中考英語語法精講例析介詞_1精品文檔

1、中考英語語法精講例析 介詞www.5y中考英語語法精講例析介詞知識概要介詞在英語中用法很活，也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個記住一個，特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。這樣長期下去不斷學(xué)習(xí)自然會總結(jié)出一套自己的規(guī)律來。下面是一般的規(guī)律，可幫助學(xué)習(xí)時參考，千萬不要作為定律去背誦，照搬。介詞表示時間表示地點(diǎn)方位表示原因方式其他about大約在時間aboutfiveoclock在周圍，大約多遠(yuǎn)aboutfivekilometres關(guān)于、涉及talkaboutyouabove高出某一平面abovesealevelacross橫過walkacrossthestreet對面acrossthestreet

2、after在之后aftersupper跟后面oneafteranother追趕runafteryouagainst背靠逆風(fēng)againstthewall,againstthewind反對beagainstyouamong三者以上的中間amongthetreesat在某時刻atten在小地點(diǎn)attheschoolgate表示速度athighspeed向著，對著atmebefore在之前beforelunch位于之前sitbeforemebehind位于之后behindthetreebelow低于水平belowzero不合格belowthestandardby到時刻，在時刻之前byfiveocloc

3、k緊挨著sitebysite乘坐交通工具byair,bybick被由wasmadebyusduring在期間duringtheholidaysfor延續(xù)多長時間forfiveyears向去leaveforshanghai為了，對于begoodforyoufrom從某時到某時frommorningtillnight來自何方fromnewyork由某原料制成bemadefrom來自何處whereareyoufromin在年、月、周較長時間內(nèi)inaweek在里面intheroom用某種語言inenglish穿著inredinto進(jìn)入里面walkinto除分divideinto變動turnintowa

4、ternear接近某時nearfiveyears在附近neartheparkof用某種原料制成bemadeof屬于性質(zhì)amapofu.s.aon某日、某日的上下午onsundayafternoon在上面onthedesk靠吃為生liveonrice關(guān)于abookonphysicsover渡過一整段時間workovernight在上方overthedesk超過，高于overfivepairspast超過某一時刻tenpastfive經(jīng)過某地walkpasttheparksince從某時以來since1980原因sinceyouwereillthrough經(jīng)過某一時期throughhislife通

5、過、穿過某地throughtheforesttilluntil直到某時為止tillfiveoclockto差多少時間fivetoten問，到，去往toshanghai面對面facetoface給予giveabooktomeunder在下面underthedesk少于underten在管制之下undertherulewith用某種工具withapen帶著，具有withmewithout沒有withoutair正誤辨析誤wegottothetopofthemountainindaybreak.正wegottothetopofthemountainatdaybreak.析at用于具體時刻之前，如：s

6、unrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night。誤dontsleepatdaytime正dontsleepindaytime.析in要用于較長的一段時間之內(nèi)，如：inthemorning/afternoon,或intheweek/month/year.或inspring/supper/autumn/winter等等。誤wevisitedtheoldmaninsundayafternoon.正wevisitedtheoldmanonsundayafternoon.析inthemorning,intheafternoon如果在這兩個短語中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞

7、都要改為on,如：onacoldmorning,onthemorningofjuly14th誤hebecameawritterathistwenties正hebecameawritterinhistwenties析這句話應(yīng)譯為：他在20多歲時就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時間段中要用介詞in來表示，而在具體歲數(shù)時用at來表示。誤hewenttonewyorktofindajobinsixteenyearsold.正hewenttonewyorktofindajobatsixteen.析在具體年歲前用at,如：attheageof12，atyourage，等等。誤wewenttoswiminthe

8、riverinaveryhotday.正wewenttoswimintheriveronaveryhotday.析具體某一天要用介詞on,又如：onnewyearsday誤imlookingforwardtoseeingyouonchristmas.正imlookingforwardtoseeingyouatchristmas.析在節(jié)日的當(dāng)天用on，而全部節(jié)日期間用at,christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間，一般要有兩周或更長的時間。誤ihaventseeyouduringthesummerholidays.正ihaventseenyousincethebeginningofthesummerhol

