Will Your Safety Harness Kill You(chinese version)

1、Will Your Safety Harness Kill You?你戴的安全帶會殺掉你嗎?Workers and emergency response personnel must be trained to recognize the risks of suspension trauma.工人和應急反應人員必須接受培訓必須認識到懸吊創(chuàng)傷的風險By Bill Weems and Phil Bishop-比爾.威姆斯 & 費爾.比斯學普I was surprisingly comfortable with my legs dangling relaxed beneath me, and my

2、arms我的兩條腿不受拘束地在我身下?lián)u擺令我感到令人驚奇地舒服,并且我的兩臂向外outstretched in a posture that must have resembled a crucifixion. I had no feeling of 伸直的姿態(tài)使我一定類似象在受磨難, 我沒有壓迫stress and mused as to why this was considered dangerous. I felt I could stay in this 的感受 并且沉思為什么這樣被認為是危險的, 我感覺我可以保持這種姿勢position for a lon g time. Thre

3、e minutes later, maybe less, I wondered why I suddenly 呆很長的時間, 三分鐘后, 可能更少些, 我不明白為什么我突然felt so hot. The next thing I knew, they were reviving me from unconsciousness.感到這么熱. 然后我所知道的事就是他們正在將我從失去知覺中蘇醒過來.I had just experienced what could be deadly for your workers who use safety harnesses. 我剛才所經歷過的, 這可能會

4、是對你的使用安全帶的工人致命的Fortunately for me, my suspension trauma occurred in the safe environment of the 幸運的是, 我的懸吊創(chuàng)傷發(fā)生在加爾威斯頓的德克薩斯大學醫(yī)療分院的research ward of University of Texas Medical Branch Hospital at Galveston, Texas, 安全研究環(huán)境下.where I was the first subject in a NASA experiment studying orthostatic intoleranc

5、e in 在那里我是第一個在國家航空航天局做研究實驗宇航員正立位置的不忍耐性課題astronauts. Your workers wont be so lucky. 但你的工人就不會有這么幸運.Harness-Induced Death(安全帶導致死亡)Wide ranges of situations require safety harnesses of various types. Workers requiring 大范圍的位置需要各種不同類型的安全帶, 工人需要fall protection, workers entering many confined spaces, mounta

6、in climbers, deer hunters 跌落保護 工人們進入許多受限空間 登山人員 in elevated stands, and cave explorers all try to protect themselves through the use of 高臺 獵鹿人, 以及洞穴探險家, 所有人員都會試圖通過使用安全索具/安全帶safety harnesses, belts, and seats. What is little known however is that these harnesses All personnel should be trained that s

7、uspension in an upright condition for longer than five minutes can be fatal.所有工人都必須知道,垂直懸掛超過5分鐘就會死亡./安全座來保護他們自己, 較少被知道的是, 無論如何這些索具同樣也會can also kill.殺死人.Harnesses can become deadly whenever a worker 安全索具能變得致命.只要在垂直姿態(tài)并伴隨著腿在is suspended for durations over five minutes in an 軀體下不受拘束的垂直懸吊超過5分鐘.upright po

8、sture, with the legs relaxed straight beneath the body. This can occur in many different situations 這種情況會在工業(yè)中許多不同狀況下發(fā)生in industry. A carpenter working alone is caught in 一個單獨干活的木匠被他戴的安全帶吊在mid-fall by his safety harness, only to die 15 minutes 半空, 由于懸吊創(chuàng)傷, 僅過15分later from suspension trauma. An electri

9、cal worker is lowered into a shaft after testing 鐘后就死亡, 一名電工在被吊進一檢測過有毒氣體的軸筒內,for toxic gases. He is lowered on a cable and is positioned at the right level to repair a 他被纜索吊到正好維修接線盒的層面junction box. After five minutes he is unconscious-but his buddies tending the line dont 5分鐘后他失去知覺, 但他的同伴還照管著吊索-根本沒意

10、識到,realize it, and 15 minutes later a dead body is hauled out. 在15分鐘后拖出的是一具死尸.The cause of this problem is called “suspension trauma.” Fall protection researchers have 這個問題的原因被稱為”懸吊創(chuàng)傷”, 跌落防護研究人員已注意到recognized this phenomenon for decades. Despite this, data have not been collected on 這種現(xiàn)象幾十年了 , 盡管這樣,

11、 對此范圍的問題的數(shù)據沒被收集, the extent of the problem; most users of fall protection equipment, rescue personnel, and 大多數(shù)跌落保護設備的使用人員, 救援人員,安全和健康safety and health professionals remain unaware of the hazard.專家仍然沒意識到這個危險.Suspension Trauma(懸吊創(chuàng)傷)Suspension trauma death is caused by orthostatic incompetence (also ca

