句子成份與基本結(jié)構(gòu)

1、一、句子成分一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分 叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成 分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、 賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。 （二）主語主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體， 一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句 （當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位 于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名 詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的 形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如： 1).During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名

2、詞） 2).We often speak English in class.（代詞） 3).One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） 4).To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） How to solve the problem is still a question. 5).Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞） 6).The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） 7).When and where w

3、e are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） 8).It is our hope that the two countries will live in peace for ever. 9).It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語， 真正的主語為后面的不定式） （三）謂語謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。 動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。 He practices run

4、ning every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. The boy did lose his wallet yesterday. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students. （四）表語表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般 位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等） 之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定 式、動名詞、介詞短語

5、、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. T

6、he class is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語 （五）賓語賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動 詞和介詞后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with

7、their housework yesterday.（名詞 化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）， Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）， They elected him their monitor. (六）賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以 外，

8、還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓 語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+ 賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介 詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如： His father named him Dong Ming.（名詞） They painted their boat white.（形容詞） Let the fresh air in.（副詞） You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語） We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞） We found everythin

9、g in the lab in good order.（介詞短語） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句） （七）定語定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為 定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名 詞） His rapid progress

10、 in English made us surprised. （代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介詞短語） （八）狀語狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作 或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?Light travels most quickly.

11、（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句） 狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?（時間狀語） Last night she

12、 didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方 式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀 語） In order to catch up with the others, I must work har

13、der.（目的狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié) 果狀語） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語) 九、同位語 1.Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 2.Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 3.He told me that his brother John is a world-famous d

14、octor. 4.Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James. 5.We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 6.Every one of us Chinese people should do what “Eight honors and eight disgraces”tell us do. 7.He is interested in sports, especially ball games. 8.I have no idea that you were here. 8. The

15、news that our team has won the match is true. 9. Word came that they would visit our school. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt that a cure for AIDS will be found. We can see the blue sky and the shining sun. There is no chance that it will rain. There is no possibility that one is able

16、 to pass the college entrance examination without great efforts. Word has come that some American guests will come to visit our school next week. 練習(xí)一 一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beau

17、tiful Chinese painting(it is)! How hard he works!How diligent she is! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. There is going to be an American film tonight. 8. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 9. His wish is to become a scientist. 10.He took many

18、photos of the palaces in Beijing. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sa

19、t there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、 謂語（）、賓語（）： I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm

20、. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot

21、of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump wat

22、er from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden. 三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（）、狀語（）、 補(bǔ)語（）： Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much i

23、n my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different ti

24、me Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、選擇填空： 1. _ will leave for Beijing. A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now 2. The weather _. A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold 3. The apple tasted _. A. swee

25、ts B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet 4. He got up _ yesterday morning. A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter 5. The actor _at the age of 70. A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded 6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest. A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we 7. He found the stree

26、t much _. A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly 8.I think _necessary to learn English well. A. its B. it C. that D. that is 9. The dog _ mad. A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked 10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army. A. that B. when C. in which D. where 簡單句的簡單句

27、的5種基本句型種基本句型 1. 主語主語+系動詞系動詞+表語（表語（S+V） 1). 狀態(tài)系動詞 be, seem, appear, keep, remain, stay, prove 2). 半系動詞 look, smell, taste, sound, feel 3). 動態(tài)系動詞 get, turn, become, fall, grow, go, come, run, make I am a student. The days are becoming colder and colder. You all look fine. The dish tastes delicious. He

28、r voice sounds sweet. The little boy kept silent all the time. Trees turn yellow in autumn. The young man has turned writer/ become a writer. The weather has stayed hot for a few days. Ice feels cold. 2.主語主語+不及物動詞（不帶賓語動詞）（不及物動詞（不帶賓語動詞）（S+Vi.） 1). He often swims. He often swims in the river. He often

29、 swims in the river beside his house. He often swims with his brother in the river beside his house. He as well as his brother often swims in the river beside his house. He and his brother often swim in the river beside their house. Not only he but also his brother often swims in the river beside th

30、eir house. Not only he but also his brothers often swim in the river beside their house. 2). Class begins. The bell rang. We are studying.(不及物動詞vi.). We are studying science. (vt.) We are studying science on medicine. We are studying science on medicine with the help of the experts. 3). He works har

31、d. He works hard at his study. He works hard at his study all the time. vi. work , stay , look, happen, rise, succeed, belong, arise The sun rises in the east. He has succeeded in doing business. This dictionary belongs to me. He always stays at home on weekends. The children are playing happily. Ti

32、me flies like an arrow. They work day and night to prepare for the college entrance examination. A big fire broke out in his house last night. Great changes have happened in China since the past 10 years. He got up early so as to catch the first bus. The meeting will last for about 2 hours. Here com

33、es the bus. There goes the bell. 3. 主語主語+及物動詞及物動詞(帶賓語動詞帶賓語動詞)+賓語（賓語（S+ V+O） He speaks English. He can speak English. He can speak fluent English. He speaks English fluently. He speaks English fluently like a native speaker. He speaks English as fluently as a native speaker. He speaks English so flue

34、ntly that he can work as a interpreter. We were watching TV. Eating more fruit and vegetables can benefit our health. He likes playing basketball. I d like to make some suggestions on English teaching and learning in our school. She knows what to do next. 4. 主語主語+及物動詞及物動詞+雙賓語雙賓語(間接賓語間接賓語+直接賓語直接賓語 ) (S+V+IO+DO) 1). give, show, send, lend, bring, hand, pass, teach, write, offer, sell, pay, take, award etc. He taught us math.（指人）間接賓語（指物）直接賓語（指人）間接賓語（指物）直接賓語 I will show you some examples. Give me you