9、idays.析during表示在某一段時間之內(nèi)，所以一般不與完成時搭配，如：ivisitedalotofmuseumsduringtheholiday.而for表示一段時間，可以用于完成時，如：ihaventseeyouforalongtime.而through用來表示時間時則為整整，全部的時間。如：itrainedthroughthenight.而since則是表達(dá)主句動作的起始時間，一般要與完成時連用。誤atenteringtheclassroom,iheardthegoodnews.正onenteringtheclassroom,iheardthegoodnews.析on加動名詞表示一就

10、。本句的譯文應(yīng)是：我一進(jìn)入教室就聽見這個好消息了。又如：onhearing一聽見，onarrival一到達(dá)就誤inthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.正atthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.析atthebegining與attheend都是指某事物的開始與結(jié)束部分，均不指時間范圍，而inthebeginning則是指開始一段時間。intheendatlast是指最終，終于之意。誤tilltheendofnextweek.iwillhavefinished

11、thiswork.正bytheendofnextweek.iwillhavefinishedthiswork.析by引起的時間狀語表示了動作的截止點(diǎn)，其意思為不遲于某一時刻將工作做完，所以主句一般是完成時態(tài)。當(dāng)然可以有將來時態(tài)，如：illbetherebyfiveoclock.而till則表達(dá)其一動作一直持續(xù)到某一時刻，但句中的動詞一定要用持續(xù)性動詞，而瞬間的截止性動詞應(yīng)用其否定句式，如：iwontfinishthisworktillnextweekend.誤hecametolondonbeforelastweekend.正hehadcometolondonbeforelastweekend.

12、正hecametolondontwoweeksago.析before一般要與完成時連用，而ago則與一般過去時連用。誤ihavestudiedenglishforthreeyearsginceihadcomehere.正ihavestudiedenglishforthreeyearssinceicamehere.析since用來表達(dá)主句動作的開始時間，所以其引出的從句中應(yīng)為過去時，而不能用完成時態(tài)誤icanhelpyourepairthisbike.youwillgetitaftertwohours.正icanhelpyourepairthisbike.youwillgetitintwohou

13、rs.析中文經(jīng)常講兩小時之后來取，兩天內(nèi)會修好，而這個介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，after多用于過去時，如：iarrivedinnewyork.afterthreedays,ifoundajobinthebank.after加時間是表達(dá)一個不確定的時間范圍，如：afterthreedays,即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時間內(nèi)會完成某事時，一定要用介詞in。誤threedaysafterhedied.正afterthreedayshedied.正threedayslaterhedied.析after與later都可以用來表達(dá)一段時間之后，但它們所處的位置不同

14、，after在時間詞前，而later在時間詞后。誤shehidherselfafterthetree.正shehidherselfbehindthetree.析after多用來表達(dá)某動作之后，所以有的語法書中稱它為動態(tài)介詞，如：irunafterhim.afterfinishingmyhomework,iwenttoseeafilm.而behind則多用于靜態(tài)事物之后。誤thereisabeautifulbirdonthetree.正thereisabeautifulbirdinthetree.析樹上長出的果實(shí)，樹葉要用on,而其他外來的人、物體均要用inthetree.誤shanghaiis

15、ontheeastofchina.正shanghaiisintheeastofchina.析在表達(dá)地理位置時有3個介詞：in,on,to。in表示在某范圍之內(nèi);on表示與某地區(qū)接壤；to則表示不相接。如：japanistotheeastofchina.誤iarrivedatnewyorkonjuly2nd.正iarrivedinnewyorkonjuly2nd.析at用來表達(dá)較小的地方，而in用來表達(dá)較大的地方。at常用于attheschoolgate,athome,atabusstop,atthestation,atthecinema,atasmallvillage。誤helivedinno

16、.3beijingroad.正helivedatno.3beijingroad.析在門牌號碼前要用at,并要注意它的慣用法：attheendofthestreet,atthefootofthemountain,atthetopofthepage。誤thereisacolourtvsetatthecornerofthehall.正thereisacolourtvsetinthecornerofthehall.析在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in，而墻的外角用at，如：thereisatreeatthecornerofthestreet.誤thisweekendillstayinunclewangs.正this

