土木工程外文翻譯預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震加固方案與局部影響

1、本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯題目 Seismic retrofit schemes for RC structures and local-global consequences 外文來源 Progress in Structural Engineering and Maerials 姓名 薛晶 學(xué)號(hào) 4 學(xué) 院 工程學(xué)院 專業(yè) 土木工程 指導(dǎo)教師 諶會(huì)芹 2011 年5月4日外文原文Seismic retrofit schemes for RC structures and local-global consequencessummaryA review of repair schemes for

2、 reinforced concrete frame buildings is presented in this paper, within the context of global objectives of the intervention process. Local as well as global intervention measures are discussed and their technological application details outlined. The effect of the reviewed repair schemes on the mem

3、ber, sub-assemblage and system performance are qualitatively assessed. The important role of the foundation system in the rehabilitation process is outlined and measures that are consistent with the super-structure intervention methods are given. The paper concludes with a global assessment of the e

4、ffect of repair methods on stiffness, strength and ductility, the three most important seismic response parameters, to assist researchers and practitioners in decision-making to satisfy their respective intervention objectives. Keywords: retrofit; repair; strengthening; structural intervention; seis

5、mic upgradingIntroductionIn recent years, devastating earthquakes worldwide confirmed the deficiencies of building structures. The experience gained from field observations and back-analysis led to improvement of the level of knowledge and the evolution of seismic codes.The interest of the research

6、community is focused on buildings that do not comply with current seismic codes and exhibit deficiencies such as poor detailing, discontinuous load paths and lack of capacity design provisions. Since such buildings comprise the majority of existing building stock, retrofitting is a rather critical i

7、ssue. Rehabilitation schemes that will provide cost-effective and structurally effective solutions are necessary. Many intervention methods used in the past have been revised and developed in the light of the new seismic code requirements and new methods often based on new materials (e.g. fiber-rein

8、forced polymers FRPs) have been proposed.In this paper, the term rehabilitation is used as a comprehensive term to include all types of repair, retrofitting and strengthening that lead to reduced earthquake vulnerability. The term repair is defined as reinstatement of the original characteristics of

9、 a damaged section or element and is confined to dealing with the as-built system. The term strengthening is defined as intervention that lead to enhancement of one or more seismic response parameters (stiffness, strength, ductility, etc.), depending on the desired performance.Framework of seismic r

10、ehabilitationPerformance objectives are set depending on the structural type, the importance of the building, its role in post-earthquake emergencies, the economic consequences of business interruption, its historical or cultural significance, the construction material and socio-economic factors. Th

11、ey can be specified as limits on one or more response parameter such as stresses, strains, displacements, accelerations, etc. Clearly, different limit states have to be correlated to the level of the seismic action, i.e. to the earthquake demand level.The selection of the rehabilitation scheme and t

12、he level of intervention is a rather complex procedure, because many factors of different nature come into play. A decision has to be taken on the level of intervention. Some common strategies are the restriction or change of use of the building, partial demolition and/or mass reduction.In addition,

13、 methods such as base isolation, provision of supplemental damping and incorporation of passive and active vibration control devices may apply. The alternatives of no intervention or demolition are more likely the outcomes of the evaluation if the seismic retrofit of buildings is quite expensive and

14、 disruptive.Socio-economic issues have to be considered in the decision of the level and type of intervention. Surprisingly, there are documented cases where aesthetic and psychological issues dictate the rehabilitation strategies. For example, in the Mexico City earthquake of 19 September 1985, whe

15、re external bracing was popular, because it instilled a feeling of confidence in the occupants that significant and visible changes have been made to the structure to make it safer. Cost vs importance of the structure is a significant factor, especially in the case that the building is of cultural a

16、nd/or historical interest. The available workmanship and the level of quality control define the feasibility of the proposed intervention approach. The duration of work/disruption of use and the disruption to occupants should also be considered. The functionality and aesthetical compatibility of the

17、 intervention scheme with the existing building is an additional engagement. Even the reversibility of the scheme in case it is not accepted on a long-term basis should be taken into account.From a technical point of view the selection of the type and level of intervention have to be based on compat

18、ibility with the existing structural system and the repair materials and technology available. Controlled damage to non-structural components and sufficient capacity of the foundation system are essential factors that are often overlooked. Issues such as irregularities of stiffness, strength and duc

19、tility have to be considered in detail.A convenient way to discuss the engineering issues of evaluation and retrofit is to break down the process into steps. The first step involves the collection of information for the as-built structure. The configuration of the structural system, reinforcement de

20、tailing, material strengths, foundation system and the level of damage are recorded. In addition, data relevant to the non-structural elements (e.g. infill walls) which play a significant role and influence the seismic response of structures are also compiled. Sources for the above information can b

21、ecome visits to the site, construction drawings, engineering analyses and interviews with the original contractor. The rehabilitation objective is selected from various pairs of performance targets and earthquake hazard levels (i.e. supply and demand, or response and input pairs). The performance ta