12、lled orthostatic 懸吊創(chuàng)傷死亡由正立位置不適當性(或被稱為正立位置的不忍耐性)intolerance). Orthostatic incompetence can occur any time a person is required to stand 正立位置不適當性能在任何時候發(fā)生,如一名被要求靜靜的長時間站立quietly for prolonged periods and may be worsened by heat and dehydration. It is most 人員, 并且這種狀況還有可能因熱和脫水而變得更壞,commonly encountered in

13、 military parades where soldiers must stand at attention for 這種情況在軍事檢閱中士兵長時間立正時經常遇到,prolonged periods. Supervisors can prevent it by training soldiers to keep their knees 長官們可以通過訓練士兵們站立時微彎膝蓋slightly bent so the leg muscles are engaged in maintaining posture.以讓腿部肌肉處于供養(yǎng)姿態(tài)來預防.What happens in orthostati

14、c incompetence is that the legs are immobile with a worker in 正立位置不適當性的發(fā)生是由于工人的腿處在豎直的姿勢時不穩(wěn)定an upright posture. Gravity pulls blood into the lower legs, which have a very large 重力將血液拉向腿的下部, 那里有非常大的血液存儲能力.storage capacity. Enough blood eventually accumulates so that return blood flow to the 最后集聚足夠多的血液

15、以至于流回心臟右心室的血液減少.right chamber of the heart is reduced. The heart can only pump the blood available, so 心臟只能泵出可利用的血液the hearts output begins to fall. The heart speeds up to maintain sufficient blood flow to 因而心臟輸出開始下降, 心臟加速跳動以維持有足夠的血液流向大腦the brain, but if the blood supply to the heart is restricted e

16、nough, breathing faster is 但假如血液供給心臟不夠, 加快的呼吸失效ineffective, and the body abruptly slows the heart. 身體會突然減慢心臟跳動In most instances this solves the problem by causing the worker to faint, which typically 在大多數(shù)事例中解決這個困難時會引起工人昏倒, 典型的結果導results in slumping to the ground where the legs, the heart, and the br

17、ain are on the same 致將工人放平躺在地上,這樣保持腿/心臟/大腦處于同一水平,level. Blood is now returned to the heart and the worker typically recovers quickly. In a 血液現(xiàn)在回流回心臟, 工人會恢復得較快.harness, however, the worker cant fall into a horizontal posture, so the reduced heart rate 吊在索具中時, 無論何樣,工人都不會陷于水平姿態(tài), 因此, 降低了的心跳導致大腦causes th

18、e brains blood supply to fall below the critical level.血液供給降到臨界水平以下,Orthostatic incompetence doesnt occur to us very often because it requires that the legs 不適當正立位置不會在我們身上經常發(fā)生, 因為這種狀況要求腿處于remain relaxed, straight, and below heart level. If the leg muscles are contracting in order 放松/垂直/并且低于心臟, 腿肌收縮,

19、保持平衡和支撐to maintain balance and support the body, the muscles press against the leg veins. This 身體, 肌肉壓迫腿部血管, compression together with well-placed one-way valves helps pump blood back to the 這種擠壓加上身體里位置極佳的一些單向流動閥門,幫助使血液回流心臟.heart. If the upper-legs are horizontal, as when we sit quietly, the vertica

20、l pumping 如果大腿處于水平狀態(tài),像我們安靜的坐著時, 血液回流的垂直距離大大縮distance is greatly reduced, so there are no problems.短, 血液循環(huán)回流就沒有問題.In suspension trauma, several unfortunate things occur that aggravate the problem. First, 在懸掛創(chuàng)傷狀態(tài),多種不利情況使問題變糟.the worker is suspended in an upright posture with legs dangling. Second, the

21、 Safety 首先,工人以垂直姿勢懸掛, 腿懸吊著. 其次,安全吊帶擠壓腿harness straps exert pressure on leg veins, compressing them and reducing blood flow 上血管, 壓迫血管使回流心臟血液減少.back to the heart. Third, the harness keeps the worker in an upright position, regardless 再次, 吊帶使工人處于直立狀態(tài),盡管(不顧)他已創(chuàng)傷(失去意識),of loss of consciousness, which is

22、what kills workers. 而正是這樣(創(chuàng)傷加上直立)導致死亡.Phases of Fall Protection墜落防護的階段There are four phases of fall protection: Before the fall, at fall arrest, suspension, and 墜落防護共分四個階段:墜落前,墜落,懸掛和墜后營救.post-fall rescue. Each phase presents unique safety challenges. Suspension trauma can 每個階段都有不同的安全注意. 墜落的所有因素都會be

23、influenced by all aspects of the fall, so they are all important. As with many aspects of 影響懸掛創(chuàng)傷,這些因素都很重要. 加強某一階段的安全safety, increasing the safety in one phase can compromise the safety of the others. 性,可能會減小別的階段的安全性.Depending on the harness attachment point and the position of the workers body at ar

