美國(guó)殖民地時(shí)期的人口變動(dòng)及其意義（Population changes and their significance in the colonial period of the United States）

1、美國(guó)殖民地時(shí)期的人口變動(dòng)及其意義（Population changes and their significance in the colonial period of the United States）Population changes and their significance in the colonial period of the United StatesStudy on American colonial population, due to restricted by data scarcity, American academia is not as in a very

2、 long period of time, is to be ignored. Since 1960s, the Annales school and the Cambridge history of British population and social structure research groups academic achievement stimulation, American scholars use a variety of scattered community records, books and other materials will family, with t

3、he help of European scholars trying to find out the research methods and norms, to describe the early population starting from the details, the Humphreys commendable achievements. In the study of American history in the United States, this problem is hardly involved; as far as the population change

4、is concerned, it is not clear. This paper uses the history of population and social history research, made a rough investigation to the 1607 and 1775 North American population changes and social influence, which from one side to understand the changes of American society and the characteristics of e

5、arly.I. Changes in population and their causesThere was a general trend in population change in the colonial period: the population of whites and blacks grew steadily, and the population of Indians declined. Because of the limitations of data, only a relatively reliable estimate of the population of

6、 whites and blacks (see table below).Population of British North American colonies from 1620 to 1780Item year 1620165016801700 1720175017701780Whites 228248768144536, 223071397346934340, 16882542204949Blacks 201600697127817, 68839236420459822, 575420Total 230350368151507, 250888466185117076, 2148076

7、2780369Since the establishment of different colonies has different times, the arrival of the peak of population growth is sooner or later. New England and the upper part of the South roughly began to grow considerably in population from 1670s, while the growth of the population in the central and lo

8、wer South colonies did not appear until after 1690s. Those who established an earlier colony experienced a very difficult period, with a large number of immigrants who died. The natural growth of the population was very slow, and the influx of immigrants was the main source of population growth. Thi

9、s situation is particularly prominent in Virginia: the early establishment of high mortality, life expectancy is very short, by the end of seventeenth Century to achieve a stable reproduction of the population. The situation in new England is very different from this. Following the cessation of the

10、first high tide of immigrants in 1640s, follow-up immigrants were few and the population grew at an average rate of about 2.4% per year. After 10 years of the establishment of Massachusetts, the population reached 8932 people, only 1500 fewer than Virginia, and in 1690 it increased to 49504 people.

11、After that, the colonies were established, especially in the middle colonies, and the population grew faster. New Yorks population grew at an average annual rate of 3.1% between 1698 and 1771. The average annual population growth rate in Pennsylvania was 5.3% in 1720s, 5.2% in 30s, 3.4% in 40s, and

12、4.4% in 50s.Throughout the British North America, the eighteenth Century was a period of rapid population growth. Between 1700 and 1775,The population of the 13 colonies increased from 250000 to 2500000, with an annual growth rate of 3%, roughly twice the population of every 25 years. Remarkably, th

13、e growth of population in North America was equally striking during the 1763 - 1775 years when North Americans began to seek independence. The population of the 13 colonies increased by 36.1% from 1750 to 1760, an increase of 34.8% from 1760 to 1770, an increase of 29.4% from 1770 to 1780. By 1774,

14、the number of white people in North American colonies was equivalent to 1/4 of the home country, 60 times the population of the British caribbean. In 1770 the more populous colonies were Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Maryland, the population is 1124980 people, accounting for 13 of the to

15、tal population of the 52.37% colonies; the smallest population were Georgia, Delaware, Rhode Island and New Hampshire, 4 of the population with 179463 people, and Connecticut roughly the same population, and less than half Virginia population.The rapid growth of the white population aroused the atte

16、ntion of some people at that time and made them confident of the prospects of the society in North america. Some people sigh North American population growth is rapid, perhaps in the history of the rare horse; 1745 governor Massa Chusetts William? Shirley predicted that number of North American resi

17、dents will soon surpass the largest population of France in Western Europe at that time; later a long at Yale College Ezra stiles? 1770 mentioned in the diary in English may be in addition to Chinese most outside of the number of language use. Benjamin Franklin asserted that in 100 years the populat

18、ion of North America would exceed that of Britain, when most English people would be on the other side of the ocean.As for the causes of population growth, various explanations are offered. Franklin believes that the high proportion of married, younger age at first marriage and a couple of children

19、born more, but are the main factors leading to the rapid increase of population. According to the New York governor William Tryon? In 1774 analysis, New York population increase, mainly because the local people get married at an earlier age than the Europeans, the birth rate increased, the natural g

20、rowth of the population quickly; but there have also been immigrants from other colonies and Europe into the local. These claims touched on two basic factors that contributed to the dramatic increase in population in the colonies: Immigration and natural growth.Migration has always been an important

