林業(yè)資源配置PPT學(xué)習(xí)教案

1、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1 林業(yè)資源配置林業(yè)資源配置 Section one The principle of forest resource allocation 第一節(jié) 林業(yè)資源配置的原理 1. General principle of resource allocation (資源配置 的一般原理) 基數(shù)效用理 論 第一定律: 邊際效用遞減 第二定律: 各種商品邊際效用相等, 總效用極 大 序數(shù)效用理論: 用無差異曲線和預(yù)算線確定, 第1頁/共36頁 對(duì)最優(yōu)配置的解釋對(duì)最優(yōu)配置的解釋: 舊福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論舊福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論: 任何一種生產(chǎn)資源在各種用途上的邊任何一種生產(chǎn)資源在各種用途上的邊 際社會(huì)純產(chǎn)值相等際

2、社會(huì)純產(chǎn)值相等. 新福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論新福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論: 社會(huì)資源的配置如果達(dá)到這樣一種狀社會(huì)資源的配置如果達(dá)到這樣一種狀 態(tài)態(tài), 即任何一種配置的改變即任何一種配置的改變, 都會(huì)至少降低一個(gè)企業(yè)或一種都會(huì)至少降低一個(gè)企業(yè)或一種 產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量,則這種生產(chǎn)資源的配置就是帕累托最優(yōu)狀態(tài)或則這種生產(chǎn)資源的配置就是帕累托最優(yōu)狀態(tài)或 最有效率的狀態(tài)最有效率的狀態(tài). 第2頁/共36頁 2.1 The main type of forest resource allocation a. Forest resource allocation among different department:( 部門配

3、部門配 置置) 三大基本生產(chǎn)部門三大基本生產(chǎn)部門: department of forest management and forest resource exploitation( 營(yíng)林業(yè)與森林資源開發(fā)部門營(yíng)林業(yè)與森林資源開發(fā)部門); department of forest product industry(林產(chǎn)工業(yè)部門林產(chǎn)工業(yè)部門); department of forest environment resource exploitation(森林環(huán)境資森林環(huán)境資 源開發(fā)部門源開發(fā)部門). 另外還有基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)系統(tǒng)另外還有基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)系統(tǒng)、商業(yè)服務(wù)系統(tǒng)等派生部門、商業(yè)服務(wù)系統(tǒng)等派生部門. 2.

4、The type and characteristic of forest resource allocation (森林資源配置的種類和特點(diǎn)) 第3頁/共36頁 b. Forest resource allocation among different area (區(qū)域配置) 原則是:揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短, 讓有限的林業(yè)資源產(chǎn)生最多的林產(chǎn)品 c. Forest resource allocation among different enterprise (企業(yè)配 置) 原則: 效率最高的企業(yè)得到最充分的林業(yè)資源供應(yīng). 第4頁/共36頁 2.2 The main principles of forestr

5、y resource allocation (林業(yè)資源配置的主要原則) a. Ensure the evenly distribution of forest resource over the whole country(保證森林資源在全國(guó)的均勻分布) b. Promote the coordinated growth of commercial and noncommercial forest(促進(jìn)商品林業(yè)和非商品林業(yè)比例協(xié)調(diào) 發(fā)展) c. Promote the concentration and specialization of forestry production(促進(jìn)林業(yè)生產(chǎn)的

6、集中化與專業(yè)化) d. Try to give play to abundant labor resource while the capital is relative short(在資金不足情況下發(fā)揮勞動(dòng)力充裕 的優(yōu)勢(shì)). 第5頁/共36頁 3. The main methods of resource allocation (資源配置 的主要方法) 3.1 Decentralized decision making method(分散決策 配置方法) The resource allocation and products distribution are totally depend

7、on market mechanism (資源配置和產(chǎn) 品分配完全依靠市場(chǎng)機(jī)制), 對(duì)應(yīng)的是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制 3.2 Centralized decision making method (集中決策配 置方法) 由中央計(jì)劃部門通過計(jì)劃進(jìn)行資源配置和產(chǎn)品分配 . 對(duì)應(yīng)的是計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制 3.3 The combination of centralized and decentralized decision making method (分散決策和集中決策相結(jié) 合的配置方法) 第6頁/共36頁 Section two The macro-allocation of forestry resource