17、weekendillstayatunclewangs.析要注意英文的特殊表達(dá)法，如：atatailorsshopatatailors,atthedoctorsatthebooksellersatunclewangs誤doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsontodaysnewspaper?正doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsintodaysnewspaper?析在報(bào)紙上的新聞要用in,而在具體某一版上，或某一頁上則要用on。誤theschoolwillbeginonseptember1st.正schoolwillbeginonseptember1st.析

18、這里的school應(yīng)看作不可數(shù)名詞泛指學(xué)校的課程，即開學(xué)之意。要注意，有些活動場所當(dāng)表達(dá)正在從事該種活動時不要加冠詞，如：attable，whenicametotomshome,theywereattable.還有：atdesk，atworkatschool，inhospitalatchurch作禮拜如加上定冠詞則另有他意，如：attheschool即在學(xué)校工作或辦事，inthehospital即在醫(yī)院工作或去看望病人。誤inmywaytothestation,iboughtanewspapertokilltime.正onmywaytothestation,iboughtanewspapert

19、okilltime.析譯文為：在去車站的路上我買了份報(bào)紙，為的是消磨時光在的路上應(yīng)用ononesway。而intheway有擋道之意，如：pleasemovethechairitisintheway。誤look,thedoorisopen,maybesomeonebrokeinto.正look,thedoorisopen,maybesomeonebrokein.正look,thedoorisopen,maybesomeonebrokeintotheoffice.析in是表達(dá)一個靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，在與break連用時其后不加介詞賓語，而into則是動態(tài)介詞，與break連用時要加介詞賓語。誤illlea

20、vebeijingtoshanghaitomorrow.正illleavebeijingforshanghai.正illleaveforshanghai.析leavefor是離開某地去某處的固定搭配，不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有：startfor動身前往某處，setoutfor，sailfor。誤imsorry.ihavetogetoutthebusatnextstop.正imsorry.ihavetogetoutofthebusatnextstop.析getin,與getout是兩個相反的詞組。getin為上車，而getout為下車，但語法家認(rèn)為這里的in與out為副詞，所以其后

21、不能接名詞，我們可以講wedbettergetin.或wedbettergetout.還有一組詞組有關(guān)上下車：getonoffgetintooutof誤becarefulthetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesoverzero.正becareful.thetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesabovezero.析over與above在作為比某物高的意思時有時可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時，即正上方時則要用above.而泛指上方時用over.誤thereisanoldstonebridgeabovetheriver.正t

22、hereisanoldstonebridgeovertheriver.析over還有一意為跨越，橫跨。誤thedeadseaisunderthesealevel.正thedeadseaisbelowthesealevel.析在垂直下方要用below.也就是講above與below互為反意詞，over與under也是反意詞。誤thereisabigtreeinthefrontofthehouse.正thereisabigtreeinfrontofthehouse.析infrontof是在物體外部的前面，而inthefrontof是在物體內(nèi)部的前面，如：thedriversitsinthefron

23、tofthebus.誤ittookthemtwodaystowalkacrosstheforest.正ittookthemtwodaystowalkthroughtheforest.析across作為介詞有兩個主要意思：橫過，如：iwanttowalkacrossthestreet.對面，如：thereisapostofficeacrossthestreet,而through多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過。如：thelittlegirlranacrosstheroomtomeethermother.誤thesunsetstowardthewest.正thesunset

24、sinthewest.析towards也可用作toward，它主要表達(dá)朝向某方向運(yùn)動，但不一定到達(dá)，如：herantowardthemountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south時，其前面要用in。要注意的是這4個詞可以用作副詞，如：iwentsouth.也可用作名詞，如：iwenttothesouth.也可用作形容詞，如：iwenttothesouthpartofchina.誤doyouhavenootherclothesexceptthose?正doyouhavenootherclothesbesidesthose?析beside是在旁邊，如：thestudent

