section a research into population genetics

1、section a research into population geneticsbackground information:1 columbus: christopher columbus, an italian-born master navigator (born in genoa, italy in 1451 and died at valladolid, spain in 1506) who sailed in the service of spain, is commonly described as the discoverer of the new world ameri

2、ca. his four transatlantic voyages (14921493, 14931496, 14981500, and 15021504) opened the way for european exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the americas. columbuss real greatness lies in the fact that having found the west indies making major errors in his navigational computations an

3、d location in doing so he was able to find his way back to europe and return to the indies. it is as the result of columbuss “discovery” that the new world became part of the european world. 2 human genetic map: our bodies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells. cells in turn a

4、re built up from many specific types of molecules, both large and small. the large molecules or macromolecules include polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. proteins are the workhorses of our cells. there are about 40,000 different types of proteins in our bodies. each protein is present in m

5、any, many copies. an adult, for example, carries about 1021 (a billion trillion) hemoglobin molecules. the flow of genetic information is from dna to rna to protein. each protein is a linear polymer of a specific sequence of 20 different amino acids. dna is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types

6、 of nucleotides. the sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of dna called a gene. three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein. the genetic code is universal among all living things. new words & expressions:1 to dateuntil no

7、w至今，直到現(xiàn)在this is the biggest donation ive had to date.這是到目前為止我所收到的最大一項(xiàng)捐贈(zèng)。to date, research on the application of the genetic map is very limited. 至今，對(duì)基因圖應(yīng)用的研究工作還是非常有限的。2 nothing less than(used to emphasize how important or surprising sth. is) exactly, just, at least簡(jiǎn)直是，同一點(diǎn)也不差our aim is nothing less t

8、han to make china the best trained and educated nation in the world.我們的目標(biāo)就是要使中國(guó)成為世界上受到最好培訓(xùn)和教育的國(guó)家。3 serve asfulfil the purpose of起作用，當(dāng)成his remarks should have served as an encouragement to the authorities to develop this important aspect of community care.他的一席話應(yīng)當(dāng)視作是對(duì)當(dāng)局發(fā)展社區(qū)保護(hù)中這一重要方面的一種鼓勵(lì)。4 be confined

9、 tobe restricted or kept within certain limits限制于，局限于his concerns were not confined to property, housing and environmental questions.他所關(guān)心的事不局限于財(cái)產(chǎn)、住房、環(huán)境等問題。5 as of/fromfor practical purposes; in fact事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上in effect, the influence of this government was going down gradually.事實(shí)上，這個(gè)政府的影響力正在逐漸下降。the two

10、 economic systems are, in effect, identical.這兩種經(jīng)濟(jì)制度實(shí)際上一模一樣。6 in effectfor practical purposes; in fact事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上in effect, the influence of this government was going down gradually.事實(shí)上，這個(gè)政府的影響力正在逐漸下降。the two economic systems are, in effect, identical.這兩種經(jīng)濟(jì)制度實(shí)際上一模一樣。7 adapt tochange ones behavior or sth.

11、 in order to deal more successfully with a new situation（改變）使適應(yīng)only when your approach to good health can be adapted to all your own requirements, will you really succeed in obtaining your goals of health care.只有當(dāng)你對(duì)待健康的方法能適應(yīng)所有你自己的要求，你才真正能成功達(dá)到你的保健目標(biāo)。8 shed/throw light onmake a problem, etc. easier to

12、 understand使（某事）更為清楚，闡明（某事）to shed light on these questions, id like to take an example from the fairly recent past.為更好地清楚闡明這些問題，我想從最近的過去中舉一個(gè)例子。language points1. while not exactly a top selling book, (para. 1) a top selling book: a book that a lot of people buy of the ten top selling books this year

13、, six are non-fiction ones. 今年10本最暢銷的書中，有6本是非小說類的書籍。2. the most extensive survey (para.1)extensive: a. including or dealing with a wide range of information; covering a large area the baby was put through extensive tests during a 10-day stay but they failed to find any signs of the fits. 他們讓這個(gè)嬰兒住院10