24、rest, different harness attachments offer different advantages.根據安全帶系的點不同,和工人墜落后所處姿勢不同,各種安全帶各有優(yōu)點.Whatever training workers have received will determine how they respond to different phases.工人對墜落的反應取決于他們接受的訓練.Here is a brief discussion of each aspect of fall protection.以下是簡要介紹:Before the fall墜落前The k

25、ey issue of fall protection before the 這一階段關鍵一點是遵守規(guī)定.fall is compliance. If a harness is too uncomfortable, 如果吊帶很不舒服,不方便,或太干擾工作,too inconvenient, or interferes too much with task completion, workers may not use the equipment or 工人可能不使用或自己調整使之更易忍受.may modify it (illegally) to make it more tolerable.A

26、 second major point is the length of the attachment lanyard or, how far can a worker fall 第二要點是系索懸掛高度,就是工人被安全帶掛住前他可以跌多遠?before his fall is arrested? The longer the fall, the greater the stress on the body will be 跌落距離越長,被安全帶掛住時身體承受的壓力就越大.when the fall is arrested. The shorter the lanyard, the more o

27、ften it will have to be 系索越短,工人移位時就需要經常挪動系索.repositioned when workers are mobile. A moveable safe anchor is one solution, but this 使用一個可移動的錨固點是個解決方案,situation is only occasionally available.但是這種情況很少有可能用上.Fall Arrest墜落The whole concept of fall protection is that workers who fall will be stopped by te

28、thering 墜落防護的要點就是,工人墜落時,會得到懸掛系統(tǒng)保護停住.system. The longer the attachment lanyard, the greater the acceleration time during the 系索越長,墜落時加速時間就越長,身體被懸掛時受到的壓力就越大.fall and the greater the stress on the body at arrest. Unfortunately the posture of the 不幸的是,falling worker is unpredictable. Depending on the ha

29、rness attachment point and the 工人墜落后被懸掛的姿勢是難以預測的. 根據系索固定點和工人懸掛時身體姿勢.position of the workers body at arrest, different harness attachments offer different 不同的吊帶系法各有優(yōu)點.advantages. An attachment near the shoulders means that any drag from the lanyard will 系索接近肩膀時,任何墜落都會使工人處于垂直狀態(tài).serve to position the w

30、orkers body in an upright position so the forces are distributed 因而懸掛時承受的壓力會分布from head to foot. The head is somewhat protected if the legs and body precede it in the 在從頭到腳各部位. 如果腿和身體先于頭部墜落,頭部可以得到保護,但是這會在受懸fall, but this offers some disadvantages after the fall arrest is completed.掛后造成問題.Suspension懸

31、掛Many safety professionals naturally assume that, once a fall has been arrested, the fall 很多安全專家自以為是的認為,一旦處于懸掛狀態(tài),墜落保護就成功完成其工作了.protection system has successfully completed its job. Unfortunately, this is not the case. 不幸的是, 事實正好相反.A worker suspended in an upright position with the legs dangling in a

32、 harness of any type 一個垂直懸掛著,雙腿被吊著的工人,不管使用何種安全帶,都會遭受懸掛創(chuàng)傷.is subject to suspension trauma.Fall victims can slow the onset of suspension trauma by pushing down vigorously with 墜落工人可以用以下方法推遲懸掛創(chuàng)傷發(fā)生:使勁蹬腿, 把身體放平或使腿略高于身the legs, by positioning their body in a horizontal or slight leg-high position, or by 體

33、, 或站起來,standing up. Harness design and fall injuries may prevent these actions, however. 可是安全帶的設計和墜落時受的傷會使工人無法進行上述動作.Rescue營救Rescue must come rapidly to minimize the dangers of suspension trauma. The 營救必須盡快,才能把懸掛創(chuàng)傷的危險減到最小.circumstances together with the lanyard attachment point will determine the po

34、ssibilities 能否自救取決于系索固定點位置及周圍情況.of self-rescue. In situations where self-rescue is not likely to be possible, workers must 自救不可能時,必須要隨時監(jiān)督被吊工人.不管工人能自救還是要依靠be supervised at all times. Regardless of whether a worker can self-rescue or must rely 他人救助,抓緊時間非常重要,因為墜落者短短幾分鐘就會失去意識昏迷.upon others, time is of t

35、he essence because a worker may lose consciousness in only a few minutes.If a worker is suspended long enough to lose consciousness, rescue personnel must be 如果懸掛墜落者時間過長而失去意識,營救人員必須非常小心處理,否則創(chuàng)傷者隨時careful in handling such a person or the rescued worker may die anyway. This post-rescue death is apparen