8、第二節(jié) 林業(yè)資源的宏觀配置 第7頁/共36頁 1.1 The significance (意義) a. Assure the balance between the total supply and total demand of forest product (保證林業(yè)供求總量平衡) b. Promote the macro-structure of forestry to be reasonable (促進(jìn)林業(yè)宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)合理) c. Provide public forest products (提供林業(yè)公共產(chǎn)品) d. Arrange the major forestry project

9、(布置林業(yè)重點(diǎn)建設(shè)工程) 1. The significance and principle of macro-allocation of forestry resource ( 意義和原則) 第8頁/共36頁 1.2 The principle of the macro-allocation of forest resource (原則) a. The principle of combination of local interests and whole interests (區(qū)域利益與全國(guó)利益相結(jié)合的原則) b. The principle of combination of shor

10、t run interests and long run interests (短期利益與長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益相結(jié)合的原則) c. The principle of combination of forest products production and conservative resource management (林產(chǎn)品生 產(chǎn)與保護(hù)性資源相結(jié)合的原則) d. The principle of combination of total outputs increasing and structure improvement (總量增長(zhǎng)與結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化相結(jié)合的 原則) 第9頁/共36頁 2.The rel

11、ation between forest resource macro-allocation and forestry development strategy (林業(yè)資源宏觀配置 與林業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的關(guān)系) 2.1 Forest resource macro-allocation is the one of the important means to realize the target of forestry development strategy 2.2 Forest resource macro-allocation and forestry development strategy

12、is consistent(一致) 2.3 Forest resource macro-allocation is one of the key points to join(銜接) the different stages of forestry development strategy smoothly 2.4 Forest resource macro-allocation is the main part of forestry development strategy countermeasure (對(duì)策) 第10頁/共36頁 3. The main forms and method

13、s of forest resource macro-allocation (形式與方法) 3.1 Main forms (主要形式) a. State owned forest enterprise invested by government (政府 投資的國(guó)有林業(yè)企業(yè)) b. The investment to protection and special purpose forest by government (國(guó)家對(duì)防護(hù)林和特種用途林建設(shè)投資) c. The investment to backward mountain and forest area as a support a

14、nd an exploitation (對(duì)落后山區(qū),林區(qū)的支持性開發(fā)性 投資) 第11頁/共36頁 3.2 The main methods of forest resource macro-allocation a. Forestry instructive plan (林業(yè)指令性計(jì)劃) b. Forestry development strategy (林業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略) c. Forestry overall arrangement (林業(yè)布局) d. Forestry industry policy (林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)政策) 第12頁/共36頁 a.Natural forest area in N

15、ortheast (東北) b. Natural forest area in Southwest (西南) c. Artificial forest (人工林) d. Forest shorted area in middle and west (中西部少林區(qū)) 4. The forest resource macro-allocation in China 第13頁/共36頁 Section three The allocation of forestry production factors 第三節(jié) 林業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素配置 第14頁/共36頁 1. The basic theory and m

16、ethod of production factors allocation 1.1 The basic theory of production factors allocation 生產(chǎn)要素分為: a. Labour (勞動(dòng)) b. Land (土地) c. Capital (資本) d. The talent of enterpriser (企業(yè)家才能) 市場(chǎng)機(jī)制起基礎(chǔ)作用, 加政府適當(dāng)?shù)暮暧^調(diào)空 第15頁/共36頁 1.2 Main methods a. Production function ),.,( 21n xxxfQ In which: Q: production output

17、(產(chǎn)出量) x1, x2, xn: production factors for different investment The composition proportion(配合比例) of different production factors is called technique coefficient(技術(shù)系 數(shù)), which could be fixed or variable. 第16頁/共36頁 b. Economies of scale (規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)): Increasing return to scale (規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)) Decreasing return to scal

18、e (規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)) Internal External Internal External Reasonable scale depend on: a.Technique level b. Market situation c. Cost of enterprise investment 第17頁/共36頁 2. The concept of forestry production factor and its economic characteristics(概念與特點(diǎn)) 2.1 Characteristic of capital(資本) 2.1.1 The turnover of Capi

19、tal invested in forestry is slow (周轉(zhuǎn)慢) 2.1.2 Continuous investments but only harvest once (連續(xù)投入, 一次性收獲) 2.1.3 Big risk of revenue for capital invested in forestry (高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) 第18頁/共36頁 2.2 Characteristics of forestry labour (林業(yè)勞動(dòng)特點(diǎn)) 2.2.1 The forestry labour demand is seasonal (需求的季節(jié)性) 2.2.2 The workers i