14、天接受了全面的檢查，但是沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何突發(fā)病的癥狀。 the function of the victories in providing the regime with even more extensive popular backing seems undeniable. 這些勝利為政權(quán)提供了更為廣泛的支持，這一點(diǎn)似乎是不可否認(rèn)的。 only a small pool remains in the basin of what was once an extensive lake.這個(gè)盆地曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)大湖，現(xiàn)在只剩下一個(gè)小水池。3. the most extensive survey to d

15、ate (para.1) to date: until now to date, research has focused on the most obvious feature of living things: cell multiplication. 迄今為止研究已集中到生物最明顯的特性，即細(xì)胞繁殖上。 considerable evidence shows that, to date, those who have been successful through industrialisation and urbanisation have not been an independen

16、t, dynamic and progressive force in latin america. 大量的證據(jù)表明，迄今為止，那些成功經(jīng)歷過工業(yè)化和城市化的人已不再是拉丁美洲一股獨(dú)立的、有活力的、進(jìn)步的力量。 there is no evidence, to date, that making people belt up turns them into worse drivers. 至今仍沒有跡象表明，司機(jī)們系安全帶會(huì)影響駕駛。4.skin color and height are discounted, (para.1)discount: v. think or say that sth

17、. is not important or not true much of what he says must be discounted; he imagines things. 他說的許多話都是要打折扣的，他喜歡想像。 we can discount liverpool they have three injured players. 我們可以不理會(huì)利物浦隊(duì)他們有三名傷員。 he does not discount the possibility that the stress he was under affected his decision. 他沒有忽視這種可能性，即他所受的壓力可

18、能影響到他的決定。5. the variation among individuals is much greater than the differences among groups. (para. 1)variation: n. change in amount or level unemployment rates among white-collar workers show much less regional variation than corresponding rates among blue-collar workers.白領(lǐng)工人的失業(yè)率與藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人相比，地區(qū)性差異要小得多

19、。 the medical tests showed some variation in the babys heart rate. 醫(yī)療檢查表明嬰兒的心率有些差異。 there are wide variations in the way pensioners have benefited from the system. 靠領(lǐng)養(yǎng)老金度日的人們從這個(gè)體制中得益的方式有很大區(qū)別。 the research team has a very good record of day-to-day variation in pollution in the atmosphere. 這個(gè)研究小組很詳細(xì)地記

20、錄了大氣污染每日的變化。6. is much more than an argument (para.2)more than: “having greater value or importance than sth. else” or “not only, not just” please note here “more than” is used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 1)“more than” followed by a noun phrase: learning english is more

21、than attending the classes and taking notes.學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)不只是來(lái)上課和記筆記。 hes more than a coach; hes a friend.他不只是一個(gè)教練，他更是一位朋友。 2)“more than” followed by a verbal phrase: we more than waited from morning till night; we were worried. 我們不只是從早一直等到晚，還擔(dān)心受怕。 she more than suffered from the disease; she was penniless. 她

22、不僅僅是飽受疾病之苦，而且窮得身無(wú)分文。 he more than scolded me: he told me what to do next. 他不只是責(zé)怪我，還告訴我以后該怎么做。 james more than shouted: he threw the glass at the waiter. 詹姆斯不只是大聲喊叫，還把玻璃杯扔向侍者。 3)“more than” followed by an adjective phrase: she was more than glad to hear the news. 聽到這個(gè)消息她非常高興。 his house is more than l

23、arge and beautiful. 他的房子非常大也非常漂亮。 i was more than frightened when i saw the terrible man. 當(dāng)我看見那個(gè)可怕的人時(shí)，感到極度害怕。7. various proteins that serve as markers to reveal a persons genetic makeup. (para.3)serve as: fulfil the purpose of (sth.) the judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to other mot

24、orists who drove without due care and attention. 法官說罰款會(huì)是對(duì)其他疏忽、冒失的駕駛者的一種警告。 in the absence of anything better the box would serve as a table. 在沒有更好的東西的情況下，這箱子可以當(dāng)桌子用。8. the authors assembled profiles (para.3)assemble: v. 1) bring people or things together as a group; come together as a group he has re