25、sstoodbesidetheirteachers.而besides是除之外，不僅而且，除了以外還有，如：istudiedenglishbesidesfrench,wheniwasincollege.而except則是從同一類物體中去掉某一部分，如：icomehereeverydayexceptsunday.而exceptfor是指去掉不同種類的事物，如：theroomiscleanexceptfortwochairs.而exceptthat則要加從句。誤caniwritetheexampaperwithink?正caniwritetheexampaperwithapen?正caniwrite

26、theexampaperinink?析with后要加拿得起來放得下的工具，而墨水、顏料等原料則要用in。誤imearliertoday.icameherebyhiscar.正imearliertoday.icamehereinhiscar.析在交通工具前加介詞by，但不能再有任何指示代詞或冠詞，否則要改換相應(yīng)的介詞。bytaxi=inataxibytrain=inatrainbybicycle=onabicyclebyship=onashipbyboat=inaboatbybus=onabusbyplane=onaplanebyair空運(yùn)byland陸運(yùn)bysea海運(yùn)onfootonhorse

27、backbyphonebyletterbyradiobyairmailbyhand誤alotoffrenchwinesaremadeofgrape.正alotoffrenchwinesaremadefromgrape.析madeof是指由原材料到成品過程中原材料未發(fā)生質(zhì)地的變化，而發(fā)生了某種變化則要用from,如：thedeskwasmadeofhardwood.誤thisisagooddictionaryinenglishgrammar.正thisisagooddictionaryonenglishgrammar.析關(guān)于某方面的書籍、報(bào)告等有兩個介詞，其中on表示某專業(yè)用書，about則為某

28、方面的普通讀物，如：thisisabookaboutphysics.即物理科普知識。誤doyouhavethekeyofthedoor.正doyouhavethekeytothedoor.析keytothedoor門的鑰匙。相同用法還有answertothequestion,entrancetothehighway,dangertohealth.千萬不要用of。誤todayalotofchinesepeoplehaveinterestofcollectingstamps.正todayalotofchinesepeoplehaveinterestincollectingstamps.析havei

29、nterestin是在某方面有興趣。誤ididntdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrytome.正ididntdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrywithme.析beangrywith其后接人，而beangryat其后接事。如：hewasangryatwhatshesaid.誤hewasgoodforskating.正hewasgoodatskating.析begoodat為擅長某事，而begoodforsomebody為對某人很好。誤itwasgoodtoyoutohelpmylittleboy.正itwasgoodofyoutoh

30、elpmylittleboy.析這句話應(yīng)譯為：你真太好了，幫助了我的小孩。而begoodtosomebody是對某人態(tài)度好。如：hermotherisgoodtoeveryone.誤myparentswereverypleasedatme.正myparentswereverypleasedwithme.正myparentswereverypleasedatmystudying.析bepleasedwith后加somebody,而bepleasedat后加something。誤heisagreewithme.正heagreeswithme.誤heagainstsme.正heisagainstme

31、.析同意agree為動詞，而反對against則為介詞。在使用中一定要注意。誤ihaventheardlettersfromhim.正ihaventheardfromhim.析hearfrom即為：從某人處得到信件。不要再加letter了。誤teacher.mayicallatyouthisweekend?正teacher.mayicallonyouthisweekend?析作為拜訪講callat其后接地點(diǎn)，如：mayicallatyourhomethisweekend?而callon其后接人。誤doyouknowthegirlonwhite?正doyouknowthegirlinwhite?

32、析inwhite為穿一身白。與in有關(guān)的詞組有：inbed，inhospital，inahurry，indanger,injoy，ingoodhealth，inlove，introuble，與之相反的是outof,如：outoftrouble，outofdate，outoforder誤helookedatmeatsurprise.正helookedatmeinsurprise.析surprise的用法一般有三種。用于句首，toonessurprise,如：tomysurprisehesucceeded.besurprisedat,如：iwassurprisedatthenews.用于句尾ins

33、urprise.誤shedidntcometoschoolbecauseofshewasill.正shedidntcometoschoolbecauseshewasill.析becauseof后接名詞，如：thegamewasputoffbecauseoftherain.例題解析-thankyouthebeautifulflowers!-notatall.ainboncatdfor答案d.析由于某事向某人道謝應(yīng)用for。2canyouanswerthisquestionenglish?abybincwithdfrom答案b.析in表示用語言、聲音、或材料，如：heansweredtheques