22、rget is set according to an acceptable damage level (performance target). Building performance can be described qualitatively in terms of the safety of occupants during and after the event, the cost and feasibility of restoring the building to pre-earthquake condition, the length of time the buildin

23、g is removed from service to effect repairs, and the economic, architectural or historic impacts on the larger community. 中文翻譯預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震加固方案與局部影響摘要本文為A review of repair schemes for reinforced concrete frame buildings is presented in this paper, within the context of global objectives of the interve

24、ntion process.關(guān)于預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)建筑維修計(jì)劃的綜述，提出了一種在全球目標(biāo)范圍內(nèi)的干預(yù)過程。對(duì)Local as well as global intervention measures are discussed and their technological application details outlined.本地及全球干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行了探討，并給出了其技術(shù)應(yīng)用的細(xì)節(jié)描述。The effect of the reviewed repair schemes on the member, sub-assemblage and system performance are qual

25、itatively assessed.該成員分組對(duì)系統(tǒng)性能審查修復(fù)計(jì)劃的效果進(jìn)行了定性評(píng)估。The important role of the foundation system in the rehabilitation process is outlined and measures that are consistent with the super-structure intervention methods are given.在修復(fù)過程中起到的重要作用是對(duì)基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng)的概述和確定措施，和超級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)相一致的干預(yù)方法的給出。The paper concludes with a global

26、assessment of the effect of repair methods on stiffness, strength and ductility, the three most important seismic response parameters, to assist researchers and practitioners in decision-making to satisfy their respective intervention objectives.本文最后提出了修復(fù)方法中的剛度、強(qiáng)度和延展性，三個(gè)最重要的地震響應(yīng)參數(shù)，其影響全球評(píng)估，協(xié)助決策，滿足研究人

27、員和從業(yè)人員的干預(yù)目標(biāo)。The framework for the paper complies with the requirements of consequence-based Engineering, where the expected damage is addressed only when consequences are higher than acceptable consequences, and a cyclical process of assessment and re-assessment is undertaken until the community obj

28、ectives are deemed to be satisfied.關(guān)鍵詞： retrofit;改造； repair/strengthening;修復(fù)；加強(qiáng)；rehabilitati；structural intervention;結(jié)構(gòu)性的干預(yù)；seismic upgrading地震升級(jí) 簡(jiǎn)介In recent years, devastating earthquakes worldwide confirmed the deficiencies of building structures.近年來，世界各地的破壞性地震證實(shí)了建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的缺陷。The experience gained from

29、 field observations and back-analysis led to improvement of the level of knowledge and the evolution of seismic codes.從現(xiàn)場(chǎng)獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)觀察和反分析導(dǎo)致的知識(shí)水平的提高和抗震規(guī)范的完善。 The interest of the research community is focused on buildings that do not comply with current seismic codes and exhibit deficiencies such as poor d

30、etailing, discontinuous load paths and lack of capacity design provisions.本研究對(duì)社會(huì)的益處主要集中在不符合現(xiàn)行抗震規(guī)范和詳細(xì)說明的建筑物，如資金缺乏，不連續(xù)的路徑和負(fù)載能力的不足。Since such buildings comprise the majority of existing building stock, retrofitting is a rather critical issue.由于這些建筑物包括大部分現(xiàn)有建筑，改造是一個(gè)比較關(guān)鍵的問題。Rehabilitation schemes that wil

31、l provide cost-effective and structurally effective solutions are necessary.康復(fù)計(jì)劃中提供符合成本效益和結(jié)構(gòu)效益的解決方案是必要的。Many intervention methods used in the past have been revised and developed in the light of the new seismic code requirements and new methods often based on new materials (eg fiber-reinforced polym

32、ers FRPs) have been proposed.在對(duì)過去的許多干預(yù)所采用的方法進(jìn)行了修訂和發(fā)展了新的抗震規(guī)范要求，新方法往往以新材料（如纖維增強(qiáng)聚合物FRPs）為基礎(chǔ)。 In this paper, the term rehabilitation is used as a comprehensive term to include all types of repair, retrofitting and strengthening that lead to reduced earthquake vulnerability.在本文中，術(shù)語(yǔ)“康復(fù)”是用來作為一個(gè)全面長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)，包括維修，改造

33、和加強(qiáng)各類導(dǎo)致減少地震的脆弱性。The term repair is defined as reinstatement of the original characteristics of a damaged section or element and is confined to dealing with the as-built system.術(shù)語(yǔ)“修復(fù)”的定義為一個(gè)損壞的部分或元素的原有特色復(fù)職，并只限于與已建成的系統(tǒng)處理。The term strengthening is defined as intervention that lead to enhancement of one

34、or more seismic response parameters (stiffness, strength, ductility, etc.), depending on the desired performance.這個(gè)詞“加強(qiáng)”的定義為干預(yù)，導(dǎo)致一個(gè)或多個(gè)地震響應(yīng)參數(shù)（剛度、強(qiáng)度、韌性等），根據(jù)所需的性能增強(qiáng)。 框架的抗震加固Performance objectives are set depending on the structural type, the importance of the building, its role in post-earthquake emerg