25、fused to come to any kind of conclusions until he has assembled all the information he thinks relevant. 他拒絕在收集到所有相關(guān)信息之前下任何結(jié)論。 the members of the tour group assembled at the airport for departure. 旅行團(tuán)的成員們?cè)跈C(jī)場(chǎng)集合準(zhǔn)備出發(fā)。 2) fit together all the separate parts of sth., for example a piece of furniture the s

26、helves are easy to assemble. 這些架子很容易裝配。 its one of those beds that you have to assemble yourself. 這種床需要你自己來(lái)裝配。9. he was confronted by an angry farmer waving an axe. (para.4)confront: v. face sb., esp. in an unfriendly or dangerous situation; face sth. difficult bravely when theyd confronted him with

27、 proof of his criminal activities, he knew that he had to tell the truth. 當(dāng)他們拿出他的犯罪證據(jù)與他當(dāng)面對(duì)質(zhì)時(shí)，他知道他不得不說真話了。 opening the door, he found himself confronted by a dozen policemen with guns. 一打開門，他發(fā)現(xiàn)十幾個(gè)警察正用槍對(duì)著他。he prepared for the questions he expected to confront during the interview. 他為這次訪談中可能要面對(duì)的問題作了準(zhǔn)備。

28、10. that were in their present locations as of 1492, (para.3)as of /from: (used when a new rule, system, or situation will start from) starting from as of the first of july, all back seat passengers must wear seat belts. 從7月1日起，所有后座上的乘客必須系安全帶。the new timetable will come into effect as of january 200

29、3. 新的時(shí)間表將從2003年1月起生效。11. they were widely assumed to be closely related. (para.5)assume: v. 1) think or accept that sth. is true but without proof of it if you are rude to other people your child will assume that this kind of behavior is acceptable. 如果你對(duì)別人不禮貌，你的孩子就會(huì)認(rèn)為這樣做是可行的。 in other academic areas

30、 it is assumed that the teacher knows more than the student. 在其他學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域，人們都想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為老師總是比學(xué)生知道的多。 2) (fml.) pretend to have a particular feeling or quality when socializing with his co-workers he would assume a hearty manner. 和他的同事相處時(shí)，他會(huì)裝出一副真誠(chéng)的態(tài)度。 she usually assumed that look just before he succeeded in r

31、educing her to tears. 在他使她流下眼淚之前，她通常會(huì)裝出那副神態(tài)。 assuming a carefree air, he ran to the end of the spring board and dived into the water. 他裝出一副無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的神情，跑向跳板的一端，跳入了水中。12. most closely resemble their neighbors, (para.5)resemble: v. look like or be similar to another person or thing it was not possible to c

32、hange direction suddenly, yet the damage to education was obvious as campuses sometimes resembled market-places rather than institutions of higher learning. 突然改變方向是不可能的，但是校園有時(shí)更像個(gè)集市而不是高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)，這對(duì)教育的危害很明顯。 what she saw was the face of a stranger who resembled her: mouth pulled out of shape, skin white,

33、hair without colour. 她看見一張很像她的陌生人的臉，嘴巴拉扯得變了形，膚色蒼白，頭發(fā)沒有光澤。 compare:bear resemblance to; take after pauls features bore a strong resemblance to his fathers. 保羅的五官非常像他的父親。 im afraid that youll find it hard to adapt, as the situation of the country bears little resemblance to that of our country. 該國(guó)的國(guó)情與

34、我國(guó)相差懸殊，恐怕你不容易適應(yīng)。 the london of the 1990s bears little resemblance to the london of my youth. 20世紀(jì)90年代的倫敦和我年輕時(shí)的倫敦不太一樣。 the boy takes after his father: he has the same red hair, big feet, and quick temper. 這男孩長(zhǎng)得像他父親：同樣的一頭紅發(fā)，大大的腳，脾氣暴躁。13. shed new light on the origins of populations (para.7)shed light

35、on: make a problem, etc. easier to understand but a better understanding of how it works could also shed light on other questions concerning the development of sensory nerve cells. 但是更好地理解它的運(yùn)作也能幫助我們弄清有關(guān)感官神經(jīng)細(xì)胞發(fā)育的其他問題。 scientists working in the gobi desert have shed new light on the life of dinosaurs.