34、tioninalowvoice.3lookthemapchinathewall,please.aafter,of,inbat,of,incafter,in,ondat,of,on答案d.析lookat為看，而onthewall為在墻表面掛著，而inthewall則是在墻內(nèi)，如：thereisholeinthewall.墻上有個洞。4-whendidmrgreenarriveinlondon?-hearrivedtheretheeveningofdecember6th.aatbincondto答案c.析intheevening/afternoon這兩個詞組不論是在其前或后加上任何修飾詞都應(yīng)將介詞

35、換為on,如：onacoldmorning,onaspringmorning等。5wewontherelayrace.andtherewasabigsmileourteachersface.aoffbnearcondbetween答案c.6thetwinsgotonwelltheirclassmates.atobincwithdabout答案c.析getonwellwith與人相處很好。7-pleaseremembertocometomybirthdayparty.-isee.illcomesaturdayevening.ainbatcondfor答案c.8letshurry，orwellbe

36、lateschoolatobatcwithdfor答案d.析belatefor，而comelateto，如：dontcomelatetoschool9theywillhaveamathstesttwodaysaforbatcindafter答案c.析三天之內(nèi)應(yīng)用in，而不要受中文影響用after，afterthreedays是個不定的時間范圍，即沒有一個準(zhǔn)確的時間。5天、6天、10天全是afterthreedays。0mybrotherjoinedthearmya1989，marchbinmarch，1989cmarch，1989d1989，inmarch答案b.析在月份、年、前用介詞in，而

37、日子前用on。1hecouldntworkoutthemathsproblemyourhelpawithoutbundercfordwith答案a.析在某人幫助下應(yīng)用with，如：withthehelpoftheteacheripassedtheexameasily而要是沒有你的幫助則用withoutyourhelp2grannytookonelookatusherglassesabybthroughcondin答案b.析through為穿過。3wehadourbreakfastaquartersevena/，tobin，tocat，todon，to答案c.析具體時間點(diǎn)前用at，而差幾分幾點(diǎn)用

38、to，這里應(yīng)譯為：我在差一刻七點(diǎn)吃的早飯。4ilearnfrenchtheradioeverydayaonbincfromdat答案a.析從收音機(jī)中聽到某事應(yīng)用詞組ontheradio。5itsgoodmannerstowaitlineainboncatdwith答案a.析inline為排隊(duì)。6howmanyenglishwordshadyoulearntlastterm?abytheendofbattheendofctotheendofdtilltheendof答案a.析bytheendof為動作的截止時間，與完成時態(tài)相配合7themanagerwasverysatisfiedhiswork

39、ainboncaboutdwith答案d.析besatisfiedwith為固定搭配。8johnhitjackfaceaonthebintheconhisdinhis答案b.析英文中的某些動詞其后要接人，然后加介詞the身體部位，如：hecaughttheboybythearm。9iwasbornthenightseptember15，1978ain，onbat，oncat，indon，of答案d.析在時間前加介詞時應(yīng)以最小的時間單位為準(zhǔn)。20itsabadmannertolaughpeoplewhentheyaretroubleaover，inbat，incin，atdat，for答案b.析

40、laughat嘲笑某人，laughover笑著談?wù)撃橙嘶蚰呈?，introuble陷入困境。21icantdothisworkwelltomshelpaunderbforcwithoutdfrom答案c.22dontshouttheoldwoman。youshouldbemorepoliteherato，atbat，tocin，fordfrom，for答案b.析shoutat為沖某人喊叫，而bepolitetosomebody為對某人和氣。23wemustbestrictourselveseverythingawith，inbin，withcwith，todto，of答案a.析bestrictwith對某人嚴(yán)格要求。24hewenttothefootballmatchlunchlastsundayatobwithoutcbehinddbetween答案b.析withoutlunch未吃午飯。25thepeoplesrepublicofchinawasfounded1949awithboncsincedin答案d.析在年代前用in。因句