you think _ _, do you think _ _ _.12 人們應(yīng)該被阻止砍伐太多的樹木。 people should _ _ _ _ too _ trees.13 bob總是花很多時間玩電腦游戲嗎？ _ bob always spend _ _ _ _ computer games?14 你需要有人

16、幫你搬運貨物嗎？ do you need anyone _ the goods?15 昨天晚上，他媽媽直到十點才回到家。 his mother _ _ home until 10 oclock last night.16 秋天的天氣不冷也不熱。 its _ cold _ hot in autume.17 你最好脫掉你的外套。 you had better _.18 她不僅會說英語，還會說漢語。 she can _ english, _ chinese.19 今天的報紙上有什么重要內(nèi)容嗎？ is there _ _ in todays newspaper?20 這座山?jīng)]有你想象的那么危險。 th

17、e mountain is _ _ than you think.21 這位外國朋友來中國已經(jīng)半年了。 the foreign friend has _ _ china _ _ a year.22 安靜點，小孩在睡覺。 _ _ , the baby _ _ .23 昨晚的雨似乎下得很大。 the rain seemed very _ last night . it seemed _ _ _ _ last night. 24 miss yang教我英語。 miss yang _ _ _.25多漂亮的一塊手表?。?what _ _ _ it is! _ _ the watch is!26多好的天氣

18、呀！ what _ _ _ it is ! what _ _ it is!27 我很高興又在這兒見到你。 im very _ _ _ you here _ .28 他們最終以唱英語歌結(jié)束了這個班會。 they _ _ _ an english song at the class meeting.29 不要擔(dān)心我。 _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ .30 kitty以前學(xué)習(xí)不認(rèn)真，但她現(xiàn)在變得越來越認(rèn)真了。 kitty didnt _ _ study _ , but she becomes _ _ _ _ now. answers:1 is,very,good,at.swimming;

19、2 is,full,of; is, filled,with; 3 is,very,angry,with,me,of,my , mistake(s); 4 the child is afraid of dogs. 5 pass,some,salt,to; 6 are,proud,of; 7 make,me,interested,in; 8 are,all,excited,about,exciting; 9 dont,be,late,for; 10 be,friendly,to; 11 him,clever; he,is,clever; 12 be ,stopped,from,cutting,ma

20、ny; 13 does,too,much,time,playing; 14 to,help,you,(to)carry; 15 didnt,return; 16 neither,nor; 17 take off your coat; 18 speak not only; but also; 19 anything, important; 20 less,dangerous; 21 been,in,for,half; 22 be,quiet,is,sleeping; 23 heavy;to,rain,very, heavily; 24 teaches,me,english; 25 a,nice,

21、watch; how, nice ; 26 a,fine,day; fine,weather 27 glad,to,see,again; 28 ended,up,singing; 29 dont, worry,about,me; dont,be,worred,about, me; 30 use,to,carefully; more,and,more,careful; 選擇填空1. _my mother _ my sister watches tv plays these days. a. either, nor b. both, and c. neither, or d. neither, n

22、or2.-which would you like, rice or noodles?-_is ok. im hungry.a. either b. neither c. both d. all 3. we found _ necessary to protect the environment. a. it b. this c. that d. what4 .- may i use your pen? mine is broken. - of course, here are two and you can use _ of them. a. both b. every c. any d.

23、either5. this match made them _at last. a. friendly b. happily c. quickly d. slowly 6. no one except jack and tom _ the meeting. a. are late b. were late for c. was late for d. is late7.-how much _this pair of trousers?- ten dollars _ enough. a. are, is b. is, are c. are, are d. is, is8. every table

24、 and every chair _ made of wood. a. is b. are c. were d. be9. did it snow _ last night ?a. heavy b. heavily c quick d. fast10._ cold it is today！a. how b. how a c. what d. what a11you must keep your eyes _.a. closed b. close c. be closed d. to closed12.lets go out for a walk, _ ?a. wont you b. dont

25、we c. why not d. shall we13._ will your sister be back ? in about two hours.a. how b. how often c. how long d. how soon14.now you get _ , go out and try your luck.a. dressing b. dressed c. dress c. dresses15.-i hear that youre going back to australia. i hope youll return one day.-_. i hope to return

26、 when im older.a. i do so b. so i c. i so do d. so do i16.the greens _ working in the garden now.a. am b. is c. are d. were17.please show _ new picture book.a. he your b. his you c. him your d. him you18._ will you stay there?a. how long b. what time c. how often d. when19. lin tao cant be at home.

27、i saw him _here a few minutes ago. a. plays b. to play c. playing d. played20. wed better _on the road. a car may hit us. a. not to play b. not play c. to not play d. dont play21. please dont forget _to me, will you? a. to write b. writing c. write d. writes22.the soldier ran into the room _the baby

28、. a. saving b. to save c. saves d. saved23. look! lily with her sister _ a kite on the playground. a. is flying b.are flying c.flying d. fly24.everyone except tom and john _ there when the meeting began. a. is b. was c. are d. were25.there _ some milk and some bananas on the table. a. is b. are c. h

29、ave d. has26.a number of sheep _ seen by us when we passed the field. a. is b. are c. was d. were27. he has never visited the great hall of the people, _? a. hasnt he b. has he c. does d. doesnt he28. she thinks she can get there on time, _ she? a. can b. doesnt c. cant d. does29. _ wonderful music

30、it is! i like it very much. a. what b. how a c. what a d. how30. _ picture books in class, please. a. not read b. no read c. not reading d. dont readanswers:1-5.d a a d a 6-10c d a b a 11-15a d d b d 1620c c a c b 21-25a b a b a 26-30d b c a d句型轉(zhuǎn)換常用句型轉(zhuǎn)換題1. every day, yao ming receives emails from th

31、ousands of basketball fans.every day, yao ming _ _ thousands of basketball fans.2. they will get to london in four days. they will _ _ london in four days.3. the runner couldnt catch up with the others in the race. the runner _ _ the others in the race.4. tom borrowed a picture book from the boy jus

32、t now.the boy _ a picture book _ tom just now.5. you must clean your classroom every day.your classroom must _ _ every day.6. he can finish the work easily._ _ _ for him _ finish the work.7. how old are you?_ your _?8. he hasnt been to france. she hasnt been to france, either._ he _ she _ been to fr

33、ance.9. mrs smith is not only my teacher but also my good friend. mrs smith is my good friend _ _ _ my teacher.10. how clever the man is!_ _ clever man he is!11. the snow was heavy last night.it _ _ last night.12. the foreigners have visited the great wall. the foreigners have _ _ _ _ _ the great wall.13. she spent 30 dollars on the english-chinese dictionary.the english-chinese dictionary _ _ 30 dollars.14. i hope th