36、 在戈壁灘上工作的科學(xué)家們對(duì)恐龍的生活有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。 in addition, the research is expected to shed light on the social consequences of cities changing economic roles. 另外，這一研究也希望弄清城市不斷變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)角色所帶來(lái)的社會(huì)影響。14. the khoisan people are directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors. (para.7)be descended from: have sb. as a

37、n ancestor she always claimed her family was descended from the ancient kings of egypt. 她總聲稱她的家族是古埃及國(guó)王的后裔。the university of edinburghs most famous dropout, charles darwin, pointed out that human beings are descended from animals. 查爾斯達(dá)爾文，這位愛丁堡大學(xué)最著名的退學(xué)者，指出人類是動(dòng)物的后裔。15. their language is of unknown orig

38、in and cannot be placed within any standard classification. (para. 8)compare unknown with infamous: unknown: not known; not famous infamous: shameful, notorious the show was such a success that she went from an unknown actress to a star overnight. 演出非常成功，使她從一個(gè)默默無(wú)聞的女演員轉(zhuǎn)眼成了一位明星。 the firm was almost un

39、known ten years ago but now it is famous for its high-quality products. 這家公司10年前無(wú)人知曉，但現(xiàn)在因其高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品而著名。 his action in cheating poor, sick and elderly people of their savings was described by the judge as infamous. 法官把他這種欺詐窮人、病人和老人的存款的做法稱為無(wú)恥。16. cavalli-sforza stresses that his mission is not just scien

40、tific but social as well. (para. 10)not just butas well: not only but also the government radio not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance as well. 政府電臺(tái)不僅報(bào)道了這次示威游行，而且事先做了預(yù)告。 some parents are not only concerned with safety but skeptical of the educational value of such strips as

41、 well. 有些父母不僅關(guān)心這些連環(huán)畫的安全性，還對(duì)它們的教育價(jià)值表示懷疑。section b geniuses and better parentingnew words & expressions 1 spring upappear or develop quickly and/or suddenly涌現(xiàn)，發(fā)生，迅速長(zhǎng)出his success doesnt spring up out of nowhere. as he self-studied college english in high school, he has had a head start over his peers.

42、他的成功不是憑空而來(lái)的。他在中學(xué)就自學(xué)了大學(xué)英語(yǔ)，所以比其他同學(xué)領(lǐng)先了一步。2 out of nowherehappening or appearing suddenly and without warning不知打哪兒來(lái)，突然冒出來(lái)he was driving too fast on the express highway when a police car appeared out of nowhere and stopped him. 他正在高速公路上超速行駛，這時(shí)不知打哪兒冒出一輛警車把他攔住了.3 go out of ones waymake a special effort, es

43、p. in spite of difficulties 特別費(fèi)心（作某事），千方百計(jì)mary always went out of her way to help me learn russian before i went to moscow where i soon picked it up. 過去，瑪麗總是不怕麻煩地幫助我學(xué)習(xí)俄語(yǔ)。等我到了莫斯科后，我很快就學(xué)會(huì)了這門語(yǔ)言。4 pick upget information or a skill by chance rather than by making a deliberate effort學(xué)到，獲得i picked up quite

44、 a lot of italian when i was in italy.我在意大利時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)了不少意大利語(yǔ)。as a mail boy, he had picked up the habit of addressing people by their christian names, whoever they were.作為一個(gè)郵遞員，他養(yǎng)成了用教名稱呼任何人的習(xí)慣，不管他們是誰(shuí)。5 in questionunder consideration; being talked about 談?wù)撝械?，考慮之中的if the restaurant in question adds a service