21、 source of population growth in colonial times. Britain and other European countries immigrants to North America, there were 3 climax in 1776: the first occurred in 1607 to 1650 years, with British immigrants; second immigration climax in late seventeenth Century and early eighteenth Century, the ma

22、jority of immigrants still from Britain, Ireland and Scotland, but the German immigrants began to increase in 1760; 1775, the rise of the third wave of immigrants to North America, its size before the previous movement on immigration. It is estimated that in 1760 before the total number of immigrant

23、s came to the British North America is about 700000, an annual average of about 4500; and in 1760 - 1775 years, the total number of immigrants to North America reached 221500, an average of 14767 a year.Before eighteenth Century, most immigrants entered the colonies in the south. It is estimated tha

24、t in 1630 to 1700, 150000 immigrants came to North America, 116000 settled in the south. Visible in this period,Immigration is far more important to southern population growth than other regions. In addition, the growth of the population in the south is also closely related to slave trade. Between 1

25、701 and 1775, the slaves in the South accounted for about 20.5% of the total number of black immigrants in British america. However, the number of people moving out of Europe or Africa varies greatly from the number of people who actually arrive in North America and many of them die or arrive early.

26、In terms of immigration, natural growth is more important to population change in North america. Only when the natural growth of the population was realized was the colony transformed from an immigrant society into a native society, and the foundation for its survival and development was acquired. N

27、orth American labor is wealth, with much land and few people, so the general family want more people to have more children, and more boys than girls welcome. During the colonial period in a family of children in 6 - 10 or so, use of up to more than 20. Women of child-bearing age have very frequent b

28、irths. In Andover, Massachusetts, women who live in 1664 to 1669 have an interval of 28 months each, so a woman who is married at 18 and lives to at least 45 years of age may have 12 children in her life. In the first day of eighteenth Century, a European doctor on a trip to North Carolina saw women

29、 are very productive, and most of the houses are small. Although some women are deliberately contraception, or the use of drugs, sports (such as horseback riding, rope skipping, etc.) to stop pregnancy, but the impact on the birth rate is minimal.Two, population migration and inland developmentAs Eu

30、ropean immigrants continued to enter, there was always an active population movement in the colonies. On the general trend, the population mobility has a prominent feature: moving from dense coastal area to the border area, but is not limited within the scope of a single colony, but across colonial

31、borders, direction is numerous, each other, a colony with a large population to move out, and accept a large number of foreign immigration in the border area. This cross multiple colonies, to the floating population, not only accelerated the development of inland, the boundary line of the colonies t

32、o the inland passage, and to strengthen the ties around, to promote the formation of community consciousness.But moving inland is a difficult business. In the eyes of the general public, the mainland is an uncharted zone full of dangers, with hostile natives, hostile weather, wild animals, and tough

33、 life. In addition to the inland, also need some start-up capital settlement, lack of resources of the poor, can only move to adventure land to land, few people tread, building a wasteland, a pioneer of life.Still, the migration to undeveloped areas continues to surge. The various immigrant groups c

34、ame into being, piedmont heights, Ohio Valley and Shenandoah Valley area, become more and more immigrants to. These immigrants have significant features: the majority of young people in England, non American majority, mostly with slightly. In order to ensure the security of the border area, the inha

35、bitants of the border asked the British and colonial authorities to guard against the French and attack the hostile Indian tribes.The British colonial authorities and the development of the border areas have a complex attitude: Frontier colonization can help and the French and Spanish competition, b

36、ut damage the fur trade, increase the burden of defense. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult for marginal residents to receive adequate government assistance, which makes them deeply dissatisfied.New English tend to move inland in a team manner, which is for security reasons as well as a habitual m

37、odel for villages and towns. The new England colonies of village management authorities was very strict, allowed residents to leave the village living alone. Throughout the archives, many authorities have ordered people away from settlements to return to their former communities. However, the old vi

38、llages and towns are suffering from the increasing population pressure, and the land can not be used any more. Some people can only migrate farther. The new immigrants live far away from the center of their former villages and towns and gradually become new towns. New towns are springing up, and the

39、 population is becoming increasingly dispersed, contrary to the pursuit of social cohesion by early Puritan leaders. 1660 - 1710 years, new England to build new towns 209, an annual average of 4; the first half of the eighteenth Century, the new town with an average annual increase at a rate of 6; i

40、n 1760 after 15 years, the average annual population growth soon established new town about 18.Pennsylvania and the west of New York by the French and Indian threat, many immigrants had blocked the military fortress route. In 1640s, although immigrants along the Hudson River in Saratoga, but the two