35、encies, the economic consequences of business interruption, its historical or cultural significance, the construction material and socio-economic factors.績(jī)效目標(biāo)設(shè)置的依據(jù)為結(jié)構(gòu)類型，建筑物的重要性，其作用在震后的緊急情況，業(yè)務(wù)、歷史和文化中斷，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有影響。They can be specified as limits on one or more response parameter such as stresses, strains,

36、 displacements, accelerations, etc. Clearly, different limit states have to be correlated to the level of the seismic action, ie to the earthquake demand level.它們可以被指定為一個(gè)或多個(gè)響應(yīng)參數(shù)，如應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變、位移、加速度等，顯然，不同的極限狀態(tài)，必須對(duì)應(yīng)相關(guān)的地震作用水平，即對(duì)地震需求水平的限制。 The selection of the rehabilitation scheme and the level of intervent

37、ion is a rather complex procedure, because many factors of different nature come into play.該康復(fù)計(jì)劃和干預(yù)水平的選擇是一個(gè)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的過程，因?yàn)椴煌再|(zhì)的因素發(fā)揮作用。A decision has to be taken on the level of intervention.決定了在一級(jí)時(shí)采取的干預(yù)。Some common strategies are the restriction or change of use of the building, partial demolition and/or

38、 mass reduction, addition of new lateral load resistance system, member replacement, transformation of non-structural into structural components and local or global modification (stiffness, strength and ductility) of elements and system.一些常見的策略是限制或改變建筑的使用，部分拆除來減輕自重。In addition, methods such as base

39、isolation, provision of supplemental damping and incorporation of passive and active vibration control devices may apply.此外，如基礎(chǔ)隔震，減震和補(bǔ)充性的被動(dòng)和主動(dòng)振動(dòng)控制裝置，可申請(qǐng)集體提供方式。The alternatives of no intervention or demolition are more likely the outcomes of the evaluation if the seismic retrofit of buildings is quit

40、e expensive and disruptive.如果建筑物的抗震加固是相當(dāng)昂貴的和有破壞性的，對(duì)“不干預(yù)”或“拆遷”的替代品更容易評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果。 Socio-economic issues have to be considered in the decision of the level and type of intervention.社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題必須在水平和干預(yù)型決策下考慮。Surprisingly, there are documented cases where aesthetic and psychological issues dictate the rehabilitati

41、on strategies.令人驚訝的是，有記錄的情況下，審美和心理問題決定了恢復(fù)戰(zhàn)略。For example, in the Mexico City earthquake of 19 September 1985, where external bracing was popular, because it instilled a feeling of confidence in the occupants that significant and visible changes have been made to the structure to make it safer 1 .例如，墨

42、西哥城1985年9月19日地震，在外部的支持很受歡迎，因?yàn)樗⑷肓诵判?，在居民感到明顯的變化顯著，作出的結(jié)構(gòu)，使其更安全。Cost vs importance of the structure is a significant factor, especially in the case that the building is of cultural and/or historical interest.成本與結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性，是一個(gè)重要因素，尤其是在對(duì)該建筑的文化和歷史有興趣的情況下。 The available workmanship and the level of quality con

43、trol define the feasibility of the proposed intervention approach.可用的工藝和質(zhì)量控制水平確定了所提出的干預(yù)方法的可行性。The duration of work/disruption of use and the disruption to occupants should also be considered.工作和使用中的中斷和持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)居民的干擾也應(yīng)予以考慮。The functionality and aesthetical compatibility of the intervention scheme with th

44、e existing building is an additional engagement.此次與現(xiàn)有建筑物的干預(yù)計(jì)劃的功能和美學(xué)的兼容。甚至可逆轉(zhuǎn)性的方案的情況下是不接受進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)考慮。Even the reversibility of the scheme in case it is not accepted on a long-term basis should be taken into account.From a technical point of view the selection of the type and level of intervention have to

45、 be based on compatibility with the existing structural system and the repair materials and technology available.從技術(shù)角度來看的類型和干預(yù)水平的選擇必須與現(xiàn)有的結(jié)構(gòu)體系和修補(bǔ)材料和技術(shù)方面的兼容性為依據(jù)。Controlled damage to non-structural components and sufficient capacity of the foundation system are essential factors that are often overlook

46、ed.控制損害非結(jié)構(gòu)元件和系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)是，有足夠的能力常常被忽視的重要因素。Issues such as irregularities of stiffness, strength and ductility have to be considered in detail.如剛度，強(qiáng)度和延展性違規(guī)問題必須詳細(xì)考慮。 A convenient way to discuss the engineering issues of evaluation and retrofit is to break down the process into steps.一個(gè)便捷的方式來討論問題的評(píng)價(jià)和改造的工程是分解成步驟的過程。The first step involves the collection of information for the as-built structure.第一步包括對(duì)已建成的結(jié)構(gòu)信息的集合。The configuration of the structural system, reinforcement detailing, material strengths, foundation system