36、tly caused by the hearts inability to tolerate the abrupt increase in 可能死亡,營救后死亡的原因是,去除安全帶后, 顯然心臟無法承受突然大量回流的血液.blood flow to the right heart after removal from the harness. Current recommended procedures are to take from 30 to 40 minutes to move the victim from kneeling to a 目前推薦的辦法是, 緩慢的使墜落者恢復平躺,從蹲

37、下姿勢到坐下姿勢,sitting to a supine position.再到平躺姿勢,整個過程持續(xù)30到40分鐘.Interference Among Phases各階段的相互關系An arrest harness attachment on the front of the body facilitates self-rescue after a fall. 安全帶系在胸前時,有助于自救.However, a front attachment means the arresting lanyard may be in the way for many 但是,系在胸前的安全帶也會妨礙工作.

38、work tasks. An attachment point near the center of gravity (CG) makes post-fall body 安全帶系點靠近在身體重力的中心時,墜落后不容易垂直懸掛.positioning much easier and increases the likelihood that a fallen worker will not besuspended in an upright vertical position.Yet a front near-CG attachment point can greatly increase th

39、e bending stress on the spine 安全帶系在身體前面的重力中心時,墜落瞬時會對脊椎增加較大彎曲壓力,at the instant of arrest, raising the possibility that the arrest itself results in serious injury. 增加使工人受傷的可能. The most protective harnesses for suspension can be the least comfortable.最安全安全帶的系法可能是最不舒服的,Recommendations建議Safety harnesses

40、 save many lives and injuries. However, continual vigilance is needed to 安全帶拯救了很多人和避免了很多傷亡. 警覺性是需要經常訓練并且監(jiān)督工人要train and supervise workers to ensure harnesses are used safely. All phases of fall 確保安全帶被安全的使用.protection need to be examined for each particular application. Workers and emergency 所有墜落防護的階段

41、都需要嚴格檢查所有細節(jié).response personnel must be trained to recognize the risks of suspension trauma.工人和急救人員必須接受培訓,充分認識到懸掛創(chuàng)傷的危險.Before the potential fall:可能墜落前1. Workers should never be permitted to work alone in a harness.決不允許工人系安全帶獨自工作2. Rope/cable tenders must make certain the harness user is conscious at

42、all times.照看系索的人必須隨時確認系安全帶的人有知覺3. Time in suspension should be limited to under five minutes. Longer 懸吊時間不能超過5分鐘. suspensions must have foothold straps or means for putting weight on the legs. 超過5分鐘的懸吊,必須要有立腳兜帶,或有方法增加腿部負重,4. Harnesses should be selected for specific applications and must consider: 安

43、全帶要依據具體用途挑選.必須考慮:方便,有可能發(fā)生跌掛傷,和懸吊創(chuàng)傷. compliance (convenience), potential arrest injury, and suspension trauma.5. Tie-off lanyards should be anchored as high and tight as work permits.打結的系索要牢固的系在工作允許的盡可能高的地方.After a fall:墜落后1. Workers should be trained to try to move their legs in the harness and try

44、工人要接受培訓,戴著安全帶時,如何運動腿部,如何借助附近立足點.Fall victims can slow the onset of suspension trauma by pushing down vigorously with the legs, by positioning their body in a horizontal or slight leg-high position, or by墜落 standing up. to push against any footholds.2. Workers hanging in a harness should be trained t

45、o try to get their 墜落者使勁蹬腿或平躺身體, 腿部略高,會推遲懸掛創(chuàng)傷 發(fā)生legs as high as possible and their 懸掛在安全帶上的工人要學習,如何使腿部盡量抬高,使頭盡量放平.heads as close to horizontal as possible (this is nearly impossible with many 今天使用的多數(shù)安全帶都不能做到.commercial harnesses in use today).3. If the worker is suspended upright, 垂直懸掛的工人,必須急救.emerg

46、ency measures must be taken toremove the worker from suspension for move the fallen worker into a 使工人處于平躺姿勢,或至少坐下姿勢.horizontal posture, or at least to a sitting position.4. All personnel should be trained that suspension in an upright condition for 所有工人都必須知道,垂直懸掛超過5分鐘就可能會死亡. longer than five minutes

47、 can be fatal.For harness rescues:營救1. The victim should not be suspended in a vertical (upright) posture with the 墜落者不應腿懸垂著被垂直吊著,應盡量保持平躺, 或至少保持坐下姿勢. legs dangling straight. Victims should be kept as nearly horizontal as possible, or at least in a sitting position.2. Rescuers should be trained that victims who are suspended vertically 營救人員應接受培訓,知道垂直懸吊的人在被營救前處于潛在的有可能 before rescue are in a potentially fatal situation. 隨時死亡的狀況.3. Rescuers must be aware that post-rescue death may occur if victims are 營救人員還必須知道,太快的把墜落者放平躺,可能會