45、charge, then there would be fewer customers.要是那家談?wù)撝械牟宛^增收服務(wù)費(fèi)，那么顧客就會(huì)比較少了。6 pass ongive or leave to people who are younger or live later; give sth. to sb. else把傳給genetics deals with how genes are passed on from parents to their offspring and a great deal is known about the mechanisms governing this pro

46、cess.遺傳學(xué)涉及的是基因是如何從父母親遺傳給其后代的，人們對(duì)控制這一過程的機(jī)理已經(jīng)了解了許多。7 have an advantage overbe better, more effective, and more useful than 比處于有利地位，比有優(yōu)勢(shì)she also realized that she had an advantage over her mothers generation because she was a working woman and she could do things in her retirement.她也意識(shí)到她比自己母親這代人有優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)樗?/p>

47、是一個(gè)有工作的婦女，而且退休后還能做事。8 in a (good) position to do having enough authority or power to do能夠（做某事），有條件（做某事）he will then be in a good position to take over much of the rest of the property when his parents die.他父母過世時(shí)，他就能夠接管其余的很大一部分財(cái)產(chǎn)。9 far fromnot at all遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不，一點(diǎn)也不far from damaging the environment, the expa

48、nded road program will improve the quality of life of thousands of people.擴(kuò)展道路計(jì)劃非但不會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境造成破壞，反而將改善成千上萬(wàn)人的生活質(zhì)量。language points1. supposedly born into a family of manual workers, ( para.1)supposedly: ad. according to what is generally assumed or believed (often used to indicate that the speaker doubts t

49、he truth of the statement) he was supposedly delivering some papers to her but i think it was just an excuse to see her. 據(jù)說他正在給她送一些文章，但我認(rèn)為這只是他想見她的借口。 in public they have to boast about the training revolution they are supposedly leading. 在公開場(chǎng)合他們不得不吹噓據(jù)稱是由他們領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的培訓(xùn)革命。 there is a supposedly simple explan

50、ation for what happened. 據(jù)說對(duì)發(fā)生的事有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的解釋。2. his father had supervised manual workers, not been one, (para. 2)supervise: v. watch over (an activity or job) to make certain that it is done correctly, or watch over (sb.) to make certain that they are behaving correctly or are safe the un is supervising

51、 the distribution of aid to those areas worst affected by the fighting. 聯(lián)合國(guó)負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督分配援助物資給受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)影響最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)。her new job involves supervising the companys operation in japan. 她的新工作包括監(jiān)督公司在日本的經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)。 the teachers take it in turn to supervise the children at playtime. 游戲時(shí)間內(nèi)老師們輪流指導(dǎo)孩子們的活動(dòng)。3. who would go out of their

52、 way (para.5)go out of ones way: make a special effort to help sb. even when this causes one difficulty or inconvenience my friend goes out of his way to pick me up to play golf. 我的朋友特地來(lái)接我去打高爾夫球。 jennifer went out of her way to help vicky to feel comfortable in her new job. 詹尼弗想盡辦法幫助維基適應(yīng)新工作。 they re

53、ally went out of their way to make us feel welcome. 他們確實(shí)是盡了全力讓我們感受到歡迎。4. when these made a sound, they had to make a note of what they were doing and assess how happy and alert they felt. (para.6)make a note of: record (sth. that one wishes to remember) he made a mental note of the title.他記住了標(biāo)題。 wil

54、l all members please make a note of the date of our next meeting? 請(qǐng)全體成員記下我們下次會(huì)議的日期。 i made a careful note of where i had left the bag, so as to be sure to find it on my return. 我仔細(xì)地記下了我把包放在哪兒，這樣回來(lái)時(shí)肯定能找到它。 compare: take a note of, take note of ill just take a note of your name and address. 我要記下你的姓名和地址。 you should take note of what she tells you because she knows their strategy well. 你應(yīng)該留意她對(duì)你說的話，因?yàn)樗芮宄麄兊牟呗浴?. and assess how happy and alert they felt. (para.6)alert: a. able to think quickly; quick to notice things an alert postman noticed two men b