41、 colonies more immigrants to other colonies, especially south of the so-called remote areas. In 1730, a group of German immigrants in Pennsylvania, Adam? Miller led into the Shenandoah Valley, Quaker soon followed believers and Sue lover. Some other Soviet lovers came to the upper reaches of the Han

42、na River and moved south in 1738 to reach the south of Fort Harrison.Virginia first settled in James River, and later extended to Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River Valley, was established in 1648 in the south bank area then, Northumberland, between the Potomac and Rappahannock River and the York

43、River to the north, gradually spread of many white settlements. In the fall line between Virginia and the Blue Ridge area, in the first few decades of the eighteenth Century is soon covered with settlements in mainland Xinxian County continue to set up a number of 1763, the county reached 54, to 178

44、2 increased to 72. Virginia counselor will be awarded individual and group land in 1743 - 1760 years, up to about 3000000 acres. Located in the piedmont area of James Valley, 1700 - 1770 years working population increased by 29 times. From Marylands northern border to the Savannah River in a vast ar

45、ea, the population is gradually increasing. Slavery extended to the border areas with white settlers, where the population of blacks grew. In the southern border of Virginia in Lunenburg County, in 1750 the proportion of blacks in the population to 22% in 1769 rose to 53%. By 1775, 12758 slaves were

46、 in Western Maryland and the Virginia valley.The west of North Carolina has embraced a large number of immigrants from different ethnic groups.They were officially moving in after the development was made and the roads were clear.The development of the interior frontier also brings a series of serio

47、us problems. Frontier life was dangerous and difficult, almost a repeat of the early inhabitants of the colonies. Robert from Ireland? Witherspoon in 1734 in South Carolina in remote areas, he describes the frontier life feeling in his diary: due to various reasons, our suffering from fear, especial

48、ly fear of being killed by Indians, snake bites, torn, or lost in the woods and missing. The most striking problem is that the conflicts between white and local tribes occur from time to time, and that the frontier is actually moving along the trail of ethnic violence. In addition, the settlement of

49、 the borderland was far from the political and economic center of the colony, and the majority of the inhabitants were on the edge of survival at the beginning of their settlement. In 1749, for example, some Moravia missionaries found in the upper reaches of the James river that local people lived l

50、ike savages. The development of traffic inconvenience hinder production, residents and residents of eastern border conflict in the distribution of political power, they struggle for equal rights to the outbreak of the war of independence on the eve of the North American society adds turmoil in color

51、.Three, racial, ethnic and cultural diversityA notable feature of the North American population is racial and ethnic diversity. Before the arrival of European settlers in North America, is a single race society; from the beginning of the seventeenth Century, European immigrants and African immigrant

52、s poured in forced and grounded arrival, living here, the North American into a multi racial society.Since 1619, Holland businessmen will be more than 20 black sold to James Don, the African American population continues to increase, particularly in the south, the number of slaves was much higher th

53、an other regions, the average annual growth rate is as high as 4.5%, so the population of blacks in the proportion continues to rise, to 1780 has reached 40% of the total population. This is the result of the combination of slave trade and the natural growth of the black population. Moreover, native

54、 blacks increased with the black population is becoming more and more prominent. In 1728, 3 out of every 5 adult blacks in the Chesapeake region were born in Africa; in 1740, African born adult blacks fell to half; 10 years later, adult blacks who were immigrants were only 1/3. This is in stark cont

55、rast to the British Caribbean island colony: by 1780, the island colonies had imported 1225000 blacks, but there were no more than 346000 blacks in those islands.As the population of whites and blacks grew, the population of Indians declined sharply. In 1669, the number of Indians in the Chesapeake

56、area was only 1/3 in 1607. In 1642, the island of Marthas Vineyard million bannochhoven Agger has about 3000 people, reduced to 800 in 1720 to 1764, only 313 people; Bullock island of Rhode Islands indigenous population has more than 1000 people in 1662 1774, when only 51 people. Sharp decline in In

57、dian population, there is a close relationship between the whites and the destruction of the environment and the spread of epidemic diseases to its survival. Smallpox, measles, influenza, cholera, scarlet fever and yellow fever epidemics, coupled with the war and famine, causing high mortality in in

58、digenous tribes.However，African dispersed in the Southern plantation, white farm and family, only a small number of free blacks living in the country; most of the Indians living in the tribal society, and only a handful of other races are mixed; therefore, the two ethnic groups have not yet become t

59、he national significance group. The origin, origin and cultural component of European American residents are not single, and they also appear complex and diverse. This diversity is equally important to changes in North American societies and racial diversity.British North America is open and inclusive in immigration and does not exclude foreign immigrants as it is in Western america. The British government encourages skilled foreigners t