20、n forestry is scattered over big area (分散性) 2.2.3 The forestry labour is not specialized on one work process but should familiar with the whole process (專業(yè)化程度低, 綜合性強(qiáng)) 2.2.4 The forestry labour tend to hold two or more post concurrently (具有兼業(yè)性質(zhì)) 第19頁/共36頁 2.3 Characteristics of forest resource 2.3.1

21、The reward from forest land is decrease progressively (林地報(bào)酬遞減性) 2.3.2 The forest land is scarce (林地稀缺) 2.3.3 The variation of forest price is slow (林價(jià)變動(dòng)緩慢) 第20頁/共36頁 3.1 Forestry fund system has been established for capital allocation (林業(yè)基金制度) 育林基金, 森?；? 林價(jià), 貼息貸款, 森林資源補(bǔ)償費(fèi)等. 3.2 The allocation of fo

22、restry labour is emphasize the efficiency but also give consideration to employment (效率優(yōu) 先, 兼顧就業(yè)) 3.3 The allocation of forest resource is follow the rule of evenly distribution principle (森林資源配置遵循均勻分布原 則, 但不能機(jī)械地執(zhí)行) 3. The characteristic and method of forestry production factors allocation (林業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素配置

23、特 點(diǎn)) 第21頁/共36頁 4. The determination of the boundary of agricultural and forest land during the allocation of forest land allocation (林地要素配置中農(nóng)林界限地的確定) The distance from the city center Land rent a commercial land b residence land c agricultural land d forestry land 第22頁/共36頁 Section four The function

24、al relationship among forestry production factors 第四節(jié) 林業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系 第23頁/共36頁 Forestry production and forestry production factors allocation(林業(yè)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與林業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素配置) The common forestry production factors: forest land, production equipment and tools, seed, fertilizer, pesticide, labour.(常見林業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素: 林地, 生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與工

25、具, 種子, 化肥, 農(nóng)藥, 勞動(dòng)力) 可分為兩大類: 人的要素: 工人, 技術(shù)員, 管理人員 物的要素: 土地, 種子化肥, 工具等 第24頁/共36頁 The relation among forestry production factors: (林業(yè)生產(chǎn) 要素之間的關(guān)系) a. The forestry production factors are depend on each other, the use value of forestry product is the result from the combination of different production facto

26、rs (相互依賴, 林 產(chǎn)品的使用價(jià)值是各要素結(jié)合共同作用產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果) b. The increase of investment of one production factor, may reduce the investment of another production factor, given the same production level(同一生產(chǎn)水平下, 一種生產(chǎn)要素 的增加可以使另一要素投入減少) c. Sometime some production factors can not be substituted (有時(shí)要素之間不能替代) The optimal inve

27、stment level of production factors could be analyzed through production, here are two examples: 第25頁/共36頁 Seed amount (kg) Number of seedling y y0 O x x0 The line relation between investment and production Fertilizer (kg/hm2) Forest production (m3/ha) A B Q1Q2 y x The curve relation between forest p

28、roduction and fertilization 第26頁/共36頁 第27頁/共36頁 Section five The determination of economic rotation of commercial forest 1. Definition of rotation and related basic theories Rotation: Under the principle of sustaining yield, the time needed for clear cutting all the forest in the management unit, an

29、d the new forest are grow up and ready to be harvested. Rotation and age of maturation is different (page 129), but the rotation is calculated from the age of maturation (see figure on next slide ) Rotation = age of maturation regeneration period 第28頁/共36頁 0 10203040501020304050 30 10 20 40 50 第29頁/

30、共36頁 30 10 20 40 50 0 -10 102030405060102030405060 第30頁/共36頁 30 10 20 40 50 0 1020304050 010304 0 5020 0102030 4 0 50 第31頁/共36頁 So the task to calculate rotation is trying to find the age of maturation, the following are methods to calculate the age of economic maturation 2. Calculation methods of age of economic maturation 2.1 Net profit of forest Average net profit per unit area: i TCTR FR ii i In which: FRi: net profit of forest at year I TRi: Total momentary revenue of clear cutting at year i